Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

Contents:
1. 2. 3. 4. About the Manuals: ...................................................................................................... 3 Fundamentals: ............................................................................................................. 5 Getting used to the trainer:........................................................................................... 9 Serial Communication software: ..................................................................................12 4.1 Serial Communication...............................................................................................12 4.2 Menu System............................................................................................................13 4.3 Getting started ..........................................................................................................14 5. Technical Specifications:.............................................................................................17 5.1 Specifications of Optical fibre cables used in UE products........................................18 5.2 Fibreoptics Hybrid Modules for Optical Power Measurement....................................20 5.3 Standard Contents of the Kit.....................................................................................21 6. Laboratory Experiments: .............................................................................................23 6.1 Experiment No.1: VI Characteristics of the FO-LED..................................................23 6.2 Experiment No.2: Characteristics between the Detector and Source ........................25 6.3 Experiment No.3: Attenuation in the given fibre optic cable .....................................27 6.4 Experiment No.4: Digital Signal Transmission through the fibre optic cable..............29 6.5 Experiment No. 5: Analog Signal Transmission and Reception ................................32 6.6 Experiment No.6: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) .................................................33 6.7 Experiment No. 7: RS 232 Interface for PC communication......................................34 6.8 Experiment No. 8: Determination of Numerical Aperture of Optical Fibers ................35 6.9 Experiment No. 9: Losses in optical fibres ................................................................37 6.10 Experiment No 10: Loss due to airgaps in fibres with in-line adaptors.....................39 6.11 Experiment No 11: Voice Interface .........................................................................41 6.12 Experiment No. 12: Determination of Far field of the light emitting diode ................43 6.13 Experiment No. 13: Determination of V-number of the photo diode ........................45 7. About us......................................................................................................................46 8. Bibliography: ...............................................................................................................47

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

About
The

Manuals

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

1. About the Manuals:

United Electrotechnologies trainer manual is programmed to bring the clients training needs sharply into focus. Like our training systems themselves, the manual reflects United Electrotechnologies commitment to training by design. Our commitment to modular design means that instructors who use our systems enjoy the flexibility of creating programs to meet their exact training goals. This modular design allows students to enter (or) exit. United Electrotechnologies programs at a variety of levels, according to abilities and career goals. Our modular systems are also capable of context update and enhancement. As new technologies supplement old, our training systems adapt by design. United Electrotechnologies training systems are designed for mutual compatibility as well. Curriculum can be expanded, skills training extended. For example, our LAN and WAN networking trainers, permit students a smooth transition from digital communication to networking. Given this designed in flexibility, clients of United Electrotechnologies have a great many systems from which to choose. The catalog will help each client specify the most appropriate system configuration.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

Getting Started

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

2. Fundamentals:
The principle of fiber optics needs to have an understanding of the basic principles of light and how it is propagated. Light is a type of energy called radiant energy that travels as electromagnetic rays. Radiant energy travels like waves produced in still water when a pebble is tossed into it. The waves radiant in every direction away from the point of where the pebble entered the water. Infrared, ultra violet and visible light is type of energy classified as light. Different form of energy travel with larger or shorter waves and energy form the crest of one wave to the next, while frequency is a measure of the number of wave cycles performed in the space of one second. Light rays bend or refract when they pass from one medium to another, which is caused by the slowing down of the rays at one edge of the beam at the cross over point. Because of the refraction, light can be reflect internally along a glass fiber and bounce along the inside, giving the signals a longer effective range. Every optic fiber consists of three strands, each inside the other. The center one, the core core is a special low loss grade of material that has a constant refractive index, i.e., its ability to bounce light along its length. The next one, the cladding and the outer one the sheath each have progressively lower refractive index which stop the light straying from center. As transmission are unaffected by the electrical interference and do not weaken quickly, fiber optics are popular for long distances, especially as transmission speeds are those of light itself. These are systems capable of carrying over 4000 voice circuits per fiber and transmitting at rates in excess of 4 MBPS over stage length of at least 100 Km without repeaters or regenerators. Advantages of Optical communication: The properties of fiber are exceedingly varied owing to the wide application are and tailoring of those properties to different applications leaving apart the limitation of attenuation (Light becomes dimmer as it travels along the fiber), optical fibers have various advantages over copper wires apart from resistance and temperature. The most relevant among them are: Very small cross talk: Very little light escapes from the fiber is absorbed through the cladding, which provides good cross talk features. Large bandwidth: A single mode fiber provides several ten-fold GHz x Kms of a graded index fiber. This quantity is measured as the product of the bandwidth and unrepeated distance. Low Loss: The loss of an optical fiber is below 0.5 dB/Km, allowing unrepeated links of 60 Kms. By comparison loss of coaxial cable is around 20 dB/Km. Bandwidth upgradability: The transmission rate can be upgraded up to one order of magnitude, while utilizing the existing optical fiber. Photonic: As fibers are not electronic they do not generate sparks and can be used in flammable or explosive environments. Availability of material: Copper is limited and must be mined whereas silica is available in abundance.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

6 Small size: Outer diameter of strand is approximately 0.1 mm, which means fewer cables are necessary leading to reduced duct volume.

Lightweight and physical flexibility: The weight of the finished cable fiber is 10 to 30 % less than that of a copper cable. Owing to its physical flexibility, the cable can be easily bent and be installed along with existing conduit. Electro magnetically Robust and Oxidation free: Optical fiber is free from the electromagnetic induction and does not rust as in case of metals. As a consequence optical fibers can endure adverse environments such as at the bottom of an ocean.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

Getting used to the Trainer

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

DCLT 010 Fiber optic Communication trainer:

POWER CONNECTOR

CH0

A
VR6

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

S W

B 3

2K

B4 COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

B 5

PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B 6

FO-LED

MEASURE

B 1

B2

64 KHz 32 KHz 8 KHz

A1 A2 A3
RS232 RECEIVER

9-PIN DTYPE

A
FO-LINK

DIGITAL RECEIVE R

PULSE SHAPER

RS232 TX.
CCTO R

SIGNAL SOURCE 4 KHz A4

RS232 BS3 INTERFERENCE

DC

2 K
VR1

CH0

LEVEL SHIFTE R

250 Hz

5 K
VR3

CH1

CH2

500H z

5 K
VR4

CH3

2K

M U L T I P L E X E R

A
FO-LINK

D2

I-V AMPLIFIER

TDM OUT

1 KHz

5 K
VR5

VR2

D E M U L T I P L E X E

CH0

CH1

CH2

CH3

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

3. Getting used to the trainer:

Uniteds fiber optic trainer introduces the student to the techniques of Fiber optic communication. The following section guides the user to the various blocks of the trainer system. FO-LED Current: The current through the optical source can be varied from 2mA to 20mA. The change can be brought by potentiometer VR6. Measure: The current through the source LED can be measured, only by pressing switch SW1. FO-LED Voltage: The voltage drop across optical source LED can be measured, connecting DC- voltmeter between terminals B3 and B4.

