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Spring 2014 Answers

The document discusses various conditions of perfect competition in markets. It describes how perfect competition can only exist when there are many small buyers and sellers in the market such that none can influence prices. It also outlines several characteristics of a perfectly competitive market including homogeneous goods, free entry and exit of firms, perfect knowledge of market situations, and factors of production being perfectly mobile.

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Khizra Ali
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views12 pages

Spring 2014 Answers

The document discusses various conditions of perfect competition in markets. It describes how perfect competition can only exist when there are many small buyers and sellers in the market such that none can influence prices. It also outlines several characteristics of a perfectly competitive market including homogeneous goods, free entry and exit of firms, perfect knowledge of market situations, and factors of production being perfectly mobile.

Uploaded by

Khizra Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SJJIVMRK XLI GYWXSQIV E FIXXIV TVSHYGX SV WIVZMGI SV TVSQSXMRK QSVI LIEZMP]


8LMW JSVGIW SXLIV JMVQW XS HS XLI WEQI ERH HVMZIW YT XLI GSWXW SJ TEVXMGMTEXMSR MR
XLI MRHYWXV]

5 E &EPERGI SJ 4E]QIRX'YVVIRX (IJMGMX %GGSYRX


'YVVIRX %GGSYRX
8VEHI MR KSSHW VIPEXIW XS I\TSVXW ERH MQTSVXW SJ XERKMFPI KSSHW WYGL EW SMP QEGLMRIV]
XVERWTSVX IUYMTQIRX IPIGXVMGEP KSSHW GPSXLMRK IXG
8VEHI MR WIVZMGIW VIPEXIW XS I\TSVXW ERH MQTSVXW SJ WIVZMGIW ERH MRGPYHIW WYGL XLMRKW EW
MRXIVREXMSREP XVERWTSVX XVEZIP JMRERGMEP WIVZMGIW ERH FYWMRIWW WIVZMGIW
'ETMXEP %GGSYRX
8LI GETMXEP EGGSYRX FEPERGI MW QEHI YT SJ TYFPMG WIGXSV JPS[W SJ GETMXEP MRXS ERH SYX SJ
XLI GSYRXV] WYGL EW KSZIVRQIRX PSERW XS SXLIV GSYRXVMIW
*MRERGMEP %GGSYRX
8LI FEPERGI SR XLI JMRERGMEP EGGSYRX MW QEHI YT SJ JPS[W SJ GETMXEP XS ERH JVSQ XLI RSR
KSZIVRQIRX WIGXSV WYGL EW HMVIGX MRZIWXQIRX MR SZIVWIEW JEGMPMXMIW TSVXJSPMS MRZIWXQIRX
MR WLEVIW FSRHW ERH WS SR  ERH WTIGYPEXMZI JPS[W SJ GYVVIRG] LSX QSRI] 
1SZIQIRXW SR KSZIVRQIRX JSVIMKR GYVVIRG] VIWIVZIW EVI EPWS MRGPYHIH YRHIV XLMW
LIEHMRK
% TVSFPIQ EVMWIW JSV E GSYRXV] W FEPERGI SJ TE]QIRXW [LIR XLI GSYRXV] LEW E HIJMGMX SR
MXW GYVVIRX EGGSYRX ]IEV EJXIV ]IEV EPXLSYKL XLIVI GER EPWS FI TVSFPIQW JSV E GSYRXV]
[LMGL IRNS]W E GSRXMRYEP GYVVIRX EGGSYRX WYVTPYW
8LI TVSFPIQW SJ E HIJMGMX SR XLI GYVVIRX EGGSYRX EVI TVSFEFP] XLI QSVI SFZMSYW XLSYKL
;LIR E GSYRXV] MW GSRXMRYEPP] MR HIJMGMX MX MW MQTSVXMRK QSVI KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW XLEX MX MW
I\TSVXMRK
8LI XEFPI FIPS[ WYQQEVMWIW XLI QEMR VIEWSRW [L] E GSYRXV] QMKLX FI WYJJIVMRK E
GYVVIRX EGGSYRX HIJMGMX
-RGVIEWIH MQTSVX TIRIXVEXMSR 4SSV I\TSVX TIVJSVQERGI
0S[IV TVSHYGXMSR GSWXW QIER )\TSVXW EVI RSX GSQTIXMXMZIP] TVMGIH ERH WS SZIVWIEW
SZIVWIEW GSQTIXMXSVW GER TVSHYGI HIQERH [MPP JEPP
KSSHW QSVI GLIETP] XLER HSQIWXMG
TVSHYGIVW
3ZIVZEPYEXMSR SJ HSQIWXMG GYVVIRG] 3ZIVZEPYEXMSR SJ HSQIWXMG GYVVIRG] QEOIW I\TSVXW
QEOIW MQTSVXW VIPEXMZIP] GLIETIV VIPEXMZIP] QSVI I\TIRWMZI
XLER HSQIWXMG TVSHYGXW
,MKL MRGSQI IPEWXMGMX] SJ HIQERH JSV 0S[ MRGSQI IPEWXMGMX] SJ HIQERH MR JSVIMKR QEVOIXW WS
MQTSVXW MRGVIEWIW HIQERH JSV HIQERH JSV I\TSVXW SRP] KVS[W WPS[P] HIWTMXI JSVIMKR
MQTSVXW EW REXMSREP MRGSQI KVS[W REXMSREP MRGSQIW KVS[MRK
)UYEPP] E GSYRXV] QMKLX LEZI PS[ I\TSVXW FIGEYWI MXW
S[R HSQIWXMG QEVOIX MW KVS[MRK LIRGI MXW TVSHYGIVW
[MPP GSRGIRXVEXI SR HSQIWXMG WEPIW VEXLIV XLER PSSOMRK
XS I\TSVX
2SRTVMGI JIEXYVIW SJ MQTSVXIH 2SRITVMGI JIEXYVIW SJ I\TSVXIH KSSHW IK
KSSHW IK TIVJSVQERGI WIVZMGI TIVJSVQERGI WIVZMGI GEVI [SVWI XLER XLSWI SJ LSQI
GEVI FIXXIV XLER HSQIWXMG KSSHW TVSHYGIH KSSHW MR XEVKIX QEVOIXW
8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
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5 F )\GLERKI 6EXIW ERH -RJPEXMSR 6EXIW


