MEASURING GDP
AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH*
Review Quizzes
1. Define GDP and distinguish between a final good and an intermediate good. Provide
examples.
2. Why does GDP equal aggregate income and also equal aggregate expenditure?
3. What is the distinction between gross and net?
4. What is the expenditure approach to measuring GDP?
5. What is the income approach to measuring GDP?
6. What adjustments must be made to total income to make it equal GDP?
7. What is the distinction between nominal GDP and real GDP?
8. How is real GDP calculated?
9. Distinguish between real GDP and potential GDP and describe how each grows over time.
10. What is a business cycle and what are its phases and turning points?
11. Explain why real GDP might be an unreliable indicator of the standard of living.
Study Plan Problems and Applications
1. Classify each of the following items as a final good or service or an intermediate good or
service and identify which is a component of consumption expenditure, investment, or
government expenditure on goods and services:
• Banking services bought by a student.
• New cars bought by Hertz, the car rental firm.
• Newsprint bought by USA Today.
• The purchase of a new limo for the president.
• New house bought by Al Gore.
2. The firm that printed this textbook bought the paper from XYZ Paper Mills. Was this
purchase of paper part of GDP? If not, how does the value of the paper get counted in GDP?
Use the following figure, which illustrates the circular flow model, to work Problems 3 and 4.
3. During 2008, in an economy
• Flow B was $9 trillion,
• Flow C was $2 trillion,
• Flow D was $3 trillion, and
• Flow E was –$0.7 trillion.
Name the flows and calculate the value of
Flow A is aggregate income; Flow B is consumption expenditure; Flow C is government
expenditure; Flow D is investment; Flow E is net exports.
a. Aggregate income.
b. GDP.
4. During 2009, flow A was $13.0 trillion, flow B was $9.1 trillion, flow D was $3.3 trillion, and
flow E was –$0.8 trillion. Calculate the 2009 values of
a. GDP.
b. Government expenditure.
5. Use the following data to calculate aggregate expenditure and imports of goods and
services.
• Government expenditure: $20 billion
• Aggregate income: $100 billion
• Consumption expenditure: $67 billion
• Investment: $21 billion
• Exports of goods and services: $30 billion
6. A U.S. market research firm deconstructed an Apple iPod and studied the manufacturers,
costs and profits of each of the parts and components. The final results are
• An Apple iPod sells in the United States for $299.
• A Japanese firm, Toshiba, makes the hard disk and display screen, which cost $93.
• Other components produced in South Korea cost $25.
• Other components produced in the United States cost $21.
• The iPod is assembled in China at a cost of $5.
• The costs and profits of retailers, advertisers, and transportation firms in the United
States are $75.
a. What is Apple’s profit?
b. Where in the national income and product accounts of the United States, Japan, South
Korea, and China are these transactions recorded?
c. What contribution does one iPod make to world GDP?
Use the following data to work Problems 7 and 8.
The table lists some macroeconomic data for
Item Billions of
the United States in 2008.
dollars
7. Calculate U.S. GDP in 2008. Wages paid to labor 8,000
8. Explain the approach (expenditure or Consumption expenditure 10,000
income) that you used to calculate GDP. Net operating surplus 3,200
Investment 2,000
Government expenditure 2,800
Net exports −700
Depreciation 1,800
Use the following data to work Problems 9.
The national accounts of Parchment Paradise are kept on (you guessed it) parchment. A fire
destroys the statistics office. The accounts are now incomplete but they contain the following
data:
3
• GDP (income approach): $2,900
• Consumption expenditure: $2,000
• Indirect taxes less subsidies: $100
• Net operating surplus: $500
• Investment: $800
• Government expenditure: $400
• Wages: $2,000
• Net exports: –$200
9. Calculate GDP (expenditure approach) and depreciation.
Use the following data to work Problems 10 and 11.
Tropical Republic produces only
Quantities 2008 2009
bananas and coconuts. The base year is
2008, and the tables give the quantities Bananas 800 bunches 900 bunches
Coconuts 400 bunches 500 bunches
produced and the prices.
10. Calculate nominal GDP in 2008 and Prices 2008 2009
2009.
Bananas $2 a bunch $4 a bunch
11. Calculate real GDP in 2009 Coconuts $10 a bunch $5 a bunch
expressed in base-year prices.