Caution: Remove voltmeter for any experiment other than component characteristics
FO-LED Current: Current through the optical source LED can be measured, by connecting DC-Ammeter between terminals B1 and B2.

Caution: Remove Ammeter for any experiments other than component characteristics.
Photo Transistor Current: Current generated in the optical transistor detector due to irradiation of optical power on it, can be measured by connecting DC-Ammeter for any experiment other than component characteristics.

Caution: Remove Ammeter for any experiment other than component characteristics.
FO-LED: Optical source LED is mounted on the board at this location. Optical link-cable will be connected to source. Electrical signal source, either Analog or digital can be coupled optical source LED at A. FO-Photo Transistor: Optical transistor detector is mounted on the board at this location. Optical Link-cable from source will be terminated to the detector. Electrical output of detector can be had from C.

Digital Signal Source: 64 KHz: 64 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A1. 32 KHz: 32 KHz square wave, TTL level can be monitored and connected from A3. 8 KHz: 8 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A4. 8 KHz: 8 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A4.

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RS232 Receiver: The RS232 signal available from PC, will be converted to TTL level signal. It can be monitored and connected form A6. FO-Link: Conversion of electrical power to optical power, cable for transmission of optical power, and conversion of optical power to Electrical power will be the task of this block. Digital Receiver: Output of conversion from optical to electrical will be current. Digital Receiver converts current into DC voltage for further processing. Pulse shaper: The pulse passing through optical means suffers distortion due to finite bandwidth. Pulse shaper straightens up the rounded edges. It can be monitored and connected from E. RS232 Transmitter: The serial stream from PC, transmitted at TTL level through FO-link is available at E. The connection from E-e converts back to RS232 transmitter. RS232 interface: Serial communication with PC can be established at RS2232 Interface. Analog signal source: DC is adjustable through a potentiometer over 0-5V. It can be monitored at the input Multiplexer. It can be connected from VR1. a. 250 Hz: 250 KHz sinewave adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peakpeak, it can be monitored at CH1. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to Multiplexer. It can be connected from VR3 for the purpose of analog transmission experiment. b. 500 Hz: 500 Hz sinewave is adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peakpeak, it can be monitored at CH2. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to multiplexer. It can be monitored and connected from VR4, for the purpose of analog transmission experiment. c. 1 KHz: 1 KHz sinewave is adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peak-peak, it can be monitored at CH3. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to multiplexer. It can be monitored and connected from VR5, for the purpose of analog transmission experiment.

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Level Shifter: The purpose of transmission by optical means, the electrical signal has to be Unipolar. The required DC shift on bipolar signals will be added through VR2, in level shifter. Multiplexer: All four analog signals DC, 250Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz will be time division multiplexed at Multiplexer. The multiplexed Time Division multiplexed output can be connected from A5. I-V Amplifier: I-V Amplifier has similar function on analog transmitted signals as digital receiver has digital transmitted signal. Demultiplexer: The output of I-V amplifier, TDM signal will be decomposed to its components DC, 250 Hz, 500 Hz , 1 KHz at Demultiplexer. The output of the multiplexer can be observed to be a Sample & Hold of decomposed signal. Low pass filter: The respective Sample & Hold of decomposed signals are passed through a respective Cut-off low pass filter. The reconstructed signal can be observed at CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3.

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4.

Serial Communication software:

The serial communication software UE-SERCOM is used for using Personal computer as a node for communication using serial ports available in the PC. The Section will briefly the system requirements and the installation process. The installation will at least require 2MB of space on your hard disk drive. Before you begin the installation process, take a look at the system requirements chapter. The installation process will install the UE-Serial Communication Software on your hard disk and you can start working with it. System Requirements The Minimum System requirements are: A 486 or higher processor A minimum of 8 MB of RAM Windows 98 and above Operating Systems CD ROM Drive Mouse Serial Port Installation of the Software To install the UE-Serial Communication Software on your hard dist drive, start Windows 98. In Windows98, run the Setup.exe file from the CD and follow the installation process. Un-installation of the software To uninstall the software, Select the start button Setting Control Panel options. Select the Add/Remove program options. Select the UE-Serial Communication Software and Click the Add/Remove button.

4.1 Serial Communication

This GUI is used to send and receive the data with the PC comport.

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4.2 Menu System

The menu system is useful for working with alternate options and sub-options. The menu also displays the working conditions of the communication software. The menu options can be activated or used by clicking with the mouse or by pressing the highlighted character in the menu. The Main Menu The Main Menu of the software has following options. 1. File System 2. Serial Port Settings 3. About United Electrotechnologies 4. Exit Program File System Under the File System option, there are following sub options 1. Text File Receive: To upload the file into the system 2. Stop text file receiving: To stop receiving the file 3. Text file transmitting: To download the file on to the target board 4. Exit: Exit Port settings Under the port settings option, there are sub-options 1. Port Open/Close 2. Port Setting About United Electrotechnologies This has Help system and help files Exit program The Exit option closes the program and returns to windows. The Status Bar Menu The Status bar of the software is situated at the bottom of the opening menu screen. Here the complete status of the serial communication operation can be seen. View the Port Settings Displays the port settings, that are the Baud Rate, Maximum Speed, Data Bits, Parity, Stop Bits. These port settings can be seen only when the port is opened and the settings are made correspondingly. View the Port Opening Time The opening time of the port is first set to 0 seconds. You can see the time at which the port was opened in the status bar, which is located in the bottom of the main screen. Whenever you close the port and re-open, the opening time of the port is set to 0 seconds and starts.

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4.3 Getting started

Setting the Communication Port Property To start the communication through the port, prior to opening the port, the Port should be configured for a particular setting that is same as the serial receiver code in the boot loader of the target. Select serial Port setting | Port Settings
Select Comm Port: Select Speed: Select Data Bits: Select Parity: Select Stop Bits: Echo: Save Settings: Select the required port i.e., the port, which is not used for other Operation. Maximum speed is the Baud rate at which the communication can take place. Variable data length can be selected Odd, Even or no parity can be selected Stop bits can be selected as one, one and half or two. If the Local Echo is ON the bytes being sent is displayed in the window. Makes the change permanent unless it is changed again

Opening the Port for Communication Click on the Toggle Port button to Open or Close the selected port. If the Port is opened, the Port Open/Close item of the menu will be checked and the Toggle Port button is changed to Green. If the Port is closed, the Port Open/Close item of the menu will be unchecked and the Toggle Port button to Red. Transmit a Text File You can transmit a Text File from your system. You can transmit a text file only when the port is opened. At the time of Transmitting a Text File, you can see the directory and the file name from where the file is being transmitted. You can stop transmitting the file by clicking the Cancel button. At the bottom of the status bar you can the see the status of the transmitting the text file.

