1.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Colourless/ White
noted Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+

2. Action of heat

 2
A pinch of salt is heated in Absence of NO3 , CO3 ,
No- characteristic change
a dry test tube and noted CuSO4
the observations.

3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added Apple green coloured flame
and made into paste. The Presence of Ba2+
evolved
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

 No characteristic change
 absence of carbonate and sulphide
To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4

To a little of the slat in the Colourless gas with

test tube added conc.H2SO4 pungent smell, white 
Presence of Cl
Precipitate with AgNO3

6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the KMnO4 decolourised with

test tube added 2ml of dil evolution of any gas 
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and then KMnO4 (Cl2, Br2, I2)
solution dropwise

2 4

7. Copper Turning Test

To a little of the salt in a
3
dry test tube added few Cu
No Reddish brown gas 
turnings and Concentrated Absence of NO 3
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium Reddish Orange vapour
dichromate crystals and evolved
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Presence of Cl is
Yellow solution is obtained confirmed.
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added Yellow precipitation is

to the above solution formed

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added No characteristic change is

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 observed absence of acid .
and pass the mixture into
Na2CO3 solution in beaker
Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added

Barium Chloride solution No characteristic change Absence of carbonate and
sulphate
12. Silver Nitrate test
A curdy white precipitate is
obtained which is soluble 
Presence of Cl is confirmed
To a little of extract added in NH4OH
dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate
solution

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract No characteristic change
added freshly prepared NO3- is absent
FeSO4 solution and then
added Conc. H2SO4 along
the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract No characteristic So42- is absent
added dil. acetic acid and change
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 A pungent smelling gas is
evolved. Dense white fumes
are observed, when a glass Presence of zero group
To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
rod dipped in conc.HCl is radical
 NH 


brought to mouth of the 4

warmed
test tube
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical

Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-

To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS).

3
For
insoluble CO 2
add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).

1. To a little of the original

solution dil. HCl added No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained Absence of group – I radical

2. To a little of the original

solution added dil. HCl
No Characteristic Absence of group – II
and pass H2S gas,
precipitate is obtained radical

3. To a little of the original

solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH No characteristic Absence of group III
precipitate is obtained radical.
4. A little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and pass H2S gas/
yellow(NH4)2S gas is
No Characteristic
evolved. Absence of group IV radical
precipitate is obtained
5.To a little of the original A white Precipitate is Presence of group - V
salt solution added NH4Cl, obtained radical (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)

NH4OH and
 NH 4 2 CO3
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

Confirmatory test for Ba2+

To a little of the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of Ba2+ is
solution added K2CrO4 obtained confirmed
Flame test : A pinch of salt
is taken is a watch glass a drop apple green coloured flame evolved
of concentrated HCl is added
Appl
and anode into a paste.
The paste is introduced in the
non luminous flame
Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical …barium…(Ba 2+)

 Acid Radical ………chloride (cl-)

Therefore the given substance is …barium chloride (Bacl2)

2. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Colourless/ White
noted Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+

2. Action of heat

Colourless gas turning lime 2

Presence of CO3
water milky
A pinch of salt is heated in
a dry test tube and noted
the observations.

3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited
5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4
 Brisk effervescence is seen. 2
A colour less gas turning Presence of CO3
To a little of the salt in the lime water milky
test tube added dil H2SO4

To a little of the slat in the Absence of

test tube added conc.H2SO4 No gas/ vapours evolved
NO 3,Cl3 ,CH COO
3


6. Potassium permanganate test

2 2 

To a little of the salt in the KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe ,C 2O 4 ,Cl

test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

7. Copper Turning Test

To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
No Reddish brown gas 
turnings and Concentrated Absence of NO33
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4 
Cl is absent.
(ii) Pass the vapour through
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:
White precipitate soluble in Presence2
of
conc.HCl CO3
To a little of extract added is
Barium Chloride solution confirmed

12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change is Chloride is absent.
solution oberved

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract
added freshly prepared No characteristic change is NO3- absent
FeSO4 solution and then oberved
added Conc. H2SO4 along
the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract sulphate is
No characteristic
added dil. acetic acid and 4
change is oberved absent
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 A pungent smelling gas is
evolved. Dense white fumes
are observed, when a glass Presence of zero group
To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
rod dipped in conc.HCl is radical
 NH 


brought to mouth of the

warmed
test tube

Confirmatory test for ( a m m o n i u m i o n )

To a little of the OS A pungent smelling gas is
solution added NaOH and evolved. Dense white fumes
warmed are observed when a glass Presence of NH4+ is
rod dipped in conc. HCl is
brought to mouth of the confirmed
test tube
And add Nesslers reagent Reddish brown precipitate
is obtained

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical - A M M O N I U M ( N H 4 + )

Acid Radical – CARBONATE (CO32_)

Therefore the given substance is AMMONIUM CARBONATE

 3. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat

A pinch of salt is heated in

a dry test tube and noted
the observations.