-RJPEXMSR XLI XIRHIRG] JSV XLI KIRIVEP PIZIP SJ TVMGIW MR ER IGSRSQ] XS VMWI XLVSYKL
XMQI 8LMW PIEHW XS E JEPP MR XLI TYVGLEWMRK TS[IV SJ MXW GYVVIRG]
-RJPEXMSR SGGYVW [LIR XLI TVMGIW MR E GSYRXV] VMWI ERH MXW KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW FIGSQI
QSVI I\TIRWMZI 8LI MQTSVXERX JEGXSV EJJIGXMRK I\GLERKI VEXIW MW XLI VIPEXMZI MRJPEXMSR
VEXI SJ XLI GSYRXV] EKEMRWX MXW XVEHMRK TEVXRIVW
E -J XLI GSYRXV] LEW E LMKLIV MRJPEXMSR VEXI XLER MXW XVEHMRK TEVXRIVW MX QIERW XLEX MXW
TVSHYGXW EVI FIGSQMRK QSVI I\TIRWMZI VIPEXMZI XS XLI KSSHW TVSHYGIH F] MXW XVEHMRK
TEVXRIVW
F 8LMW [MPP PIEH XLI HIQERH JSV MXW I\TSVXW XS JEPP ERH XLIVIJSVI XLI HIQERH JSV MXW
GYVVIRG] XS JEPP
' 8LI WYTTP] SJ MXW GYVVIRG] [MPP EPWS MRGVIEWI FIGEYWI HSQIWXMG VIWMHIRXW [MPP [MWL XS
FY] MQTSVXW FIGEYWI XLI] EVI VIPEXMZIP] GLIETIV 8LIVIJSVI XLI] [MPP WIIO XS WYTTP]
HSQIWXMG GYVVIRG] XS SFXEMR XLI JSVIMKR GYVVIRG] XLI] RIIH XS TE] JSV XLI MQTSVXW
H 8LMW [MPP GEYWI E WYVTPYW SJ GYVVIRG] SR XLI JSVI\ QEVOIXW ERH HVMZI MXW TVMGI XLI
I\GLERKI VEXI HS[R
I 8LI HITVIGMEXMSR SJ XLI GYVVIRG] [MPP GSRXMRYI YRXMP XLI VIPEXMZI GSQTIXMXMZIRIWW SJ XLI
HSQIWXMG KSSHW MW XLI WEQI EW XLI JSVIMKR KSSHW
8LMW QIGLERMWQ KMZIW VMWI XS XLI TYVGLEWMRK TS[IV TEVMX] XLISV] SJ I\GLERKI VEXI
HIXIVQMREXMSR 8LMW TVIHMGXW XLEX E GSYRXV] W I\GLERKI VEXI EKEMRWX ERSXLIV GSYRXV] W
GYVVIRG] [MPP HIGPMRI EX XLI VEXI SJ HMJJIVIRGI MR XLIMV VIWTIGXMZI MRJPEXMSR VEXIW