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Receiving Text File You can receive a text file by using this option. To receive a file the port should be opened. You have to specify the file name where you want to receive the file. After specifying the file name for receiving, you have to send the text file, which is to be received. While receiving the file, you can stop receiving. The point at which you stopped receiving, the information will be saved in the given name. Stop Receiving While receiving a text file, you can stop receiving it. To do this select the File System | Stop Text File Receiving option from the menu. The point, at which you stopped receiving, the information is saved in the given name for receiving. If there is a file already existing with the same name you specified for receiving, the information in the file is erased and the received information is stored. Using UE-SERCOM for serial communication with UE-Fiber optic trainer system: 1. Connect the RS232 cable to RS232 port available United Electrotechnologies Fiber optic kit. Connect the other end of the cable to one of the available COMM ports of the PC. 2. Click on the icon of this download software. 3. Set the port properties. 4. Now switch ON the power supply and then open the port. 5. Since the UE-Fiber optic trainer is built with both transmitter and receiver, the data entered in the transmission window of the UE-SERCOM software is sent to the FO system through RS232 port, the same data gets transmitted thorough the FO cable and connected back to the receiver on UE-FO system. The data received through the FO cable is translated RS232 again in the receiver and transmitted back to the PC. The PC displays the received data in the receiver window of UE-SERCOM software.

Do not switch ON or switch OFF the power, when the port is open.

Close the port and then switch ON or switch OFF the power supply connected UE-FO trainer system. Also dont remove any of the cables connected to the PC port when UE-FO system is ON

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Technical Notes

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5. Technical Specifications:
Simplex Fiber Optic cable: Core Material Cladding Material Fiber Structure Core/Cladding Diameter Core Refractive Index Cladding Refractive index Numerical Aperture Acceptance Angle Attenuation at 660 nm Jacket Material Fiber optic LED Material Wavelength Spectral Line width Forward Voltage (Vf) Reverse Voltage (Vr) Capacitance Forward Current(Max) Optical power Turn on/ Turn-off Time Termination Electrical leads No sleeve is Cathode FO- Phototransistor: Peak Responsivity Spectral Range Dark current Spectral Response Collector Emitter Emitter-collector Vce (sat) Rise / Fall Time Connector Electrical leads No sleeve is collector : : : : : : : : : : 850 nm 400 to 1100 nm 100 na (max) 50 ua/uw at 660 nm when coupled to a 1mm fiber 30 V (min) Breakdown Voltage 5 V (min) Break down Voltage 0.2 V (typical) 5 us (typical) SMA (905) gold plated Black sleeve is Emitter : : : : : : : : : : : GaAlAs 660 nm 45 nm 1.7 Volts at 10 mA 5 Volts 100 PF (approx.) at Vr = 0V 30 ma (average) 30 to 40 microwatts at lf=10ma (typically into a 1 mm fiber) Better than 300ns SMA (905), gold plated Red sleeve is Anode : : : : : : : : : : PMMA(Polymethyl methacylate) Flourinated polymer Step index type 960 micron/1000 microns 1.492 1.405 to 1.417 0.5 (typical) 55 to 60 degrees Typically 0.3 dB per meter Polythene (black) , 2.2 mm OD

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 Analog signals : 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz sinusoidal signals. All amplitude variable from 0 to 5V 64 KHz, 32 KHz, 16 KHz & 8 KHz signals Adjustable over 0 to 5 Volts. AC 230 V to DC 12 V, 5 V

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Digital signals DC Power supply

: : :

5.1 Specifications of Optical fibre cables used in UE products. Simplex cable with PMMA Fibre and SMA connections:

The simplex cable with PMMA fibre finds application for short distance analogue and digital signal transmission. The step index fibre has a large area of cross section and a high numerical aperture, facilitating easy coupling with transmitting and receiving devices. The light is guided along a fibre of one millimeter approximately to distance of a few tens of meters. The other main applications of PMMA fibres are in sensors, light guides and displays. Specification of simplex cable: 1. Core Material: PMMA (Polymethyl methacylate) 2. Cladding Material: Fluorinated polymer 3. Fibre Structure : Step index type 4. Core/Cladding Diameter: 960 micron/1000 microns 5. Core Refractive Index: 1.492 6. Cladding Refractive Index: 1.405 to 1.417 7. Numerical Aperture: 0.5 (typical) 8. Acceptance Angle: 55 to 60 degrees 9. Attenuation (660nm): 0.3 dB/mtr 10. Jacket Material: Polythene (black): 2.2 mm OD

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Spectral Attenuation of PMMA

PE Jacket Core (960)u 1.0 Att (db/m

Cladding (40u thick)

0.01 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

Simplex Cable with GI Multimode Glass Fibre:

The simplex style cable is of the tight buffer construction with a variety of glass fibres. It is reinforced with Kevlar and protective PVC jacket for robust lightweight applications. The Details are given below: Sl Colour Fibre Core/ Cladding No 1 Grey 62.5/125 2 Orange 50/125 3 Green 100/140 4 Blue 200/230(na=0.37) 5 Yellow 9/125

Diameter of Cable 2.9 mm 2.9 mm 2.9 mm 2.9 mm 2.9 mm

850/1330nm Attenuation 3.5/0.9 db/km 3.0/1.0 db/km 4.5/2.0 db/km 6.0/---- db/km 0.5 db/km(1300)

850/1330nm Bandwidth 160/500 MHz-Km 400/400 MHz-Km 100/100 MHz-Km 20/------ MHz-Km (monomode)

Cross-sectional View of Simplex Cable

PVC Jacket Kevlar Yarn Optic Fibre Tight Buffer

Typical grade Index Glass Fibre Simplex Cable - Bangalore-560 032 USER MANUAL

Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 5.2 Fibreoptics Hybrid Modules for Optical Power Measurement

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General Information: The fibreoptics Hybrid Module, PHM20B comprises an encapsulated panel mountable device that receives optical power through a multimode step index plastic fibre at 660nm (or other multimode GI glass fibres such as 50/125, 62.5/125, 100/140, 200/230 etc) and converts it into an electrical voltage that is equivalent to the optical power measured in dBm. The FO module employs SMD technology to achieve a high degree of reliability and compactness. Teflon leads (5 in all) provide for easy integration with other circuitry. The device requires only a few external components to realize desired functions. The Industry standard fibreoptic SMA connector (optical terminal) provides for rugged and consistently repeatable operation. The power meter operates a single 6Vdc sources. The lead details and a typical application of PHM20B are given below.
Lead Details of PHM20B Red (+Vc) Yellow (Cal) Blue (+Vout) Green (-Vout) Black (Gnd) PHM20B To Optical Fibre Cable

