104 Compression Members Figure 3.1 Effective Degree of end restraint of Effective length length factor compression member factor K, Symbol iol cormpree> Effectively held in position andrestrained 0.65 ah against rotation at both ends. Effectively held in position at both ends, 0.80 restrained against ratation at ane end pe Effectively held in position at both ends, 1.00 but not restrained against rotation Effectively held in position andrestrained 1.20 against rotation at one end, and! at the other restrained against rotation but not held in position Effectively held in position andrestrained 1.50 against rotation at one end, and at the other partially restrained against rotation but not held in position Effectively held in position at one end but 2.00 not restrained against rotation, and at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position Effectively held in position andrestrained 2.00 ‘against rotation at one end but not held in ae position nor restrained against rotation at Ne the other end F Note: Effective length L, = K,L where Lis the distance between centres of lateral supports of the compres- sion member in the place in which buckling is being considered. Ata base or cap detail, the distance should be measured from the outer surface of the base or cap plate, The effective length factor K, should be not less than what would be indicated by rational analysis, Where conditions of end restraint cannot be evaluated closely, a conservative value for K, should be usedWood Design Manual 617 Number of Maximum or Building sides with building area Major occupancy height in access & per floor Group_Division_Use storeys _ spenkiering me c Residential ‘Apartments, hotels, motels 3 7, unsprinklered 600 2, unsprinklered 750 8, unsprinkiered — 900 ‘ysprinklered 1800 2 4, unsprinklered 900 2,unsprinklered 1125 3, unsprinklered 1950 Visprinklered 2700 unsprinklered 1800 2, unsprinklered 2250 3, unsprinklered 2700 ‘i sprinklered 5400 c Residential (1h FRR) Apartments, hotels, motels 6 12 sprinklered 1500 5 1? sprinklered 1800 @ 1,sprinklored 1800, 1? sprinklered 2250 3 1. unsprinklered 800 2'insprinklered 1000 S\unsprinklered 1200 ‘sprinklered 2400, 12 sprinklered 30008 2 1, unsprinklered 1200 2! uneprinkered 1500 3\unsprinklered 1800 i,spinklered 3600, 1 sprinklered 4500° 7 1, unsprinklered 2400 2\unsprinkiered 3000 Sy unsprinklred 3600 z Tisprinklered 7200, i 1,2 sprinklered 90007 3 = Notes: ; 4. In goneral,buldings described are of wood-frame construction or mass timber construction and are ruited to have a 46-minute fre-reslatance rating (FAR), or they are permitted tobe of Heavy Timber Construction (exceptions noted). & 2. At least 25% of building perimeter must be within 15 m of street or streets to be considered “facing one stre 3, Additional requirements applicable, related to sprinklering, maximum physical building height, and exterior cladding and roofing materials, among many others, which must be met.616 Design for Fire Saety Table 10.18 Examples of maximum building area permitted per floor Major occupancy Grou Division Use Building height in st Number of Maximum, sides with building area access & per floor! sprinkler me A Assembly Performing ats? 7 ‘unlimited 2 ‘Other 2 1, unsprinklered 800 (Schools, restaurants) 2 unsprinklered 1000 Si unsprinklered 1200 A.sprinklered 2400 7 1, unsprinklered 1600 2] unspriklered 2000 3, unsprinklered 2400 4i.sprinkiered 4800 3 ‘Arenas 7 1, unsprinklered 2400 2 unsprinklered 3000 3, unsprinklered 3600 1, sprinklered 7200° 4 Outdoor viewing (no FRA _— ‘iunsprinklered unlimited 3 Institutional 2 Treatment (hospitals, nursing 2 7 eprinklered homes with treatment) 1 1, sprinklered 2400 3 Care (group homes, nursing = 3. 