Absence of NO3- , CO32-

No- characteristic change
CuSO4
3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter Pink coloured ash Presence of Mg2+
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

 No characteristic change
Absence of carbonate and sulphide
To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4

To a little of the slat in the

test tube added conc.H2SO4

Absence of
No gas/ vapours evolved
CO32 , NO3  ,Cl ,CH3 COO
6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the

test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

2 2 
KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe ,C 2O 4 ,Cl
7. Copper Turning Test
To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
turnings and Concentrated No Reddish brown gas
Absence of NO3-
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Cl Is absent
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added 2

Barium Chloride solution White precipitate Presence of SO 4 is
insoluble in conc.HCl confirmed
12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change Absence of
solution chloride,bromide,iodide

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract
added freshly prepared no dark brown ring is NO3-
IS
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of 3

added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids absent

the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract Presence of so42- is
A white precipitate is
added dil. acetic acid and
obtained confirmed
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
warmed
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical

Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-

To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS).

3
For
insoluble CO 2
add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).

1. To a little of the original

solution dil. HCl added No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained Absence of group – I radical

2. To a little of the original

solution added dil. HCl
No Characteristic Absence of group – II
and pass H2S gas,
precipitate is obtained radical

3. To a little of the original

solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH No characteristic Absence of group III
precipitate is obtained radical.
4. A little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and pass H2S gas/
yellow(NH4)2S gas is
No Characteristic
evolved. Absence of group IV radical
precipitate is obtained
5.To a little of the original
salt solution added NH4Cl,
 NH 4 2 CO3 No Characteristic
NH4OH and precipitate is obtained Absence of group V radical
A crystalline white
6. To a little of the original precipitate is obtained on Presence of group -
solution added NH4Cl, scratching the sides of VI radical (Mg2+)
NH4OH and Ammonium the
phosphate solution test tube with a glass rod.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

 Confirmatory test for Mg2+
To a little of the OS
solution added dil. HCl and
a few drops of magneson Presence of Mg2+ is
Blue precipitate is obtained
reagent confirmed
ASH test:-
To a pinch of the salt in the
test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and Presence of Mg2+ is
cobalt nitrate. A filter paper Pink coloured ash
confirmed
is dipped in the solution
and ignited.
Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical –Mg2+

Acid Radical – so42-

Therefore the given substance is - Magnesium sulphate

 4.IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat

A pinch of salt is heated in

a dry test tube and noted
the observations.

 2
Absence of NO3 , CO3 ,
No- characteristic change
CuSO4
3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
4. ASH Test

Blue coloured ash Presence of Al3+

To a pinch of the salt in the
test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

 No characteristic change
Absence of carbonate and sulphide
To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4

To a little of the slat in the

test tube added conc.H2SO4

Absence of
No gas/ vapours evolved
CO32 , NO3  ,Cl ,CH3 COO
6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the

test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

2 2 
KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe ,C 2O 4 ,Cl
7. Copper Turning Test
To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
No Reddish brown gas
turnings and Concentrated Absence of NO3-
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Cl is absent
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added 2

Barium Chloride solution White precipitate Presence of SO 4 is
insoluble in conc.HCl confirmed
12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change Absence of
solution chloride,bromide,iodide

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract

added freshly prepared no dark brown ring is NO3- is
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of 3

added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids absent

the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract 2
Presence of SO4 is
A white precipitate is
added dil. acetic acid and
obtained confirmed
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
warmed
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical

Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-

To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS).