5 E 7YTTP] WMHI IGSRSQMGW GER FI HIJMRIH EW ER ETTVSEGL XS IGSRSQMG TSPMG]QEOMRK [LMGL
EHZSGEXIW QIEWYVIW XS MQTVSZI XLI WYTTP] SJ KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW IK XLVSYKL
HIVIKYPEXMSR VEXLIV XLER QIEWYVIW XS EJJIGX EKKVIKEXI HIQERH
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E 8LI TVIHSQMRERX PSRKXIVQ MRJPYIRGIW YTSR SYXTYX TVMGIW ERH IQTPS]QIRX EVI XLI
GSRHMXMSRW SJ EKKVIKEXI WYTTP]
F 0IJX XS MXWIPJ XLI JVII QEVOIX [MPP EYXSQEXMGEPP] KIRIVEXI XLI LMKLIWX PIZIP SJ REXMSREP
MRGSQI ERH IQTPS]QIRX EZEMPEFPI XS XLI IGSRSQ]
G -RJPI\MFMPMX] MR XLI PEFSYV QEVOIX XLVSYKL XLI I\MWXIRGI SJ XVEHI YRMSRW ERH SXLIV
VIWXVMGXMZI TVEGXMGIW VIXEMR [EKIW EX YRGSQTIXMXMZI LMKL PIZIPW 8LMW GVIEXIW
YRIQTPS]QIRX ERH VIWXVMGXW EKKVIKEXI WYTTP]
H 8LI VEXIW SJ HMVIGX XE\EXMSR LEZI E QENSV MRJPYIRGI YTSR EKKVIKEXI WYTTP] XLVSYKL
XLIMV IJJIGXW YTSR XLI MRGIRXMZI XS [SVO

8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
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I 8LIVI MW SRP] E PMQMXIH VSPI JSV KSZIVRQIRX MR XLI IGSRSQMG W]WXIQ (IQERH
QEREKIQIRX GER SRP] MRJPYIRGI SYXTYX ERH IQTPS]QIRX EVXMJMGMEPP] MR XLI WLSVX VYR
[LMPWX MR XLI PSRK VYR GVIEXMRK MRJPEXMSR ERH LEQTIVMRK KVS[XL 7MQMPEVP] WXEXI S[RIH
MRHYWXVMIW EVI PMOIP] XS FI YRGSQTIXMXMZI ERH EGGSVHMRKP] VIWXVMGX EKKVIKEXI WYTTP]
79440= 7-() )'3231-' 430-'-)7
8LI QEMR WYTTP] WMHI TSPMGMIW EVI
E 6IHYGXMSR MR KSZIVRQIRX I\TIRHMXYVI ERH KVIEXIV MRZSPZIQIRX SJ XLI TVMZEXI WIGXSV
MR XLI TVSZMWMSR SJ WIVZMGIW
F 6IHYGXMSR MR XE\IW MR SVHIV XS MRGVIEWI MRGIRXMZIW
G -RGVIEWMRK JPI\MFMPMX] MR XLI PEFSYV QEVOIX F] GYVFMRK XLI TS[IV SJ XVEHI YRMSRW
H -RGVIEWMRK GSQTIXMXMSR XLVSYKL HIVIKYPEXMSR ERH TVMZEXM^EXMSR SJ YXMPMXMIW
I %FSPMXMSR SJ I\GLERKI GSRXVSPW ERH EPPS[MRK XLI JVII QSZIQIRX SJ GETMXEP