1, sprinklered 180° homes without treatment, 2 1, sprinklered 2700 children's custodial homes) tebhined (sao! Notes: 1 In general, buildings described are of wood-frame construction or mass timber construction and are required to have a 45-minute fire-resistance rating (FRR), or they are permitted to be of Heavy Timber Construction (exceptions noted). Occupant load limited to 300 persons. Building requires no FRR. Occupant load limited to 1500 persons. Limiting distance 2 6 m. Building requires one-hour FRR.Wood Design Manual 625 Fable 10.2a Time assigned for the contribu tion of protective membranes on the fre-exposed side of wood- framed walls, Table 10.20 Time assigned to gypsum board ‘membranes on fire-exposed side of wood- frame floors. Description af finish Time, minutes Loadbearing Walls __ Non-loadbearing Walls 11.0 mm Douglas Fir plywood phenolic bonded 10" 14.0 mm Douglas Fir plywood phenolic bonded 18 12:7 mm Type X gypsum wallboard Ea 3 15.9 mm Type X gypsum wallboard oe “Double 12.7 mm Type X gypsum board 0 a Note: 41. Applies to stud cavities filed with mineral wool conforming to CAN/ULC-S702, ‘Mineral Fore ‘Thermal insulation for Buildings", ancl having a mass per Unit area of not less than 2 kan, with no additional credit for insulation according to Table D-2.3.4.G in Appendix D of the NEC. 2. Ifresilint metal channels are installed with a single layer of gypsum board, the fre-resistance rating determined using this method for loadbearing walls is to be reduced by 10 minutes 3. Resilient metal channals are permitted to be installed at a spacing af 400 mm o.¢. with no effect fn the rating of the walls assembly. Resiiont Metal Description of Finish Channels installed’ Time, minutes Yes Spaced = 25 se7mm york board 400mm o., ‘mm Type X gypsum boar ETT TO ae No-membrane 25° Girectly applied Yes Spaced ae? ism oe beara 400 mm o.. “= No= membrane 40° directly applied Yes-Spaceds 50° 400 mm 0.6 No-membrane 50 directly applied? Double 12.7 mm Type X aypsum board a meas Yes=Spacedat 45 600 mm ave No- membrane aS! 7 directly applied Yes - Spaced < ao Double 12.7 mm Type X board EOnne, Jouble 12.7 mm Type X gypsum boar. reson No- membrane 60" Note: directly applied? 1. See Figures A-9.10.3.1.-A., -B. and -D. in Appendix A of the NBC for the attachment of single and Couble layers of gypsum board to rast metal channels, Applies to wood joists, wood trusses, and wood I-joists. ‘Applies to only wood joists and pre-fabricated metal-plate-connected wood trusses, Structural members must be spaced not more than 400 mm 0.¢, Structural members must be spaced not more than 600 mm 9.<, g g 2 3 : &656 Reference information Table 11.5 Dimension Nominal Surfaced Green Surfaced Dry Metric k s, lumber sizes size. = (S-Grn)size. = (S-Dry)size. — (S-Dny)size Area {fnajor axis) (major axis) and section in, in, in, mm x 10% mm! 3108 mm*_x 10? mm* Properties 2x2 196x196 112x112 3Bx 38 145 018 322 3 29/16 212 6422 ot 256 4 s0n6 ave 893.59 2.23 50.2 6 55/8 512 140 832 8.66 124 8 Te 74 1847.02 19.8 218 10 Ea a4 2358.95 412 351 2 1 T4286 109 Tat 518 3x8 20A6x29N6 212x212 64x 64 4.03 1.35 427 4 3-916 sR 896.65 372 836 6 5-6/8 512 1408.87 14.4 207 8 T2 74 184117 33.0 359 70 a2 Ea 235149 68.6 584 12 11-12 14288184 128 B64 4x4 3916x3016 312x912 80x69 7.90 521 a7 é 5-5/8 52 140124 202 289 8 TR. 74 184164 463) 502 10 7 oa 235 20.9 96.1 818 12 112 114286 25.4 173 1210 Notes: 1. 38 mm @") lumber is readily available as S-Dry. 2. S-Dry Lumber is surfaced at a moisture content of 1996 or less. 3. After drying, S-Gm lumber sizes will be approximately the same as S-Dry lumber. 4, Tabulated metric sizes are equivalent to imperial S-Dry sizes, rounded to the nearest milimetre. 5. Shrinkage is accounted for in given design values: therefore S-Dry sizes are used In design.Wood Design Manual Table 11.6 Nominal Surfaced Green Metric \, a Timber sizes size (S-Gm) size size aoa (fnajor axis) (mhajor axis) end section in, in mm 10% mmx 10% mm*_x 10% mm? Properties «= Gx 6S S12 0x 10108; 37, a4 8 742, 181266 205) 245 10 ove 2a aa 164 1360 2 11-412 202408 290 1990 4 13172 aa a7 469 2740 16 15-112 394550 710 3610 78 1712 a5 ~624 1020 4600 8x8 Tax 712 ‘101x181 363 110 1150 10 ee 21-460 223 1850 12 1112 202586 396 2710 4 73-12 34g 058 640 3730 16 15-172 sea 750 969 4920 18 17-112 45847 1300 e270 20 13-172 495 oka 1930 7790 30x10 S1/2x 812 24x 241 562 288 2340 72 12 202708 501 3430 4 13.12 343827 an 4730 16 15172 394-950 1280 6230 18 12 445107 170 7950 . 