WORK AND ENERGY
(Lesson No. 6)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr.
SHS Department
Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 1 / 21
OUTLINE
1 What is work?
2 Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
3 Potential Energy
4 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 2 / 21
What is work?
Work is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the
displacement times the component of the force parallel to the
displacement.
W = F⃗ · d⃗ (scalar or dot product)
W = Fd cos θ, where θ is between F⃗ and d⃗
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 3 / 21
What is work?
Work is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the
displacement times the component of the force parallel to the
displacement.
W = F⃗ · d⃗ (scalar or dot product)
W = Fd cos θ, where θ is between F⃗ and d⃗
Units of Work:
• SI system: Joule (1 J = 1 N·m = 1 kg·m2 /s2 )
• CGS system: erg (1 erg = 1 dyne·cm)
• English system: foot-pound
• Conversions: 1 J = 107 erg = 0.7376 ft·lb
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WORK AND ENERGY 3 / 21
What is work?
A person pulling a crate along the floor. The work done on the
object is given by W = Fd cos θ.
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WORK AND ENERGY 4 / 21
What is work?
The work W done can be positive, zero, or negative.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 5 / 21
What is work?
Examples where there is NO WORK DONE on the object.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 6 / 21
What is work?
The Moon revolves around the Earth in a nearly circular orbit, kept
there by the gravitational force exerted by the Earth. Does gravity
do (a) positive work, (b) negative work, or (c) no work on the
Moon?
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 7 / 21
What is work?
Example:
A 50-kg crate is pulled 40 m along a horizontal floor by a constant
force exerted by a person, FP = 100 N, which acts at a 37◦ angle
(as shown in the figure). The floor is rough and exerts a friction
force Ffr = 50 N. Determine
1. the work done by each force acting on the crate, and
2. the net work done on the crate.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 8 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Energy is the ability to do work.
• The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
1
KE = mv 2
2
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 9 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Energy is the ability to do work.
• The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
1
KE = mv 2
2
• The work-energy principle (or work-energy theorem) can be
stated as:
Wnet = ∆KE = KE2 − KE1
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 9 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Points to Remember:
1 If Wnet > 0, the ∆KE > 0. (object speeds up)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 10 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Points to Remember:
1 If Wnet > 0, the ∆KE > 0. (object speeds up)
2 If Wnet < 0, the ∆KE < 0. (object slows down)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 10 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Points to Remember:
1 If Wnet > 0, the ∆KE > 0. (object speeds up)
2 If Wnet < 0, the ∆KE < 0. (object slows down)
3 If Wnet = 0, the ∆KE = 0. (object’s speed is constant)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 10 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Example:
A 145-g baseball is thrown with a speed of 25 m/s.
1. What is its kinetic energy?
2. How much work was done on the ball to make it reach this
speed, if it started from rest?
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 11 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Example:
How much work is required to accelerate a 1200-kg car from 20
m/s to 30 m/s?
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 12 / 21
Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle
Example:
1. If the kinetic energy of a baseball is doubled, by what factor
has its speed increased?
2. If its speed is doubled, by what factor does its kinetic energy
increase?
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 13 / 21
Potential Energy
The energy due to position or configuration of a body and the
surroundings is called potential energy (PE).
• Gravitational potential energy (PEgrav ) is equal to the product
of a body’s weight (mg) and its height (y) above some
reference level.
PEgrav = mgy
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 14 / 21
Potential Energy
The energy due to position or configuration of a body and the
surroundings is called potential energy (PE).
• Gravitational potential energy (PEgrav ) is equal to the product
of a body’s weight (mg) and its height (y) above some
reference level.
PEgrav = mgy
Work done by gravity:
WG = FG d cos θ
WG = mgd cos 180◦
WG = −mgd = −mgh
WG = −mg(y2 − y1 )
WG = −(mgy2 − mgy1 )
WG = −∆PEgrav
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 14 / 21
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy depends only on the change in
vertical height and NOT on the path taken.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 15 / 21
Potential Energy
Example:
A 1000-kg roller coaster car moves from point A to point B and
then to point C.
1. What is the gravitational potential energy at points B and C
relative to point A? That is, take y = 0 at point A.
2. What is the change in potential energy when the car goes from
point B to point C?
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 16 / 21
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
• Forces such as gravity, for which the work done does not
depend on the path taken but only on the initial and final
positions, are called conservative forces.
• Friction, on the other hand, is a nonconservative force since
the work it does depends on whether the path taken is
straight, or curved or zigzag.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 17 / 21
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 18 / 21
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
We can now write the total (net) work, Wnet , as a sum of the work
done by conservative forces, WC , and work done by
nonconservative forces, WNC . So,
Wnet = WC + WNC
∆KE = WC + WNC
WNC = ∆KE − WC
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 19 / 21
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
We can now write the total (net) work, Wnet , as a sum of the work
done by conservative forces, WC , and work done by
nonconservative forces, WNC . So,
Wnet = WC + WNC
∆KE = WC + WNC
WNC = ∆KE − WC
WC can be written in terms of potential energy:
WC = WG = −∆PEgrav . So,
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 19 / 21
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
We can now write the total (net) work, Wnet , as a sum of the work
done by conservative forces, WC , and work done by
nonconservative forces, WNC . So,
Wnet = WC + WNC
∆KE = WC + WNC
WNC = ∆KE − WC
WC can be written in terms of potential energy:
WC = WG = −∆PEgrav . So,
WNC = ∆KE − (−∆PEgrav )
WNC = ∆KE + ∆PEgrav (Work-Energy Principle)
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 19 / 21
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
When no nonconservative forces do work, then WNC = 0. So,
∆KE + ∆PEgrav = 0
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 20 / 21
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
When no nonconservative forces do work, then WNC = 0. So,
∆KE + ∆PEgrav = 0
(KE2 − KE1 ) + (PE2 − PE1 ) = 0
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 20 / 21
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
When no nonconservative forces do work, then WNC = 0. So,
∆KE + ∆PEgrav = 0
(KE2 − KE1 ) + (PE2 − PE1 ) = 0
KE2 + PE2 = KE1 + PE1 (conservation of mechanical energy)
where E = KE + PE = total mechanical energy
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 20 / 21
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
When no nonconservative forces do work, then WNC = 0. So,
∆KE + ∆PEgrav = 0
(KE2 − KE1 ) + (PE2 − PE1 ) = 0
KE2 + PE2 = KE1 + PE1 (conservation of mechanical energy)
where E = KE + PE = total mechanical energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy:
If only conservative forces do work, the total mechanical
energy of a system neither increases nor decreases in any
process. It stays constant - it is conserved.
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 20 / 21
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Efren M. Suratos, Jr. SHS Department
WORK AND ENERGY 21 / 21
