Key concepts

Subtopics:

Define journalism

History

Challenges to journalism and journalists

Reading Material:

Other things to learn about:

Why some journalists promote themselves

Weaponizing fake news (Trump, Duterte and other leaders)

Presstitute (South Korea as Ph's counterpart)

Coined by Mocha Uson to degenrate journalism

Journalism studies
Multidisciplinary professional practice

Journalism covers everything (politics, sports, economy, travel, arts and literature etc.)

Critical analysis, gathering, evaluating, interpreting , researching, writing, editing, reporting and presenting
information and comment

Entire reporting process

Reflects engagement/interaction with audience

Many studies also tackle audience comments

What it does?

International multidisciplinary approach

How other journos do it

Challenges previous studies

Due to changes of context

Borrows literature from other disciplines (social science; compare and contrast)

Academic and professional concerns, theoretical with practice concerns

Journalistic specialisms

Sports, fashion, hard news, photojournalism, cartoons, entertainment

Discredited specialisms (not researched well enough)

Divergent media context, distinctive patterns of media ownership, finance and journalistic cultures

Critique on Western lectures (is it applicable here in the Ph?)

Key concepts 1
 Tackle the nuances (devil is in the detail)

International in focus; local and national media; emergent global newsroom; global market

New work setups under the new digital age

Different appreciations of news

What it examines

Realm of informative public texts

News and the people

Orgs, professionals, institutions and material artifacts

Tech that produce those texts

Behind the scenes (production and circulation and news)

News media as part of societal ecosystem

Ramifications for other parts of the ecology

Social media shaping the way people think

Pre-history
German social theorists

Marx: advocate of press freedom; class struggle even in the media

Censorship is the most reasonable means of hindering the human race from developing

Schaffle: skeptic in the media

The need of positive insights (prevent Charlatanism and verbosity in the press; aka yabang)

Separate ads and opinion

Normative lens/ought to be

Early journalism comes from commentaries (published content)

Commentaries are opinion which are normative

20th Century: journalism as a profession and social force

Shift towards analyzing processes of news prod

Shift from normative structures and processes of news production

Actual History
Empirical turn/"classics"

Evidence based

Highly pragmatic

More on practice

Key concepts 2
 Start of formal history

Reflective and scholarly approach

Industry-led training

Working as editorial assistant

One big OJT

Social sciences and humanities

Empirical (what is the basis?)

Social scientific approach (surveys/experiments)

But try to adapt new methods (other than survey and content analysis)

Audience and media effects

Professional values of news people, editorial structures and routines

Laswell (comm theory) and Galtung (news values)

Sociological Turn

70s-80s: Influence of Sociology and Anthropology

Tuchman: studied newsroom routines and applied it in socio

Journalism conventions and routines, occupational ideologies and cultures and news texts concepts

Zelizer: journ practices that are not encapsulated in texts

Realities in newsrooms (unahan, competition sa beat, sharing of transcripts, joining informal networks)

Aral na dapat sa field

Sharing pero may sarili kang scoop

Culture

Qualitative methods

Content analysis, ethnography

Scholars immersed with journalists

Dominant ideologies and how it shaped media

Capitalism (affects in decision making, ex: ABSCBN shutdown)

History
International-Comparative turn

Erosion of western hegemony/rise of the internet

White house press briefing (journalists are assertive)

Difference in culture compared to journalists in the Ph (respectful, deference to authority)

Filipino psychology in journalism

Globalization and political liberties

Key concepts 3
 Interaction among scholars

Human side of journalism that refuses to accept generalizations

International and collaborative endeavor

Institutionalization of journalism studies

Multiplicity through fragmentation and diversification

Discourse

Journ practices change

Partnering with vloggers?

Nag iiba-iba ang meaning (sino ba ang legit journo?)

Citizen journalism

Meaning, legitimacy and boundaries

Rediscovery of audience as a focus

Increased emphasis on practices

Journ as an object of research has been destabilized

Key concepts being challenged

The Future
Continuing western hegemony/calls to de-Westernize the field

Contribute our own ideas and theories

'Alarmist' discourses proclaiming a crisis of the collapse of journalism

Namamatay ang print, rise of social media, influencers and pinakikinggan

Distrust in the media is not new

Analyzing the trends

Fragmentation and diversification

Contribution from different sources

Unfinished digital media revolution

New innovations (hindi ka mauubusan ng mapag aaralan)

Broaden research into little researched journalism forms

Hindi naaaral bc akala nila hindi hardcore journalism

Complexity of journalistic mediascapes (elite/contractual/freelance)

Changing expectations; value creation

Shift from print to digital

Struggle in print

Theory/role of democracy

Bolsonaro, Trump

Key concepts 4
 Global diversity of journalistic cultures and intellectual lines of inquiry