20 1872 495120 2440 9870 Yaxi2 WWexit2 292x202 85.8 607 4150 4 13.112 343100 981 5720 16 15-12 3o4 118 1490 7550 18 wale 45130 2140 9620 20 19172 495 «188 2960 11900 Notes: 1, Timbers are always surfaced green 2. Tabulated metric sizes are equivalent to imperial dimensions, Table 11.7 Imperial measure Metric measure Boards: Imperial and Nominal Dy Green Dy Green metric sizes, Dimension __ in. in in mm mm ineesaenen Thickness 1 34 25/82 19 20 144 1 11182, 25 26 112 1a 19182 2 33 2 +12 1916 38 40 With 2 1412 +96 38 40 3 2 29/16 64 8 4 2 306 29 90 5 ar £518 114 17, = = uonewwoyuy souass}ou6 Invoduetion Specified Loads Loads to be considered are: D - dead load due to the weight of building components E — load due to earthquake, including the effect of the importance factors L- live load due to use and occupancy S - load due to snow and rain, including the effect of the importance factors W - load due to wind, including the effect of the importance factors H - load due to lateral earth pressure P - permanent effects caused by prestress T -load due to temperature, shrinkage and settlement effects Specified earthquake load, E; snow load, S; and wind load, W incorporate the importance factors shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Importance tactors for Importance factors for Importance factor for Importance snow loads, ls wind loads, hy earthquake loads, Ie factors for determining S, Wronteioas —Porance Ultimate int Servceably Uimatelimit Servcesbilly Uimate mt Serviceabitty category __state limit state stata limitstale state limit state Ge osS~”~—<—S*~“*‘~*ésBS*~“‘CT’™C™#*#~;«USés*~CS*é“‘é<~ ASSO Normal 10 os io O75 19 WA High 115 09 1.15 om 1S Wa Postlisaster 1.25, 08 1.25 075 15 NA Importance categories for buildings are based on intended use and occu- pancy as follows: Low ~ Buildings that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure Normal - All buildings except those listed as low, high or post-disaster High - Buildings that are likely to be used as post-disaster shelters, including schools and community centres Post-disaster ~ Buildings that are essential to provide services in the event of a disaster Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States The effect of principal plus companion loads is determined using the load combinations in the building code as shown in Table 1.2. The load effect should be in the same units as the resistance (i.e., KN, KNem) and shauld be the most unfavourable effect considering all possible load combinations.f [ ! Table 1.2 Wood Design Manual seonroas RY foruimate (1.260 or0.90) +151? 1.08 or AW a (1.25D of 0.90) + 1.58 1.013 or 0.4W 4 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.4W O.5L3 or 0.58. 5 1.0D + 1.0E 0.5L? + 0.255 Load Combinations for Serviceability Limit States The effect of principal plus companion loads is determined using the load combinations specified in CSA O86 as shown in Table 1.3. ertingtons 5 r09 nee eesti 3 1.00 + 1.08 0.5L or 0.4W 41. Dead loads include pet manent loads due to lateral earth pressure, H, and prestress, P. 2. Refer to the NBC for guidance on combining snow load, 8, and live load, L, on exterior areas, Example: Lintel Loads Determine the design loads for the following conditions lintel supporting roof and one floor of a school + lintel span = 3 m * tributary width of roof = 3 m + tributary width of floor = 3m * specified roof dead load = 1 kPa * specified floor dead load = 1.5 kPa * 1 in 50 year ground snow load, 8, = 1.8 kPa * 1 in 50 year associated rain load, S, = 0.2 kPa * basic snow load factor, C,, = 0.8; snow load wind exposure factor, C,, = 1.0 * snow load slope factor, C, = 1.0; snow load shape factor, C, = 1.0 ‘© minimum specified roof live load = 1.0 kPa * specified floor live load = 2.4 kPaWood Design Manual 15 2.1 Table 2.1 Deflection Criteria General Information The following sections contain design information for members that are used in bending or flexure. These members include sheathing and decking, joists, beams and purlins. Additional design information is included for built-up beams, oblique purlins and cantilevered beams. While the tables in this chapter deal only with bending moment, shear resistance and stiffness, the designer must also be concerned with bearing of the bending members on their supports. Chapter 6 provides design information for bearing and compression loads perpendicular to the grain. ‘The Sheathing Selection Tables provide the recommended thicknesses of oriented strandboard and plywood for use on floors and roofs for various joist spacing. These thicknesses are based on Part 9 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) and design provisions in Clause 9 of CSA 086, 's, beams and purlins are arranged to provide Selection tables for j moment and shear resistances, and bending stiffnesses (El) for given species, grades