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Specifications of PHM20B: Wavelength Calibrated: 660nm Fibre Types: PMMA/Glass GI/Multimode Detector and wavelength Range: Si PIN Diode 400 to 1100nm Optical Connector Type: SMA 905 Power Range 0.0 dbm to 60.0 dbm with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 dB
(Note:0 dBm corresponds to 1 milliwatt and 60.0 dBm corresponds to 1 nanowatt of optical power)

Out of Range: Power Supply: Vout: Size: Electrical Leads: Packaging:

Readings below 60dbm shown as out of range 6Vdc Directly in dbm (pl ref figure) 32mm 19mm 14mm 5 leads.. details given in diagram above
Encapsulated in black ABS case.. PHM20B printed on top

Note: PHM20B is calibrated based on the device specifications provided by the manufacturer. It is not calibrated against National/International standards. The user may recalibrate the module to any standard that he desires, setting the trimmer shown in the figure above.

We can supply SMA pigtailed reference fixed output optical sources at 660nm, 850nm, 950nm. These also do not have traceability to National or International standards. Connecting the SMA connector to the green lead will reduce noise due AC mains.

5.3 Standard Contents of the Kit

1.One-meter PMMA Fibre Patchcord (cable1) 2.Five/-meter PMMA Fibre Patchcord (cable2) 3.In-Line SMA Adaptor 4.Mandrel 5.Numerical Aperture Measurement Jig Experiments with TNS20A

1 no 1 no 1 no 1 no 1 no

Experiment No 8. Determination of Numerical Aperture of Optical Fibres Experiment No 9. Losses in Fibres Experiment No 10. Loss Due to Airgaps in Optical Fibres

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Laboratory Exercises

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6. Laboratory Experiments:
6.1 Experiment No.1: VI Characteristics of the FO-LED

Objective:
To study the VI characteristics of the FO-LED Preparatory Information: Light sources for fiber optics act as light transmitters and, consequently, must meet certain requirements if they are to be acceptable for the purpose. First, their light must be as nearly monochromatic (single frequency) as possible. Most light sources are not single frequency, but emit light at several frequencies over a band or portion of the spectrum, which may be quite broad. A few sources such as gas ionization lamps, light emitting diodes, and lasers emit light over a much narrower portion of the spectrum. The light emitting diodes find a prominent place in fiber communications because of the following advantages: Simpler fabrication Cost Reliability Generally less temperature dependence Simpler drive circuitry Linearity The LEDs for use with fibers are typically made using a solid solution of gallium arsenide (GaAs) as the semiconductor base, with various doping elements such as phosphorous (P), indium(In) and aluminum (Al) used to form the p- and n- regions. The FO LED operates on the principle of spontaneous emission of radiation in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum from a forward biased p-n junction. The normally empty conduction band of the semiconductor is populated by electrons injected into it by the forward current through the junction and light is generated when these electrons recombine with holes in the valence band to emit a photon (light).

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 Experimental procedure:

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Connect 0-2V range DC voltmeter between B3-B4 Connect 0-200 mA range DC Ammeter between B1-B2. Initially adjust FO-LED current to minimum. Turn VR6 to extreme clockwise Push the MEASURE switch SW1. Note the ammeter and voltmeter. Slightly increase FO-LED current by varying VR6. Note the ammeter and voltmeter reading by pushing switch SW1. Repeat the procedure 3 in steps till FO-LED current in maximum. Plot the I-V graph.

Observations and Tabulations:

FO-LED Voltage

FO-LED Current 1 mA

25 mA

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.2 Experiment No.2: Characteristics between the Detector and Source Objective:

25

To study the transfer Characteristics between the DETECTOR and SOURCE with simplex cable. Preparatory Information: The source supplies the required optical energy for modulating the signal to be transmitted through the fiber optic cable. At the receiver, there should be a device or detector whose function is to convert the received optical signal into an electrical signal, which is then amplified before further processing. The role of the detector plays demands that it must satisfy very stringent requirements for performance and compatibility. The following criteria define the important performance and compatibility requirements for detectors, which are generally similar to the requirements for sources: High sensitivity at the operating wavelengths High Fidelity Large electrical response to the received optical signal Short response time to obtain a suitable bandwidth A minimum noise introduced by the detector Stability of performance characteristics Small size, low cost & High reliability Low bias voltages

The phototransistor detector has an advantage over the conventional Photo diodes since it can provide internal gain of the optical current. This is achieved through transistor action rather than avalanche multiplication. The figure below shows a symbolic representation of the n-p-n bipolar phototransistor. Bias Voltage Light Collector Base(not connected) Output voltage
R

It differs from the conventional bipolar transistor in that the base is unconnected, the base collector junction being photosensitive to act as a light-gathering element. Thus absorbed light affects the base current giving multiplication of primary photocurrent through the device.

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Experimental Procedure: Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B1-B2. Connect 0-20 mA DC Ammeter between B5-B6. Terminate the fiber optical cable both at source and detector. Initialy adjust FO-LED current to minimum. Turn VR6 to extreme clockwise. Push the MEASURE switch SW1. Note the ammeter reading. Slightly increase FO-LED current by VR6. Note the Ammeter and reading by pushing switch SW1. Repeat the procedure 3 in steps till FO-LED current is maximum Plot the photo transistor current Vs FO-LED current.

Observations and Tabulations:

Photo transistor current

FO-LED Current

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.3 Experiment No.3: Attenuation in the given fibre optic cable Objective: To study the attenuation in the given fiber optic cable Preparatory Information:

27

Theoretically, a pulse of light with a given width and amplitude transmitted into one end of a fiber should arrive at the far end of that fiber with its shape and length unchanged and only its amplitude reduced by losses. If the losses get too large, the pulse amplitude at the receiver will be too small to be detected, and a repeater will have to be included to boost the signal level entering the next section. Pulses of light transmitted into a fiber encounter several dispersion effects, which act to spread the pulse out in the time domain, changing its shape so that it may merge into the previous and succeeding pulses. The pulses can be separated by spacing them out at the transmitter, but this means reducing the maximum bit rate. Experimental set-up: (Refer to the previous experiment for set-up) Experimental procedure: Connect 0-20 mA DC ammeter between B1 to B2 Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B5-B6 Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and detector Push the Measure switch SW1. Adjust FO-LED current to 10 mA by VR6 Note photo transistor current by pushing switch SW1 Convert FO-LED current to optical power Pin. Typically 10 mA converts to 30 to 40 micro watts of power. Convert PHOTO TRANSISTOR current to irradiated optical power Pout. Typically 50 uA will be transistor current per microwatt of optical power. The ratio of Pout of Pin of a cable.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 Observations & Measurements: LED current Photo Transistor current Pin = Irradiated optical power Pout = Irradiated optical power = = = = 10 mA __ mA

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30 W at 10 mA Typically 1 W for every 50 A of phototransistor current 10log10 (Pin/ Pout) in dB

Cable attenuation

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.4 Experiment No.4: Digital Signal Transmission through the fibre optic cable Objective: To study the Digital signal transmission through the fiber optic cable Preparatory Information:

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The principal components of a general optical fiber communication system for either a digital or analog transmission are shown in the system block schematic below.

