11
CLASS
WORK, ENERGY,
POWER
Work done by
variable force
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Work Done by Variable Force
dW =
Work Done by Variable Force
➔ A force is said be a variable force when its magnitude, direction or both changes.
➔ A particle moves along path AB under variable force F as shown.
Work done by Variable Force
➔ A force is said be a variable force when its magnitude, direction or both changes.
➔ A particle moves along path AB under variable force F as shown.
In case of variable force we take a very small part ‘ds’ of its path.
The displacement ds is so small that variation in force may be neglected during it.
So, Work Done during this small displacement is dW =F.ds
The total work done in going from A to B as shown may be calculated by summing up i.e.
integrating the work done during its small fractions.
B
⟶ ⟶
i.e WA⟶B = ∫ F . ds
Here, coordinates of
A
^ ^ ^ ⟶ ^ point A is (x1, y1, z1) and
When F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk then ds = dx i B is (x2, y2, z2)
B
⟶ ⟶
∴ WA⟶B = ∫ F . ds
A
= ∫ (F ^i + F j^+ F k)^ . ( dx^i + dy ^j + dz ^k)
x y z
= ∫ (F dx + F dy + F dz)
x y z
x2 y2 z2
∴ WA⟶B = ∫x F dx + ∫y F dy + ∫z F dz
1
x
1
y
1
z
A particle moves along the x axis from x = 0 to x = 5m under the influence
of a force given by F = (7 – 2x + 3x2) N. Find the work done in the process.
A. 185 J
B. 145 J
C. 135 J
D. 120 J
A particle moves along the X – Axis from x = 0 to x = 5m under the
influence of a force given by F = (7 – 2x + 3x2) N. Find the work done in the
process.
Solution:
F is a function of x =7 ∫5
0 dx - 2 ∫
5
0 xdx + 3
5 2
0 x dx ∫
⇒ F is a variable force
5 5
⟶ ⟶ 5 x2 x3
⇒ W = ഽ (F . dx) = 7 [x] - 2 +3
0 2 3
= ഽ Fdx cos0o 0 0
= 7[5 - 0] - [52 - 02] + [53 - 03]
= ∫
5
0 (7 - 2x + 3x ) dx
2
= 35 - 25 + 125 = 135 J
A. 68/3 J
B. 78/3 J
C. 56/3 J
D. 57/3 J
⟶ ^ ^
A force F = x i + y2 j N acts on a particle and the particle moves from (1, 2) m
⟶
to (–3, 4)m. Find work done by the force F
F is a function of (x, y)
Solution: ⇒ F is a variable force
^ ^
∵ ds = dxi + dyj
dW = F . ds
^ ^ ^
= (xi^+ y2j) . (dxi + dyj)
dW = xdx + y2dy
Solution:
⟶
A force F = xy2 ^i + yx2^j N is acting on a particle which is moving along a
parabolic path given by y = x2. Find the work done by this force in moving
the particle from (0, 0) to (a, a2)
x
⟶ ^
A force F = xy2 i + yx2 ^j N is acting on a particle which is moving along a
parabolic path given by y = x2. Find the work done by this force in moving
the particle from (0, 0) to (a, a2)
Solution: Given
⟶
F = (xy2^i + yx2^j) and ds = dxi
^ + dyj
^
⟶⟶
∴ dw = F. ds
^ ^ ^ ^
= (xy2i + yx2j) . (dxi + dyj)
= xy2dx + yx2dy
⇒ Total Work w= ∫ dw
w= ∫xy2dx + ∫yx2dy
= ∫xy2dx + ∫yx2dy
Put y = x2 Put x2 = y
x=a a2
a6 a6
w= ∫ x5dx +∫ y5dy w=
6
+
3
x=0 y=0
a a2 3a6
=
x6 y3 2
= +
6 3
0 0
A particle moves in x-y plane under the action of a path dependent force
⟶ ^ ^
F=yi+xjN
Find the work done by the force on the particle when
I. The particle moves along a straight line From origin to (a, a)
II. The particle moves from (0, 0) to (a, 0) & then from (a, 0) to (a, a) in straight line
paths.