5 F *MRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEVMIW EVI MRWXMXYXMSRW [LMGL GLERRIP JYRHW JVSQ WEZIVW XS FSVVS[IVW
-R HSMRK WS XLI MRXIVQIHMEVMIW TVSZMHI E PMRO FIX[IIR WEZIVW ERH FSVVS[IVW QIERMRK
XLEX MRHMZMHYEP WEZIVW ERH FSVVS[IVW HS RSX LEZI XS QEOI MRHMZMHYEP EVVERKIQIRXW
FIX[IIR XLIQWIPZIW
E )EWI SJ WEZMRK *MRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEVMIW TVSZMHI SFZMSYW ERH GSRZIRMIRX [E]W MR
[LMGL E WEZIV GER WEZI QSRI] -RWXIEH SJ LEZMRK XS JMRH E WYMXEFPI FSVVS[IV JSV LMW
QSRI] XLI WEZIV GER HITSWMX LMW QSRI] [MXL E JMRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEV] XLEX SJJIVW E
JMRERGMEP MRWXVYQIRX XS WYMX LMW VIUYMVIQIRXW 7S XLI JMRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEV] EGXW EW E
GSRHYMX XS GLERRIP JYRHW JVSQ RIX WEZIVW XS RIX FSVVS[IVW PX EPWS TE]W MRXIVIWX SR XLI
WEZMRKW WS XLI WEZIV IEVRW E VIXYVR SR LMW QSRI]
F 4VSZMHI PMUYMHMX] XLI] EVI E VIEH] WSYVGI SJ JYRHW JSV FSVVS[IVW )ZIR [LIR QSRI]
MW MR WLSVX WYTTP] E FSVVS[IV [MPP YWYEPP] JMRH E JMRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEV] TVITEVIH XS PIRH
WSQI -RXIVQIHMEVMIW EVI ER IJJMGMIRX ERH SJXIR GSWXIJJIGXMZI WSYVGI SJ QSRI] JSV
FSVVS[IVW
G %KKVIKEXMSR 8LI] GER TEGOEKI YT XLI EQSYRXW PIRX F] WEZIVW ERH PIRH SR XS
FSVVS[IVW MR FMKKIV EQSYRX ;MXLSYX EKKVIKEXMSR E FSVVS[IV [SYPH IMXLIV LEZI XS JMRH E
PIRHIV [LS MW TVITEVIH XS PIRH XLI EQSYRX LI [ERXW XS FSVVS[ SV IPWI [SYPH RIIH XS
YWI E RYQFIV SJ HMJJIVIRX PIRHIVW MR SVHIV XS VEMWI XLI EQSYRX SJ JYRHW LI [ERXW XS
FSVVS[
H 1EXYVMX] XVERWJSVQEXMSR *MRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEVMIW FVMHKI XLI KET FIX[IIR XLI [MWL
SJ QSWX PIRHIVW JSV PMUYMHMX] ERH XLI HIWMVI SJ QSWX FSVVS[IVW JSV PSERW SZIV PSRKIV
TIVMSHW 8LI] HS XLMW F] TVSZMHMRK MRZIWXSVW [MXL JMRERGMEP MRWXVYQIRXW [LMGL EVI PMUYMH
IRSYKL JSV XLI MRZIWXSVW RIIHW ERH F] TVSZMHMRK JYRHW XS FSVVS[IVW MR E HMJJIVIRX PSRKIV
XIVQ JSVQ JSV I\EQTPI QSVXKEKIW 