Modulator/ Driver

Optical source

Fiber Optic cable

Optical Detector

Amplifier

Demodulator

Information input

Information output

Fiber Optic Communication system

The transmit terminal equipment consists of an information encoder or signal shaping circuit (optional) preceding a modulation or electronic driver stage which operates the optical source. Light emitted from the source is launched into an optical fiber incorporated within a cable, which constitutes the transmission medium. The light emerging from the far end of the transmission medium is converted back into an electrical signal by an optical detector positioned at the input of the receiver terminal equipment. This electrical signal is then amplified prior to decoding or demodulation in order to obtain the information originally transmitted. Digital Transmission: The modulator employs intensity modulation for conversion of electrical signals to optical signals. The operation of the LED for binary digital transmission requires the switching ON and OFF of a current in the range of several tens to several hundreds of mill amperes. This must be performed at high speed in response to logic voltage levels at the driving input. A common method of achieving this current switching operation for an LED as shown in the figure below

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010

30

+Vcc

LED
R

Vin

LED Drive Circuit for binary digital transmission

The circuit illustrated uses a bipolar transistor switch operated in the common emitter mode. This single stage circuit provides current gain as well as giving only a small voltage drop across when the transmitter is in saturation (i.e., when the collector-base junction is forward biased, the emitter to collector voltage VCE(sat) is around 0.3 V). The maximum current flow through the LED is limited by the resistor R Digital Reception: The Optical Detector performs the linear conversion of the received optical signal into an electrical current. A photo transistor occupies this position where it detects the light signals falling upon it from the output of the fiber optic cable and generates the current signals proportional to it. Initial amplification is performed in the preamplifier circuit where it is essential that additional noise is kept to a minimum in order to avoid coruption of the received signal. The figure below shows the diagram of a photo transistor employed as a optical detector. Bias Voltage Light Collector Base(not connected) Output voltage
R

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Although optical detectors are very linear devices and do not themselves introduce significant distortion on to the signal, other components within the optical fiber communication system may be exhibit nonlinear behaviour. For instance, the received optical signal may be distorted due to the dispersive mechanisms, within the optical fiber. Hence to compensate for this distortion and to provide a suitable signal shape, a pulse shaper will be included in the receiver block.

Experimental procedure: Connect 4 Khz digital source (A4) FO-LED (A) Connect photo transistor output (C) to digital receiver (D1) Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and the detector Adjust FO-LED current to maximum (extreme anti clockwise).

Observations: Observe an oscilloscope signal source at A4 and digital receiver output. Digital receiver output will be inverse of signal source. Observe for distortion on the rising edge of received pulse. Observe pulse shaper output (E) and source (A4). It can be observed both the signals are identical except for switching characteristics of photo transistor. Repeat the experiment for other signal sources 8 KHz, 32 KHz and 64 KHz. It can be observed that the source frequency in increased, the photo transmitter switching times are pronounced. Observe the change in phototransistors switching times as FO-LED current is reduced

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.5 Experiment No. 5: Analog Signal Transmission and Reception Objective: To study the principles of Analog signal transmission and reception Preparatory Information:

32

For Analog signal transmission the drive circuit must cause the light output from an LED source to follow accurately a time varying input voltage waveform in both amplitude and phase. Therefore, as indicated previously, it is important that the LED output power responds linearly to the input voltage or current. Unfortunately, this is not always the case because of inherent non-linearities within LEDs which create-distortion products on the signal. Thus the LED itself tends to limit the performance of analog transmission systems unless suitable compensation is incorporated into the drive circuit. However, unless extremely low distortion levels are required, simple transistor drive circuits may be utilized. The transmission and reception block is almost same as that of the digital transmission system. Experimental Procedure: Connect (A5) to FO-LED (A) Reduce the amplitudes of all the analog signals except 250 Hz to zero with the help of the potentiometers provided Connect Photo transistor output ( C ) to I-V Amplifier (D2) Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and detector. Adjust FO-LED current to maximum Adjust the Level shift to minimum. The analog signal can be observed at the output of the level shifter.

Observations: Observe the input of analog waveform and output analog wave form at I-V Amplifier output. It can be observed only the peak point of input was transmitted. Observe the input and output waveforms by gradually shifting the input by VR2, It can be observed there is a complete waveform transmission once the shifting DC bias is sufficient. FO-LED being uni-directional components, the input bipolar signal sources have to be converted to uni-direction signal above the FO-LED diode drop. This function is performed through the level shifter. Repeat the above procedure for other analog signal sources 500 Hz and 1 KHz.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.6 Experiment No.6: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Objective: To study the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with fiber communication system. Preparatory Information:

33

The previous experiment dealt with the analog transmission of a single analog signal. However, the fiber optic communication system also supports Time division Multiplexed signals where the TDM o/p of three different frequency analog signals. Since the signals are Bipolar and the optical source can respond to only bipolar signals, they are first level shifted in a DC level shifter where the bipolar signals are converted to unipolar. The TDM signal is then intensity modulated and then conveyed on the optical fiber. At the receiver end, a photo detector detects the signal from the light falling on it in the form of current. A Current-Voltage (I-V) Amplifier converts the current signals to voltage and amplifies them. This is then fed to a Demultiplexer where the individual signals are obtained. Experimental procedure: Connect TDM (A5) to FO-LED (A) Connect Photo Transistor output ( C ) to the input of the I-V Amplifier (D2) Terminate the fiber optic cable both at the source and the detector. Adjust the amplitudes of all sources DC, 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 KHz to minimum.