and size combinations. The design tables presented in this chapter are based upon conditions that are typical for most building structures. Checklists are also given before each set of tables.The designer should review these checklists to be sure that the tabulated resistance is appropriate for the actual conditions of use. Serviceability Adequate bending stiffness should be provided so that the maximum defiec- of the member does not exceed the values given in Table 2.1. A serviceability table is provided in Section 2.3 to assist in determining the required bending stiffness for a deflection criterion of L/360. For conditions outside the scope of the serviceability table, the designer should calculate a required E.| and compare it with the tabulated Eg! values. The tabulated Ec! values are based on bending about the strong axis (depth) except as noted. tion (a, ras) Loading Ane _ Limitation Roofs and floors Totalload —-/180" _GSA086 Piastered or gypsum calings’ Glulam _Liveload ——(/S60—_‘Suggested Lumber Totalload _/S60* Suggested Roofs ‘Snow load Ly2408 Suggested Floors Uveloac® 1/960 Suggested Wind columns Windload 180 Suggested Notes: i L180 will control immediate deflection under total serviceability loads, L/360 will control the clastic deflection under long term loads in cases where long term loads exceed 50% of total serviceability loads. Refer to clause 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 of CSA O88, 2, Part 9 of the NEC permits L/360 deflection limitation based on live load for all roofs and floors ‘with plaster or gypsum board. ‘exist, L/180 based on live load is permitted. In Part 9, this is required for roofs with ceilings other than plaster or gypsum. Where no ceilings For floor beams supporting floors with concrete topping, L/360 based on total specified load is, recommended, For curved glulam members, refer to Section 9.2 and clause §.4.2 of CSA 086, ‘eelenees g *086-14 _© 2014 CSA Group Table 6.2.2.1 Visual grades and their dimensions Smaller dimension, Larger dimension, Grade category mm. mm Grades Light framing 38 to 89 38 10 89 Construction, Standard stud 38 to 89 38 or more Stud Structural fight 38 089 38 to 89 Select Structural framing No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 Structural joists and 38 to 89 114 or more Select Structural planks No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 Beam and stringer 114 or more Exceeds smaller dimension Select Structural by more than $1 No. 1, No. 2 Post and timber 114 or more Exceeds smaller dimension Select Structural by 51 or less No. 1, No. 2 Plank decking 38 to 89 140 or more Select, Commercial 6.2.2.2 Machine stress-rated (MSR) and machine evaluated lumber (MEL) The design data specified in this Standard apply to lumber that is graded and grade-stamped in accordance with NLGA SPS 2 and is identified by the grade stamp of a grading agency accredited for grading by mechanical means. Note: A list of accredited agencies can be obtained from the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board. 6.2.3 Finger-joined lumber 6.2.3.1 Except as limited in Clause 6.2.3.2 or 6.2.3.3, the design data specified in this Standard apply to finger-joined lumber that has been produced and grade-stamped in accordance with NLGA SPS 1, SPS 3, or SPS 4 Note: Finger-joined lumber is produced to specifications that pemit the same spedfied strength and stifiness to be assigned 5 non-finger-joined lumber of the same grade, species and size. See the CWC Commentary on CSA O86 for additional information. 6.2.3.2 NLGA SPS 3 “Vertical Stud Use Only” lumber 6.2.3.2.1 Finger joined lumber that has been produced and grade-stamped in accordance with NLGA $PS 3 shall be used only under the following conditions: (@) applications where the primary loading is in compression, with only short-duration stresses in bending or tension, such as due to wind or earthquake loads; and (©) applications where itis protected from wet service conditions at all times and not in an environment where the equilibrium moisture content can be expected to exceed 19%, or the temperature can be expected to exceed 50 °C for an extended period of time. 6.2.3.2.2 For SPS-3 “vertical use only” stud lumber to be used in a fire-rated wall assembly, the grade stamp shall include the Heat Resistant Adhesive (HRA) designation 22 May 2014