8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
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I 7IGYVMX] 4VSZMHIH XLEX XLI JMRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEV] MW MXWIPJ JMRERGMEPP] WSYRH XLI
PIRHIV W GETMXEP MW WIGYVI &EH HIFXW [SYPH FI FSVRI F] XLI JMRERGMEP MRXIVQIHMEV] MR MXW
VIPIRHMRK STIVEXMSRW
J 6MWO XVERWJSVQEXMSR %R MRHMZMHYEP WEZIV QE] RSX [MWL XS PIRH XS ER MRHMZMHYEP
FSVVS[IV GSRWMHIVMRK XLEX FSVVS[IV XS FI E FEH HIFX VMWO ,S[IZIV XLI JMRERGMEP
MRXIVQIHMEV] GER FSVVS[ JVSQ E RYQFIV SJ HMJJIVIRX WEZIVW ERH XLIR TVSZMHI JYRHW XS XLI
FSVVS[IVW [MXL QMRMQEP VMWO XS ER] WMRKPI WEZIV

5 -RJPEXMSR ERH MXW 'SRWIUYIRGIW


E 6IHMWXVMFYXMSR SJ MRGSQI ERH [IEPXL -RJPEXMSR PIEHW XS E VIHMWXVMFYXMSR SJ
MRGSQI ERH [IEPXL MR [E]W [LMGL QE] FI YRHIWMVEFPI 6IHMWXVMFYXMSR SJ [IEPXL
QMKLX XEOI TPEGI JVSQ WYTTPMIVW XS GYWXSQIVW 8LMW MW FIGEYWI EQSYRXW TE]EFPI
SV VIGIMZEFPI PSWI VIEP ZEPYI [MXL MRJPEXMSR
! F &EPERGI SJ TE]QIRXW IJJIGXW -J E GSYRXV] LEW E LMKLIV VEXI SJ MRJPEXMSR XLER MXW
QENSV XVEHMRK TEVXRIVW MXW I\TSVXW [MPP FIGSQI VIPEXMZIP] I\TIRWMZI ERH MQTSVXW
MRXS MX [MPP FI VIPEXMZIP] GLIET %W E VIWYPX XLI FEPERGI SJ XVEHI [MPP WYJJIV
EJJIGXMRK IQTPS]QIRX MR I\TSVXMRK MRHYWXVMIW ERH MR MRHYWXVMIW TVSHYGMRK MQTSVX
WYFWXMXYXIW )ZIRXYEPP] XLI I\GLERKI VEXI [MPP FI EJJIGXIH XLI TYVGLEWMRK TS[IV
TEVMX] IJJIGX 
! G 9RGIVXEMRX] SJ XLI ZEPYI SJ QSRI] ERH TVMGIW -J XLI VEXI SJ MRJPEXMSR MW
MQTIVJIGXP] ERXMGMTEXIH RS SRI LEW GIVXEMR ORS[PIHKI SJ XLI XVYI VEXI SJ MRJPEXMSR
%W E VIWYPX RS SRI LEW GIVXEMR ORS[PIHKI SJ XLI ZEPYI SJ QSRI] SV SJ XLI VIEP
QIERMRK SJ TVMGIW % *YVXLIV TVSFPIQ MW XLEX SRGI XLI VEXI SJ MRJPEXMSR LEW FIKYR
XS MRGVIEWI E WIVMSYW HERKIV SJ I\TIGXEXMSREP MRJPEXMSR [MPP SGGYV 8LMW QIERW
XLEX VIKEVHPIWW SJ [LIXLIV XLI JEGXSVW XLEX LEZI GEYWIH MRJPEXMSR EVI WXMPP
TIVWMWXIRX SV RSX XLIVI [MPP FI E TIVGITXMSR SJ [LEX MRJPEXMSR MW PMOIP] XS FI ERH
WS XS TVSXIGX JYXYVI MRGSQI [EKIW ERH TVMGIW [MPP FI VEMWIH F] XLI I\TIGXIH
EQSYRX SJ JYXYVI MRJPEXMSR 8LMW GER PIEH XS XLI ZMGMSYW GMVGPI ORS[R EW XLI [EKI
TVMGI WTMVEP MR [LMGL MRJPEXMSR FIGSQIW E VIPEXMZIP] TIVQERIRX JIEXYVI FIGEYWI
SJ TISTPI W I\TIGXEXMSRW XLEX MX [MPP SGGYV
! H ;EKI FEVKEMRMRK ;EKI HIQERHW TEVXMGYPEVP] JVSQ XVEHIW YRMSRW [MPP FI
MRGVIEWIH MR XMQIW SJ LMKL MRJPEXMSR -J XLI] EVI WYGGIWWJYP XLIR E [EKITVMGI
WTMVEP [MPP XEOI LSPH [LMGL [MPP VIMRJSVGI XLI TVSFPIQ
! I 'SRWYQIV FILEZMSYV 4ISTPI QE] WXSGOTMPI KSSHW JIEVMRK TVMGI MRGVIEWIW
PEXIV 8LMW GSYPH GVIEXI WLSVXEKIW JSV SXLIV TISTPI [LS LEZIR X EPVIEH]
WXSGOTMPIH XLIQWIPZIW