Observations: Observe the waveforms at TDM out (A5) and I-V Amplifier input (D2) It can be observed that (D2) duplicating (A5), except FO reduced amplitude and rounding off rise times. Observe the demultiplexed waveform at the output of Demultiplexer. The Demultiplexer output will be Sample and Hold version of input source. Observe the reconstructed signal at the output of Low Pass Filters at CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.7 Experiment No. 7: RS 232 Interface for PC communication Objective: To study the RS232 interface for PC communication Preparatory Information:

34

Optical transmission techniques and optical fibers themselves have found application within the data processing equipment. Their low loss, low radiation properties provide obvious advantages in these applications. The communication with a PC on a fiber optic communication is accomplished with a serial communication software provided. Once the PC mode is executed, the data typed in the Transmit window will be converted to RS232 format. The RS232 levels through the com2 port will be then converted to TTL levels in the RS232 to TTL converter block and then fed to the FO-LED driver circuit for intensity modulation. The converted optical signal is then conveyed through the Fiber optic cable to be received at the Photo Detector. The Photo Detector detects the TTl signals from the light variations and then converted to RS232 format in the RS232 converter block and then conveyed through the RS232 cable to the PC where the typed data is displayed on the Display window of the PC. Experimental procedure: Terminate RS232 cable from PC to RS232 interface connector. Connect (A6) to FO-LED (A) Connect photo transistor output (C ) to digital receiver Connect the pulse shaper output (E) to RS232 Transmitter input (B) Load the serial control software (XTALK) given into PC. While data transmission from PC, observe an oscilloscope at input and output of RS232 receiver.

Observations and Tabulations: Draw the input and output waveforms . Establish

Input -12 V +12 V

Output +5 V 0V

While data transmission from PC, observe an oscilloscope at input and output of RS232 transmitter. Draw input and output waveforms. Establish

Input +5 V 0V

Output -12 V +12 V

Repeat the experiment at different Baud rates to verify that there is no corruption of data

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.8 Experiment No. 8: Determination of Numerical Aperture of Optical Fibers Objective:

35

The aim of the experiment is to determine the numerical aperture of the PMMA fiber cables included in TNS20A. Basic Definitions: Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be collected by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine of the maximum ray angle. NA = ni.sinmax; ni for air is 1, hence NA = sinmax For a step index fiber, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by N=(ncore2-ncladding2) For very small differences in refractive indices the equation reduces to NA=ncore(2 ), where is the fractional difference in refractive indices. The experimenter may refer the the specifications of the PPMA fibre given in Appendix I and record the manufacturers NA, ncladding and ncore and . Procedure with Block Schematic: The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory.
UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

FO-LED

A
V 2
FO-LED CURRENT

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

C
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR FO Cable

B 3
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

B
W
RS 232 TO PC

A
A4

CONN RS232 INTERFERENCE ECTOR

L NA Jig

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

2 5 5 5
VR 3 VR 1

M U L T I P L E X E R

A A5

D I

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

C C C C

NA Measurement Scheme The step by step procedure is given here: Step 1: Connect one end of the cable1 (1metre FO Cable) to FO LED of TNS20A and the other end to the NA Jig, as shown. Step 2: Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fibre on the NA jig. Turn the SetPout knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase.
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Step 3: Hold the white screen with the concentric circles (10,15,20 and 25 mm diameter) vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the emitting fibre coincide with the 10 mm circle. Note that the circumference of the spot (outermost) must coincide with the circle. A dark room will facilitate good contrast. Record L, the distance of the screen from the fibre end and note the diameter (W) of the spot. You may measure the diameter of the circle accurately with a suitable scale. Step 4: Compute NA from the formula NA = sinmax =W/(4L2+w2)1/2. Tabulate the reading and repeat the experiment for 15mm,20mm and 25mm diameter too.
UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

FO-LED

A
V 2
FO-LED CURRENT

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

C
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR

COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

B 3
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

M
RS 232 TO PC

A A4

Mandrel
Example: Width = 10mm Length = 10mm

L NA Jig

CONN RS232 INTERFERENCE ECTOR

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

2 5 5 5
VR 3 VR 1

M U L T I P L E X E R

A A5

D I

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

C C C C

NA Measurement Scheme

NA = Sinmax = W/(4L +W ) 2 2 1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(4*10 +10 ) 1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(4*100+100) 1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(400+100) 1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(500) = Sinmax = 10 / 500 = 10/22.360 NA = Sin = 0.44 0.44 = Sin -1 = Sin 0.447 = 26.5

2 1/2

Step 5: In case fibre is under filled, the intensity within the spot may not be evenly distributed. To ensure even distribution of light in the fibre, first remove twists on the fibre and then wind 5 turns of the fibre on to the mandrel as shown. Use an adhesive tape to hold the windings in position. Now view the spot. The intensity will be more evenly distributed within the core. Table of Readings: SI No 1 2 3 4 5 L (mm) 10 16 20 26 30 W(mm) 10 15 20 25 NA 0.447 0.423 0.447 0.432 (degrees) 26.5 25.0 26.5 25.64

Inferences: The numerical aperture as recorded in the manufacturers data sheet is 0.5 typically. The value measured here is 0.437. The lower reading recorded is mainly due to the fibre being underfilled. The acceptance angle is given by 2max. The value of 52 egrees recorded in the experiment is close to the range of 55-60 degrees. The lower reading is again due to the fibre being underfilled.
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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.9 Experiment No. 9: Losses in optical fibres

37

Objective: The aim of the experiment is to study various types of losses that occur in optical fibres and measure the loss in dB of two optical fibre patchcords. Basic Definitions: Attenuation in an optical fibre is a result of a number of effects. This aspect is well covered in the books referred to. We will confine our study to attenuation in a fibre due to macrobending and estimate the losses in two patchcords. Preferably we will use patchcords of two different lengths. The loss as a function of the length of the fibre is measurable only when we use a 4 Meter cable too in the experiments. Fibre loss variations with wavelength for the PMMA fibre under consideration is shown in Appendix I. The optical power at a distance, L, in an optical fibre is given by PL =PO 10 (-L/10) where PO is the launched power and is the attenuation coefficient in decibels per unit length. The typical attenuation coefficient value for the fibre under consideration here is 0.3 dB per meter at wavelength of 660mm. Loss in fibres expressed in decibels is given by 10 log(PO/PF) where, PO is the launched power and PF is power at the farend of the fibre. Typical losses at connector junctions may vary from 0.3 dB to 0.5 dB. Losses in fibres occur at fibre-fibre joints or splices due to axial displacement, angular displacement, separation (airgap), mismatch of cores diameters, mismatch of numerical apertures, improper cleaving and polishing at the ends. The loss equation for a simple fibreoptic link is given as: Pin(dBm)-Pout(dB)=LJ1+LFIB1+LJ2+LFIB2+LJ3 (db): where, LJ1 (db) is the loss at the LED-connector junction, LFIB1 (dB) is the loss in cable1, LJ2 (dB) is the insertion loss at a splice or in-line adaptor, LFIB2 (dB) is the loss in cable2 and LJ3(dB) is the loss at the connector-detector junction.
UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

Cable1
FO-LED

A
V 2
FO-LED CURRENT

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

C
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR

In-Line Adaptor (1db loss)