y
x
Find the work done by the force on the particle when
I. The particle moves along a straight line From origin to (a, a)
II. The particle moves from (0, 0) to (a, 0) & then from (a, 0) to (a, a) in
straight line paths.
x
^ ^
ds = dxi + dyj
⇒ dw = F. ds
^ ^ ^ ^
= (yi + xj) (dxi + dyj)
= ydy + ydx ∴ In both part given initial position in (0,0)
and final position is (a, a) so work is
∴ by product rule independent of path
d(xy) = xdy + ydx
⇒ W = [a × a – 0] = a2
⇒ dw = d(xy)
in both (i) and (ii)
∫
⇒ dw = dw = d(xy) ∫
x 2y 2
⇒ w = [xy] = [x2y2 - x1y1]
x1y1
Work done by Spring Force
kx
m
Work done by Spring Force
k
m
(natural length)
x
k kx
(elongated spring)
m
x
k
m kx (compressed spring)
Work done by Spring Force
(natural length)
k
m
(elongated spring)
x
k kx
m
Work done by Spring Force
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
Spring force F = –k x is directed opposite to the displacement x from the mean position
So work done (Ws) by spring force when its deformation changes from xi to xf is
k kx
m
Note
➔ Work done by spring force to stretch it from its undeformed length to
deform it up to x is
W = -½ k(x2 - 0) = -½ kx2
➔ Work done by spring force is negative when xf > xi
or is positive when xi = xf or is zero when xi = xf
➔ Work done by the spring force depends only on initial and final deformation not
on the path adopted.
➔ (d) In the equation Wspring = -k/2 (xf - xi )
2 2
xi and xf are the magnitudes of deformations no matter if these are compressions or
extensions
Natural length
x2
k
B m
x1
k
A
m
x2
k
C m
Work done by spring from A to B is same as from A to C
A spring has spring constant k = 200 N/m. How much work will be done
by spring to stretch the spring
(a) 10 cm from equilibrium & (b) 10 cm to 20 cm from equilibrium?
A. – 1 J, – 3 J
B. 1 J, 3 J
C. – 1 J, + 3 J
D. None of these
A spring has spring constant k = 200 N/m. How much work will be done by
spring to stretch the
spring:
a) 10 cm from equilibrium and b) from 10 cm to 20 cm from equilibrium?
Solution:
b) xinitial = 10 and xfinal = 20cm
b)
(( ))
2 2
∴ Wspring = -½ x 200 20
) (
100 -
10
100
= -100
( )
1 - 1
25 100
= -100
( )
3
100
= -3J
Work done from Force-Displacement Graph
dx x
Work done from Force-Displacement Graph
dx x
Work Done from Force-Displacement Graph
Graphically area under the force – displacement curve is the work done
xf
∴ Total area = A = ∫dA = ∫ F dx = Work done
xi
elemetal area = dA = F dx
dx
x
Area above the x – axis is taken as +ve and below x – axis is taken as –ve
F +ve work
Force
s
displacement
-ve work
A 5kg block moves in a straight line on a horizontal frictionless surface
under the influence of a force that varies with position as shown in the
figure. Find the work done by this force as the block moves from the origin
to x = 8m.
A. 35 J
B. 25 J
C. 20 J
D. 15 J F 10
(in N)
2 4 6 8
0 x
(in m)
–5
Solution:
The work from x = 0 and x = 8 is the area under the curve and area above x – axis is +ve
and below x – axis is –ve.
10
∵ W = ½ [2 + 4] x 10 - ½ x (2) x 5 F +W
= 30 - 5 (in N) 6 8
= 25J 0 2 4 –W
x (in m)
–5
The force exerted on an object is F = F0(x/x0 - 1)
Find the work done in moving the object from x = 0 to x = 3x0 by plotting
the F–x curve!
A. 1 F x
0 0
2
B. 3 F0x0
2
C. F0x0
D. 2F0x0
Solution:
2 F0
F +ve
x0 3x0
-ve x
– F0
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