8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
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! 'EYWIW SJ -RJPEXMSR
8LIVI EVI XLVII QEMR GEYWIW SJ MRJPEXMSR HIQERH TYPP JEGXSVW GSWX TYWL JEGXSVW ERH
I\GIWWMZI KVS[XL MR XLI QSRI] WYTTP]
! M (IQERH 4YPP -RJPEXMSR
(IQERH TYPP MRJPEXMSR SGGYVW [LIR XLI IGSRSQ] MW FYS]ERX ERH XLIVI MW E LMKL
EKKVIKEXI HIQERH MR I\GIWW SJ XLI IGSRSQ] W EFMPMX] XS WYTTP]
E &IGEYWI EKKVIKEXI HIQERH I\GIIHW WYTTP] TVMGIW VMWI
F 7MRGI WYTTP] RIIHW XS FI VEMWIH XS QIIX XLI LMKLIV HIQERH XLIVI [MPP FI ER
MRGVIEWI MR HIQERH JSV JEGXSVW SJ TVSHYGXMSR ERH WS JEGXSV VI[EVHW [EKIW
MRXIVIWX VEXIW ERH WS SR [MPP EPWS VMWI
G 7MRGI EKKVIKEXI HIQERH I\GIIHW XLI SYXTYX GETEFMPMX] SJ XLI IGSRSQ] MX WLSYPH
JSPPS[ XLEX HIQERH TYPP MRJPEXMSR GER SRP] I\MWX [LIR YRIQTPS]QIRX MW PS[
8LIVI EVI X[S QEMR GEYWIW SJ HIQERH TYPP MRJPEXMSR
E *MWGEP HIJMGMXW +SZIVRQIRX TSPMGMIW EJJIGX EKKVIKEXI HIQERH MR ER IGSRSQ]
*SV I\EQTPI ER MRGVIEWI MR KSZIVRQIRX WTIRHMRK SV E VIHYGXMSR MR XE\IW ERH
MRXIVIWX VEXIW [MPP VEMWI HIQERH MR XLI IGSRSQ]
F -QTSVXIH I\GIWW HIQERH -J E XVEHMRK TEVXRIV LEW E FSSQW SJ I\GIWW HIQERH
MR XLIMV HSQIWXMG IGSRSQ] XLMW [MPP PIEH XLIQ XS MRGVIEWI XLIMV HIQERH SV
MQTSVXW 8LMW [MPP WTMPP MRXS SYV HSQIWXMG IGSRSQ] EW ER MRGVIEWI MR XLI MRNIGXMSR
JSV I\TSVX HIQERH ERH [MPP WIX SJJ E QYPXMTPMIV IJJIGX SJ VMWMRK HIQERH
! MM 'SWX 4YWL -RJPEXMSR
'SWX TYWL MRJPEXMSR SGGYVW [LIVI XLI GSWXW SJ JEGXSVW SJ TVSHYGXMSR VMWI VIKEVHPIWW SJ
[LIXLIV SV RSX XLI] EVI MR WLSVX WYTTP] ERH [LIVI XLI VMWI MR GSWXW MW RSX QEXGLIH F] ER
MRGVIEWI MR TVSHYGXMZMX]
8LI QEMR WSYVGIW SJ GSWX TYWL MRJPEXMSR EVI
E 6IEP [EKI MRGVIEWIW XLMW MW [LIVI [SVOIVW SFXEMR [EKI MRGVIEWIW MR I\GIWW SJ
MRJPEXMSR [MXLSYX GSVVIWTSRHMRK MRGVIEWIW MR SYXTYX 8LMW LEW XLI IJJIGX SJ TYWLMRK
YT TVSHYGXMSR GSWXW [LMGL JIIHW XLVSYKL MRXS MRGVIEWI TVMGIW
F 'SQQSHMX] TVMGI MRGVIEWIW SGGYVW [LIR XLI GSWX SJ IWWIRXMEP TVSHYGXW SJXIR
MQTSVXW VMWI HYI XS VMWIW MR XLI [SVPH TVMGIW SJ XLIQ 8S LEZI E KIRIVEP MQTEGX
VIUYMVIW XLEX XLIWI EVI IWWIRXMEP KSSHW XLEX EVI TVMGI MRIPEWXMG MR HIQERH WYGL
EW SMP KEW ERH JSSHWXYJJW
G )\GLERKI VEXI HITVIGMEXMSR XLMW GER HVMZI YT XLI TVMGI SJ MQTSVXW KIRIVEPP]
! MMM 1SRI] 7YTTP] +VS[XL
8LMW MW E WTIGMEP JSVQ SJ HIQERH TYPP MRJPEXMSR TYX JSV[EVH F] IGSRSQMWXW [LS EVI
XIVQIH QSRIXEVMWXW 8LI] EVKYI XLEX MRGVIEWIW MR XLI WYTTP] SJ QSRI] MR I\GIWW SJ
MRGVIEWIW MR SYXTYX PIEH LSPHIVW SJ XLI QSRI] MR FERO EGGSYRXW XS WIIO WIGYVMX] ERH E