3
For
insoluble CO 2
add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).
1. To a little of the original
solution dil. HCl added No Characteristic
Absence of group – I radical
precipitate is obtained
2. To a little of the original
solution added dil. HCl
No Characteristic Absence of group – II
and pass H2S gas,
precipitate is obtained radical
A gelatinous white Presence of group – III
precipitate is obtained radical (Al3+)
3. To a little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH

Confirmatory test for Al3+

A white precipitate is
To a little of the OS Presence of Al3+ is
formed which dissolves in
solution added confirmed
excess of NaOH
NaOH
To a little of the OS
Presence of Al3+ is
solution added Aluminon Bright red lake is obtained
confirmed
reagent

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical – Al3+

Acid Radical - SO 4 2 _

Therefore the given substance is – Aluminium sulphate

5.IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat
A pinch of salt is heated in
a dry test tube and noted
the observations.

 2
Absence of NO3 , CO3 ,
No- characteristic change
CuSO4
3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame Crimson red coloured flame Presence pf Sr2+

4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4
No characteristic
Absence of carbonate and sulphide
change

To a little of the slat in the Reddish brown vapours Presence of

test tube added conc.H2SO4 NO3-

6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the

test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

2 2 
KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe ,C 2O 4 ,Cl
7. Copper Turning Test

To a little of the salt in a Reddish brown gas evolved Presence of NO 3
dry test tube added few Cu
turnings and Concentrated
H2SO4
8. Chromyl Chloride test
(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Cl is absent
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added

Barium Chloride solution No characteristic change Absence of carbonate and
sulphide
12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change Absence of
solution chloride,iodide,bromide

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract

added freshly prepared A dark brown ring is Presence of NO3 is
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of
added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids confirmed
the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract SO42- is absent
no white precipitate
added dil. acetic acid and
is obtained
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
warmed
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical

Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-

To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS).

3
For
insoluble CO 2
add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).

1. To a little of the original

solution dil. HCl added No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained Absence of group – I radical

2. To a little of the original

solution added dil. HCl
No Characteristic Absence of group – II
and pass H2S gas,
precipitate is obtained radical

3. To a little of the original

solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH No characteristic Absence of group III
precipitate is obtained radical.
4. A little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and pass H2S gas/
yellow(NH4)2S gas is
No Characteristic
evolved. Absence of group IV radical
precipitate is obtained
5.To a little of the original A white Precipitate is Presence of group - V
salt solution added NH4Cl, obtained radical (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)

NH4OH and
 NH 4 2 CO3

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

 
10. Confirmatory test for NH4

Presence of Sr2+ is
confirmed

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical – Sr2+

Acid Radical – NO3-

Therefore the given substance is – STRONTIUM NITRATE

6.IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat

A pinch of salt is heated in

a dry test tube and noted
the observations. Decripitation Presence of Pb(NO3)2

3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4
No characteristic
Absence of carbonate and sulphide
change

To a little of the slat in the Reddish brown vapours Presence of

test tube added conc.H2SO4 NO3-

6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the

test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

2 2 
KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe ,C 2O 4 ,Cl
7. Copper Turning Test
To a little of the salt in a Reddish brown gas evolved Presence of
dry test tube added few Cu NO3-
turnings and Concentrated
H2SO4

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Cl is absent.
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added

Barium Chloride solution No characteristic change Sulphate, carbonate are absent

12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change Absence of
solution chloride,bromide,iodide

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract
added freshly prepared A dark brown ring is Presence of
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of N O 3 - is
added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids
the sides of the test tube. confirmed
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract Absence of sulphate.
No characteristic
added dil. acetic acid and
change
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
warmed
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical

Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-

To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS).

3
For
insoluble CO 2
add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).

A white precipitate is Presence of group - I radical

1. To a little of the original obtained (Pb2+)
solution dil. HCl added

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

1. Confirmatory test for Pb2+
(i) To a little of the OS
A yellow precipitate is
solution added potassium Presence of Pb2+
obtained
chromate solute.
A yellow precipitate is
obtained when hot water is
(ii) To a little of the OS added to the precipitate Presence of Pb2+ is
solution added KI solution boiled and cooled under the confirmed
tap. Golden yellow spangles
are obtained

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical – Pb2+

Acid Radical – NO3-

Therefore the given substance is – LEAD NITRATE

7.IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat

A pinch of salt is heated in

a dry test tube and noted
the observations.
White sublimation
formed the inner sides of Presence of NH4Cl.
the test

3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4
No characteristic change
Absence of carbonate and
sulphide.
Colourless gas with
pungent smell, white 
Presence of Cl
Precipitate with AgNO3

