Module 8
Chapter 33- Activity
Terms
Active exercise: joint movement activated by the person
Atrophy: decrease in the size of a body structure
Contractures: permanently contracted state of a muscle
Ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker
and providing a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to prevent injuries
Ex.
Flaccidity: decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity
Footdrop: complication resulting from extended plantar flexion
-Can become permanent
Isokinetic exercise: exercise involving muscle contraction with resistance varying at the constant rate
Isometric exercise: exercise in which muscle tension occurs without significant change in muscle length
Ex. yoga
Isotonic exercise: movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move
Ex. Walking
Orthopedics: the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
Paralysis: absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment
Paresis: impaired muscle strength or weakness
Passive exercise: manual or mechanical means of moving the joints
Patient care ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of
the worker in relation to patient care
Range of motion: complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
Spasticity: increased muscle tone
Tonus: normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction
Chapter 32- Skin Integrity and Wound Care
Key Terms
abscess: collection of infected fluid that has not drained
bandage: piece of gauze or other material used to cover a wound
biofilm: a thick grouping of microorganisms
debridement: cleaning away devitalized tissue and foreign matter from a wound
dehiscence: separation of the layers of a surgical wound; may be partial, superficial, or a complete
disruption of the surgical wound
dermis: layer of the skin below the epidermis
desiccation: dehydration; the process of being rendered free from moisture
dressing: protective covering placed over a wound
epidermis: superficial layer of the skin
epithelialization: stage of wound healing in which epithelial cells form across the surface of a wound;
tissue color ranges from the color of “ground glass” to pink
erythema: redness of the skin
eschar: thick, leathery scab or dry crust that is necrotic and must be removed for adequate healing to
occur
evisceration: protrusion of viscera through an incision (opens up)
exudate: fluid that accumulates in a wound; may contain serum, cellular debris, bacteria, and white
blood cells
fistula: an abnormal passage from an internal organ to the skin or from one internal organ to another
friction: occurs when two surfaces rub against each other; the resulting injury resembles an abrasion
and can also damage superficial blood vessels directly under the skin
granulation tissue: new tissue that is pink/red in color and composed of fibroblasts and small blood
vessels that fill an open wound when it starts to heal
hematoma: localized mass of usually clotted blood
ischemia: deficiency of blood in a particular area
maceration: softening through liquid; overhydration
necrosis: death of cells and tissue
negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT): activity that promotes wound healing and wound closure
through the application of uniform negative pressure on the wound bed, reduction in bacteria in the
wound, and the removal of excess wound fluid
pressure injury: (1) localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue that usually occurs over a bony
prominence or is related to the use of a (medical or other) device; (2) any lesion caused by unrelieved
pressure that results in damage to underlying tissue; formerly known as pressure ulcer
pressure ulcer:
purulent drainage: comprised of white blood cells, liquefied dead tissue debris, and both dead and live
bacteria
sanguineous drainage: containing or mixed with blood
scar: connective tissue that fills a wound area
serosanguineous drainage: mixture of serum and red blood cells
serous drainage: composed of clear, serous portion of the blood and from serous membranes
shear: force created when layers of tissue move on one another
sinus tract:
subcutaneous tissue: underlying layer that anchors the skin layers to the underlying tissues of the body
wound: injury that results in a disruption in the normal continuity of a body tissue
I- Incontinence Care- Constant exposure to skin from urine or feces, cleanse skin after each episode of
incontinence. Use moisture barrier
N- Nutrition: Protein, Vitamin C, and Zinc. 6-8 glasses of fluid a day. Obesity , underweight, and diabetes
increases the risk for pressure injuries
J- Just Move- Sitting regularly increases risk for pressure injuries. Lean forward and back, lean to the
sides, lift buttocks off chair; regularly
U- Use pressure relieving surfaces
R- Reassess skin regularly- Unhealthy changes in skin that do not go away; changes in skin temperature;
purple, red, blue, or black skin; dry patches, swelling
Y- You should seek help early
Wound Measurement
Length
-The longest point, head to toa
Width
-The widest point, side to side
Depth
-Measure the deepest point, using a cotton tip applicator
An early Pressure ulcer
Staging Pressure Ulcers
Stage 1
An early pressure ulcer
No broken skin
Non-blanchable, red area
Over a boney prominence
Stage 2
Partial thickness wound
Fluid filled blisters
Over a boney prominence
No slough in the wound base
No depth
Stage 3
Full thickness
May have slough or granulated tissue
May have eschar
Stage 4
The deepest type of pressure ulcer
Bone or tendon visible in the wound base
Deep tissue ulcer
Fluid filled blister
Fluid will look like a bruise
Wound will not be open
May eventually open and become a deep pressure ulcer
Unstageable
A deep wound where the wound base is not visible
Chapter 27- Safety, Security, and Emergency
Key Terms
asphyxiation: stoppage of breathing or the lack of air reaching the lungs; synonym for suffocation
bioterrorism: the deliberate spread of pathogenic organisms into a community to cause widespread
illness, fear, and panic
bullying: negative, often repetitive, disruptive behavior; also referred to as horizontal violence, lateral
violence, and professional incivility
chemical emergency: event caused by the release of a chemical compound that has the potential for
harming people’s health
culture of safety: organizational environment where “core values and behaviors resulting from a
collective and sustained commitment by organizational leadership, management, and workers
emphasize safety over competing goals”
cyber terror: the use of high-tech means to disable or delete critical electronic infrastructure data or
information
disaster: an emergency event of greater magnitude that requires the response of people outside the
involved community
elder abuse: intentional act or failure to act by a caregiver or another person in a relationship involving
an expectation of trust that causes or creates a risk of harm to an older adult; includes physical abuse,
sexual abuse/contact, emotional/psychological abuse, neglect, and financial abuse/exploitation
intimate partner violence (IPV): domestic violence or battering between two people in a close
relationship
nuclear terrorism: intentional dispersal of radioactive materials into the environment for the purpose of
causing injury and death
poison control center: facility that handles poison exposure and provides poison prevention teaching to
the general population
restraint: device used to limit movement or immobilize a patient
safety event report: documentation describing any injury or potential for injury suffered by a patient in a
health care facility
sentinel event: an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or
the risk thereof