O O

Cable2

COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

1
TNS20A

B 3
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

M
RS 232 TO PC RS232 CONN INTERFERENCE ECTOR

A A4

UNITER ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES VOICE INTERFACE & FIBRE OPTIC TESTER

DMM
OFF

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

2 5 5 5
VR 3 VR 1

M U L T I P L E X E R

A A5

D I

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

Switch C C C C
S4 TP4 TP2 TP3

ON

Audio In
S1

S2

Audio Out
VR 1 S5

Po Po Po 1 meter

Po1

Scheme for Loss Measurement 1 meter Po2 5 meter Po3 5 meter

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USER MANUAL

Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 Procedure with Block Schematic:

38

The schematic diagram of the optical fibre loss measurement system is self explanatory. Sept1: Connect one end of FO Cable1 (1-meter) to the FO LED of the TNS20A and the other end to the FO PIN. Step2: Set the DMM to the 2000 mV range. Connect the DMM Vdc to P1 and the DMM common P2. Turn the DMM on. The powermeter is now ready for use. Step3: Plug the AC mains. Connect the optical patchcord securely, as shown, after relieving all twists and strains on the fibre. Adjust the Set Pout knob to set Po to a suitable value, say, -15.0dBm (the DMM will read 150 mV). Note this as Po1. Step 4: Wind one turn of the fibre on the mandrel, as shown in Experiment No 8 and note the new reading of the powermeter Po2. Now the loss due to bending and strain on the plastic fiber is Po1-Po2 dB. For more accurate readout set the DMM to the 200.0mV range and take the measurement. Typically the loss due to the strain and bending the fibre is 0,3 to 0.8 db. Step 5: Next remove the mandrel and relieve the cable of all twists and strains. Note the reading Po1 for Cable 1 (1metre cable). Repeat the measurement with the Cable 2 (5meter cable) and note the reading Po2. Use the in-line SMA adaptor and connect the cables in series as shown. Note the measurement Po3. Po3-Po1 gives loss in the Cable2+loss in IL. Po3-Po2 gives loss in the Cable1+loss in IL. Assuming a loss of 1.0dB in the in-line adaptor, we obtain the loss in each cable. The experiment may be repeated in the higher sensitivity range of 200.0mV. Table of Readings: SI No 1 2 3 4 Po1 (dBm) 1m+B Po2 (dBm) 5m+B Po3 (dBm) 1+5+B Loss in Cable1 (dB) Loss in Cable2 (dB) Loss in /meter (db)

Inferences: The readings are close to the recorded readings of the manufacturer.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.10 Experiment No 10: Loss due to airgaps in fibres with in-line adaptors Objective:

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The aim of the experiment is to study losses at fibre junctions with an in-line SMA-SMA adaptor by creating known air-gaps. Basic Definitions: In-line adaptors are mechanical components, with which two optical fibre cables may be connected in series. These find application in all fibreoptic systems. In-line adaptors without air-gap facilitate low loss connectivity. The loss arising out of such a connector may be limited to 0.5 to 1.0 dB. A number of other mechanical connectorisation methods are available. However for reliable permanent connections between one fibre and another, fusion splices would be the solution. Many fibreoptic communication systems require attenuators in the optical path to ensure proper matching of signals between the source and the detector. In case of too large a signal from the transmitter, the receiver may get saturated. To facilitate adjustments of optical signal levels in optical fibre networks, attenuators are used. Attenuators are based on a variety of methods. Variable attenuators are also essential fibreoptic accessories. One simple and popular way to attenuate optical power at fibre junctions is to create a known (fixed or variable) air-gap at the junction. All the light exiting from the transmitting side is not coupled to the receiving fibre, resulting in attenuation. In the present experiment we shall be studying the loss difference arising out of a lateral air gap created in the in-line adaptor. Procedure with Block Schematic The schematic diagram to measure loss in an in-line adaptor is shown below and is selfexplanatory.
UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

Cable1
FO-LED

ILA
O

A
V 2
FO-LED CURRENT

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

C
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR

1
Mark

COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

B 3
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

1
RS 232 TO PC

TNS20A

A A4

UNITER ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES VOICE INTERFACE & FIBRE OPTIC TESTER

RS232 CONN INTERFERENCE ECTOR

DMM
OFF

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

2 5 5 5
VR 3 VR 1

M U L T I P L E X E R

D I

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

Switch C C C C
S4 TP4

ON

Cable2

1
Audio In

TP2

TP3

S1

S2

Audio Out
VR 1 S5

Scheme for Air Gap Loss Measurement

1
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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 The step by step procedure is given here:

40

Step1: Mark one face of the hexagonal lock nut with a pen. Connect one end of the 1meter FO cable (designated as Cable1) to FO LED of TNS20A, keeping the connector with the marking on the hexagonal lock nut free. Connect one end of the 5 meter FO cable (designated as Cable2) to FO PIN of TNS20A. Step2: Next connect the free end of Cable1 (with the making) to the in-line adaptor by rotating it. Connect the free end of Cable2 to the other side of the in-line adaptor tightly, but without force. Step 3: Set the power meter to read a convenient value, say 20.0dBmP1. Step 4: Next loosen the lock-nut with the marking by one turn. Pull the cables gently apart so as to create an air gap in the ILA that corresponds to one thread of the connector (=0.7mm). Note the meter reading as P2. Unwind another full thread of Cable1 and pull the cables apart gently to create an airgap of 1.4mm. Note the meter reading as P3. Do not disturb cable2 position in the in-line adaptor. Step 5: The losses due to the air-gaps are given by the P2-P1 and P3-P1 (in db). Step 6: Repeat the experiment for other settings of optical power. Table of: SI NO 1 P1(dBm) P2(dBm) P2(dBm) Loss for 0.7mm air-gap (dB) Loss for 0.4mm air-gap (dB)

-20.0

Inferences: The readings for two air-gaps are tabulated above. These do not correlate with theoretical approximations for loss due to the air-gaps. The losses measured in these cases are much lower than those expected because light exiting from the short length of cable is not uniformly distributed. Light is concentrated close to the axis, providing for better coupling between the fibres and hence lower losses than expected. This experiment firstly demonstrates the need to eliminate air-gaps at fibre junctions for lowloss transmission. It also demonstrates a method to introduce known losses in optical fibre networks.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.11 Experiment No 11: Voice Interface

41

Objective: The aim of the experiment is to study the voice interface in two optical fibre patch cards. Experimental Setup and Procedure: 1. The DCLT-010 main card and the Voice interface cards are used for this expt. 2. Connect the microphone to Audio IN connector on the voice interface card 3. Connect the speaker to the audio OUT connector on the voice interface card 4. The analog signal output from Audio gain amplifier (Point S1) is connected to the Input of the FO led source (POINT A) 5. Connect the FO LED source output to the FO-PHOTO TRANSISTOR 6. Connect the signal output from the Photo Transistor (POINT C) to the low pass filter circuit of the I-V amplifier (POINT D2) 7. Connect the low pass filter output CH1 from DCLT010 main board to the to the Audio Out put (POINT S2) of Voice interface card 8. The voice signal input from the microphone is converted into analog and then transmitted through the Fiber Optic cable and reconstructed back with and connected to Speaker. Observations: 1. Observe the Voice performance at the speaker out put in voice interface card 2. It can be observed that by varying the pot VR1 in voice interface card volume of the voice can be controlled 3. It can be observed that by varying the pot VR6 the intensity of the voice passing through fibre optic cables can be observed 4. Repeat the experiments for the 5mts and also 6mts cable and observe the performance for coupling losses and bending losses in Fiber optic communication.