Challenges to journalism as an institution (Whal-Jorgensen & Haintzsch, 2020)

Traditional media much less secure

Altered economics of news production (paywalls)

Paywalls should be worth the subscribers money

Reports that are worth every cent

Forced thousands of closures

To cut costs

Subscriber-funded news: agent of exclusion

Challenge: how can you engage when you exclude to non subscribers

Digital native news organizations

Huffington post, Buzzfeed, Rappler, even partisan news

Slant/liberal

Audience participation*

Chomsky on flak (audience being critical on the media)

Herbert (poverty of attention)

Hybrid media ecology and rise of 'fake news'

Mainstream media one of the many voices

Twitter as "awareness system"/new ways of sharing info

Social media's impact on news values

Twitter: nonsense news kumakalat

Global post-truth era/personalized "filter bubbles"

You don't know what is truth

You are biased because of what you consume on soc med

Incidental exposure to a diversity of opinions

Algorithm shares mutual content which can influence you

Unprecedented challenges to the authority of traditional journalism

Spread of 'fake news' (quote because news is supposed to accurate)

thesis idea visuals ng trolls?***

Journalism and the shelf-life of democracy

Dominant thinking: journalism as watchdog

Notion being challenged (bc its western)

Key concepts 5
 Democracy in journalism scholarship has over extended its shelf life (Zelizer, 2013)

You can have journalism even without democracy

Ex: covering fashion does not need to be related to democracy (it is still journalism)

There are many forms of journalism that is not related to the watchdog role

Perceived ties democracy-journalism ties narrowed parameters of scholarly inquiry

Non-political news? Western imposition?

Non political news is still journalism

Journalism remains a central institution in the absence of democracy

Threats to journalistic autonomy

Rise of populism/"soft authoritarian societies"

Leaders na nagbabara ng journalists (delegitimizing journalism)

Mobilization of disenchanted electorates: Media an ally of the elite?

Mainstream press being delegitimized/ profile of friendly private outlets being raised

ABSCBN to Aquino

SMNI to Marcos

Efforts to restrict editorial autonomy

Duterte supporters to the media: "paki ayos naman po yung pag report"

Decline of trust

Political actors create antipathy towards the press

They call us "fake news"

Not necessarily a universal phenomenon

Journalists are also at fault (envelopment journalism)

Media scandals and blunders (Blair phone hacking, giregi/garbage journalists, Bush military service issue)

Too much negativity?

Skepticism (we are not PR machines)

Shift towards emancipative values: Individual autonomy, self-expression, free choice

Not always against sa politics

Precarization of journalistic labor

Economic pressures affect working conditions

Atypical work/contingent employment situations (e.g. part time, temporary, casual work)

Better than hiring full-time employee (no SSS, insurance etc. To save money)

Per article lang

Outsourcing (ex: Reuters bureau in the Ph decide to cut costs, they can always abolish their HQ in the Ph)

Stringers (journalists tapped by foreign publications for updates, usually already working for an outlet)

Key concepts 6
 Retainer: can agree for a fixed payment

Senior reporters replaced by younger graduates

Cheaper salaries to pay

Implication: fewer investigative reporting

Less in depth articles

Entrepreneurial journalism/self-branding

Self-branding: To open new opportunities, be bankable, maybe to earn money for masters degree

Entrep journalists: monetizing your content online

Participatory Revolution

"cult of the amateur"/Citizen Journalism

Glorifying/cult of the amateurs

Challenge to journalists gatekeeping role

Media determines what will come out, ngayon hindi na

Transformed into gate watching (bc of soc med)

Gate watch: no longer prevent the entry but factcheck and police content

Effect of journalist-source relations

"why do i need to be interviewed kung pwede ko naman na diretso sa soc med?" (Trixie Cruz-Angeles)

Business models collapse/Rise of hyperlocal sites

Hyperlocal sites: intended to provide info to a specific locality

Highlights things that are overlooked by national/mainstream media

In the Ph, puro community newspaper

Negotiating Journalism's boundaries

"Boundary work"

Anxiety to defend their professional authority

Technical innovations (i.e. Robot journalism, algorithms)

Ex: data driven stories like stock market reporting

Use of automated journalism

Report data-driven stories may affect labor, normative foundation of journalistic authority, and even content
delivery (e.g. No human attributes)

Journalist's safety

CPJ: 850 killings between 2009 to 2018

Local journalists in conflict zones

Far more endangered than 'celebrity journalists'

Issues raised by #MeToo movement

Key concepts 7
 Journalists face online harassment

Caused by trolls

Key concepts 8