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Chapter 1 Theory

This document defines and describes various types of signals and systems. It discusses continuous-time and discrete-time signals, analog and digital signals, real and complex signals, deterministic and random signals, even and odd signals, periodic and nonperiodic signals. It also explains basic signals such as the unit step function, unit impulse function, and complex exponential and sinusoidal signals.

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70 views17 pages

Chapter 1 Theory

This document defines and describes various types of signals and systems. It discusses continuous-time and discrete-time signals, analog and digital signals, real and complex signals, deterministic and random signals, even and odd signals, periodic and nonperiodic signals. It also explains basic signals such as the unit step function, unit impulse function, and complex exponential and sinusoidal signals.

Uploaded by

Elveron
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter

1.0
SIGNAL
AND
SYSTEM
1.1. Understand the concept and theory of Signals
and System
1.1.1 Explain signals and system
 Signal :
A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable &
typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of the
phenomena. A signal is represented as a function of an independent
variable t, x(t).

 System
A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates
the input (or excitation) signal to the output (or response) signal.
y = Tx
1.1.2 Describe the following classification of signals with the
aid of suitable diagrams/graph:

 Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time Signals :

A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if t is a continuous


variable. If t is a discrete variable, that is, x(t) is defined at
discrete times, a discrete-time signal is often identified as a
sequence of numbers, x[n], where n = integer.
Continuous-Time : Discrete - Time
 Analog & Digital Signals :
If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any value in the continuous
interval (a,b), where a may be -∞ and b may be +∞, then continuous-
time signal x(t) is called an analog signal. If a discrete-time signal x[n]
can take on only a finite number of distinct values, then we call this
signal a digital signal.
 Real & Complex Signals :
A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number & a signal x(t) is
a complex signal if its value is a complex number. A general complex
signal x(t) is a function of the form x(t) = x1(t) + jx2(t) where x1(t) & x2(t)
are real signals & j = -1
 Deterministic & Random Signals :
Deterministic signals are completely specified for any given time.
Random signals are those signals that take random values at any given
time & must be characterized statistically.
 Even & Odd Signals :
A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if

A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if


Even :

Odd :
 Periodic & Nonperiodic Signals :
A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic with period T if
there is a positive nonzero value of T for which
X(t + T) = x(t) all t

Any continuous-time signal which is not periodic is called a nonperiodic


signal
1.1.3 Explain the following basic Continuos-Time and
Discrete-Time Signals

 The Unit Step Function : t0


1
Unit step function u(t), u t   
0 t0
Also known as Heaviside unit function

1 t  t0
Shifted unit step function u(t – t0), u  t  t0   
0 t  t0
 Unit Step Sequence :
Unit step sequence u[n],
Also known as Heaviside unit function
1 n0
u n   
Shifted unit step sequence u[n-k], 0 n0

1 nk
u[ n  k ]  
0 nk
 The Unit Impulse Function :
Unit impulse function (t),
Also known as the Dirac delta function

0 t0
 t   
 t0
 Unit Impulse Function :
Unit impulse sequence [n],
Also known as the unit sample sequence
1 n0
 n   
Shifted unit impulse [n-k], 0 n0

1 nk
 n  k   
0 nk
 Complex Exponential Signals:
Complex exponential signal x(t),

x  t   e j 0 t
 Complex Exponential Sequences:
Complex exponential signal x[n],
x  n   e j 0 n
Using Eulers formula, x[n] can be expressed as

x  n   e j  0 n  cos  0 n  j sin  0 n
 Sinusoidal Signals:

Sinusoidal signal x(t),   0


x t  A cos  t   
Using Eulers formula, the sinusoidal signal can be expressed as

A cos  0 t     A Re e  j  0 t   

 Sinusoidal Sequences:
Sinusoidal sequence can be expressed as
x  n   A cos   0 n   
The sinusoidal sequence can be expressed as


A cos   0 n     A Re e
j   0 n  

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