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.11 Experimental Set-up:

UNITER ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES VOICE INTERFACE & FIBRE OPTIC TESTER

42

DMM
OFF

Switch
ON

TP1

TP2

TP3

Audio In
S2 S1 VR 1 S4 TP4 S3 LED 1

Audio Out

S5

GND

TP5

UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

FO-LED

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

POWER

V 2 K

B3

B4 B 5
PHOTO TRANSISTOR

B 6

FO-LED

MEAS

B1

B2
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

64 KHz A1 32 KHz 8 KHz A3 SIGNAL SOURCE 4 KHz A4 A2

RS232 RECEIVER

RS 232

A
FO-

DIGITA L RECEIV

PULSE SHAPE R

RS2 32 RS232 INTERFE

TO

BS

DC

2 K
VR1

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

CH0 LEV EL SHIF CH1 TER M U L T I P L E X E R

250 Hz

5 K
VR3

A5
FO-LINK TDM OUT

D2
I-V AMPLIFIER

5 K 500 Hz 5 K
VR4

CH2 2 K CH3

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

CH0

CH1 CH2

CH3

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.12 Experiment No. 12: Determination of Far field of the light emitting diode Objective: The aim of the experiment is to determine the Far field of light emitting diode

43

Basic Definitions: A region far from an aperture or source where the diffraction pattern is essentially the same as that at infinity .changes in diffraction pattern of points with in the far field region are insignificant.

F.F=2D2/

Where D =Diameter of the circle =Wave length (660nm)

Procedure with Block Schematic: The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory.

FO-LED

A
V 2
FO-LED CURRENT

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

C
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR FO Cable

B 3

B
W

L NA Jig

VR 1

VR 3

The step by step procedure is given here: Step 1: Connect one end of the cable1 (1metre FO Cable) to FO LED of TNS20A and the other end to the NA Jig, as shown. Step 2: Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fiber on the NA jig. Turn the SetPout knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase .

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Step 3: Hold the white screen with the concentric circles (10, 15, 20 and 25 mm diameter) vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the emitting fiber coincide with the 10 mm circle. Note that the circumference of the spot (outermost) must coincide with the circle. A dark room will facilitate good contrast. Record the diameter (W) of the spot. You may measure the diameter of the circle accurately with a suitable scale Step 4: vary the intensity of the light through pot and note down the diameter of the circle Step 5: Put the value of diameter of the circle and wave length of the light, calculate Far field of the light

Table of Readings: SI No 1 2 3 4 (m) 66010-9

_______ ,, _________ _______ ,, _________ _______ ,, _________

D(mm) 10 15 20 25

F.F 0.303109 0.681109 1.212109 1.893109

Inferences: The numerical aperture as recorded in the manufacturers data sheet is 0.5 typically. The value measured here is 0.437. The lower reading recorded is mainly due to the fiber being underfilled. The acceptance angle is given by 2max. The value of 52 egrees recorded in the experiment is close to the range of 55-60 degrees. The lower reading is again due to the fiber being underfilled

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Digital Communication Lab Trainer DCLT 010 6.13 Experiment No. 13: Determination of V-number of the photo diode Objective: The aim of the experiment is to determine the V-number of the Photo diode

45

Basic Definitions: V-number of the photo diode is also defined as, the product of 2/ and Numerical aperture of any optical system.

i.e.

V = 2/ N.A
Where =3.14 =660nm N.A =sinmax N.A =0.44

V=23.14 0.44 66010-9 =0.00951090.44 V =4.18106

Procedure with Block Schematic: The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory.
UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

FO Cable
S

B 3
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

FO-LED CURRENT

PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B
W
RS 232 TO PC

A
A4

CONN RS232 INTERFERENCE ECTOR

L NA Jig

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

2 5 5 5

M U L T I P L E X E R

A A5

D I

D E M U L T I P L E X E R

C C C C

NA Measurement Scheme The step by step procedure is given here: Step 1: Find out the N.A as per the Exp no-5 (fallow the Exp no-5 procedure) Step 2: put the value of N.A and calculate V-number of the photodiode

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7.

About us

United Electro technologies is one of the leading Solution providers, in the areas of Data Communication and Networking, Process Automation, Embedded Systems, Trainer Systems and Real Time Operating systems. United Electro technologies is one of Indias leading companies in the Private sector. In the Information Technology sector, United Electro technologies has been involved in providing perfect Embedded Solutions and Trainer Systems, in the areas of Data Communication, Networking, & Process Automation. Our Embedded Solutions are powerful, cost effective and most importantly provide an excellent platform for the development of application software for several applications. They reflect a commitment to industry-standard, tailored solutions for the application developers. They offer uniquely configurable building blocks for direct application use. Please feel free to contact us at United Electro technologies No. 59, 2nd Floor, 4th Main, Ganganagar Extn, Bangalore 560 032 Tel:080-23337970 Tele-Fax: 080-23548225 Email: [email protected]

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8.

Bibliography:
John.M. Senior John Gowar Roddy Coolen Michael. A. Miller Irwin Lebow

Optical Fiber Communications- Principles & Practice Optical Communication Systems Electronic Communication Introduction to Digital & Data Communication Understanding Digital Transmission & Recording -

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Digital Communication Lab series: DCLT 010 (Fiber Optic Communication Trainer) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from, United Electrotechnologies The information in this document has been carefully checked and is believed to be entirely reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies. Further, the company reserves the rights to change, modify or update any of its existing products without any prior notices to its customers. Also, the technical team would invite with pleasure, any clarifications or suggestions regarding the contents of the manual and would take necessary actions, if it felt so. Please feel free to contact us at the below address, for any clarifications. United Electrotechnologies No. 59, 2nd Floor, 4th Main, Ganganagar Extn, Bangalore 560 032 Tel: 080-23337970 , Tele-Fax: 080-23548225 Email: [email protected], www.ueteducation.com

- Bangalore-560 032

USER MANUAL