8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67 746-2+ %9+978  )<%1-2%8-327  SJ 
&97-2)77)'3231-'7 7)1)78)6

VIXYVR F] I\GLERKMRK QSRI] JSV KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW 8LMW GEYWIW I\GIWW HIQERH JSV
KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW
1SRIXEVMWQ EW E XLISV] WXEXIW XLEX XLI QSRI] ZEPYI SJ REXMSREP MRGSQI MW HIXIVQMRIH F]
XLI UYERXMX] SJ QSRI] MR GMVGYPEXMSR XLI UYERXMX] XLISV] QSRI] 
8LI UYERXMX] XLISV] SJ QSRI] MW I\TVIWWIH EW 1: ! 48 XLI *MWLIV IUYEXMSR
;LIVI 1 ! QSRI] WXSGO XLI XSXEP ZEPYI SJ FERO HITSWMXW
: ! ZIPSGMX] SJ GMVGYPEXMSR LS[ UYMGOP] FERO HITSWMXW EVI YWIH JSV WTIRHMRK XS
JMRERGI XVERWEGXMSRW
4 ! XLI EZIVEKI TVMGI SJ IEGL XVERWEGXMSR
8 ! XLI RYQFIV SJ XVERWEGXMSRW MR E ]IEV
-R SXLIV [SVHW XLI QSRI] ZEPYI SJ REXMSREP MRGSQI MR E ]IEV 4VMGIW \ 8VERWEGXMSRW MW
IUYEP XS XLI EQSYRX SJ QSRI] WTIRX SR MX MR E ]IEV 1SRI] WXSGO \ :IPSGMX] SJ
GMVGYPEXMSR 

8,) )2(

8LI WYKKIWXIHERW[IVW TVSZMHIH SRERH QEHIEZEMPEFPI XLVSYKL XLI -RWXMXYXI W [IFWMXI QE] SRP] FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SV XVIEXIH EW EKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSV TVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW

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