To a little of the slat in the

test tube added conc.H2SO4

6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the KMnO4 decolourised with

test tube added 2ml of dil evolution of any gas 
Presence of Cl
H2SO4 and then KMnO4 (Cl2, Br2, I2)
solution dropwise

7. Copper Turning Test

To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
No Reddish brown gas 
turnings and Concentrated Absence of NO 
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium Reddish Orange vapour
dichromate crystals and evolved
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Presence of Cl is
Yellow solution is obtained confirmed.
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added Yellow precipitation is

to the above solution formed

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added

Barium Chloride solution No characteristic change Absence of carbonate and
sulphate
12. Silver Nitrate test
A curdy white precipitate is
obtained which is soluble 
Presence of Cl is confirmed
To a little of extract added in NH4OH
dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate
solution

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract

added freshly prepared No dark brown ring is NO3- is
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of 3

added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids absent

the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract So42- is
No white precipitate
added dil. acetic acid and 4
is obtained absent
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 A pungent smelling gas is
evolved. Dense white fumes
are observed, when a glass Presence of zero group
To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
rod dipped in conc.HCl is radical
 NH 


brought to mouth of the 4

warmed
test tube


Confirmatory test for NH 4
To a little of the OS A pungent smelling gas is
solution added NaOH and evolved. Dense white fumes

warmed are observed when a glass Presence of NH 4 is
rod dipped in conc. HCl is
brought to mouth of the confirmed
test tube
And add Nesslers reagent Reddish brown precipitate
is obtained

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical – AMMONIUM (NH4+)

Acid Radical – CHLORIDE (cl-)

Therefore the given substance is – AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

8.IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test:
1.colour

The colour of the salt is

noted

Colourless/ White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
2. Action of heat

A pinch of salt is heated in

a dry test tube and noted
the observations.

 2
Absence of NO3 , CO3 ,
No- characteristic change
CuSO4
3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste in introduced into the
non-luminous flame No Characteristic flame Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
4. ASH Test

To a pinch of the salt in the

test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+

5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4

To a little of the salt in the
test tube added dil H2SO4
No characteristic change
Absence of carbonate and sulphide

To a little of the slat in the

test tube added conc.H2SO4

Absence of
No gas/ vapours evolved
CO32 , NO3  ,Cl ,CH3 COO
6. Potassium permanganate test

To a little of the salt in the No characteristic change 

Absence of
test tube added 2ml of dil 2
, Cl
C2O4
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise

7. Copper Turning Test

To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
No Reddish brown gas
turnings and Concentrated Absence of NO3-
H2SO4 evolved

8. Chromyl Chloride test

(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4

(ii) Pass the vapour through Cl is absent.
No characteristic change
NaOH solution

(iii) Lead acetate is added

to the above solution

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes
cease to evolve and then
No Canary yellow 3
added ammonium Absence of PO4 .
precipitate is
Molybdate solution
formed

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 No Pleasant fruity acid is absent.
and pass the mixture into smell of esters is  CH COO 
3
Na2CO3 solution in beaker formed


Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is boiled
with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium Carbonate
extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:

To a little of extract added 2

Barium Chloride solution White precipitate Presence of SO4 is
insoluble in conc.HCl confirmed
12. Silver Nitrate test

To a little of extract added

dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate No characteristic change Absence of halides.
solution

13. Brown ring test

To a little of the extract
NO3- is
added freshly prepared no dark brown ring is 3
FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction of absent
added Conc. H2SO4 along the two liquids
the sides of the test tube.
14. Lead Acetate test
To a little of the extract 2
Presence of SO4 is
A white precipitate is
added dil. acetic acid and
obtained confirmed
lead acetate solution

BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS

 A pungent smelling gas is
evolved. Dense white fumes
are observed, when a glass Presence of zero group
To a little of the salt
solution added NaOH and
rod dipped in conc.HCl is radical
 NH 


brought to mouth of the 4

warmed
test tube
Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
radical


Confirmatory test for NH 4
To a little of the OS A pungent smelling gas is
solution added NaOH and evolved. Dense white fumes

warmed are observed when a glass Presence of NH 4 is
rod dipped in conc. HCl is
brought to mouth of the confirmed
test tube
And add Nesslers reagent Reddish brown precipitate
is obtained

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical – AMMONIUM (NH4+)

Acid Radical- SULPHATE (SO 4 2 - )

Therefore the given substance is – AMMONIUM SULPHATE (NH4 )2SO4