DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMER TESTING AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)

A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering, Architecture, and Fine Arts
Batangas State University
Pablo Borbon Main II
Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Proponents:
Ani, Ellayne Joy M.
Magnaye, Eldrein P.
Suarez, James Philip B.

June 2021
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APPROVAL SHEET

This project study entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL

TRAINER - DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
(DTTAS)” prepared and submitted by ANI, ELLAYNE JOY M., MAGNAYE, ELDREIN P.,
SUAREZ, JAMES PHILIP B. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Electrical Engineering is hereby recommended for oral examination.

_________________________________
Engr. DARWIN M. MARASIGAN
Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

_________________________________
Engr. ELENOR M. REYES
Chairman

_______________________________ _________________________________
Engr. MARJORIE G. MARCAIDA Engr. ROSALYNN C. HERNANDEZ
Panel Panel

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Electrical Engineering.

_________________________
June 2021 Dr. REYNATO A. GAMBOA
Date Dean, CEAFA
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Abstract
Transformers plays a vital role in the distribution system, generally it is used in

transmission network for stepping down the voltage level. It can be single or three phase

transformers depending on supply need by the consumer. The transformer, as the name

suggests is for transforming power from higher voltage to a lower voltage and vice-versa.

In electrical engineering voltage for different functions/purposes is different. Therefore,

the Transformer assumes a most important role. The importance of a transformer

(distribution) is such that it affects the general public directly as without electricity nothing

moves. In order to perform, a transformer has to be tested thoroughly initially and during

its life span. Its rating has to be carefully chosen looking into future demand as it is the

most important component of electrical infrastructure.

Transformer is need to be test for its maintenance. The transformer is the main part

of an electrical distribution system, if it is not working properly it will affect the distribution

system. It has to go through numerous testing procedures. The need for transformer testing

is to check the functioning of the transformer and to decrease the chance of failure.

Performing regular test in a transformer will maintain its efficiency and prevent losses.

In this paper “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER -

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

(DTTAS)” the main objective is to to design and create software for use as a transformer

virtual trainer, which will include polarity, open, and short circuit testing. The proposed

study is intended specifically at Electrical Engineering students and is intended to be used

as an alternative in their laboratory experiment for online classes, allowing them to stay at

home while learning. The study can help students in acquiring learnings, comparable to a
 iv

hands-on or actual laboratory experiment, which can help them gain a better understanding

of a topic. It can also be applied when traditional schooling, such as face-to-face classes,

is resumed. It also aids in the simultaneous conduct of laboratory activities and can be

compared to the actual trainer. Further research and development of transformer design and

simulations can be done using this information in manufacturing industry. This research is

limited to a single phase distribution transformer and laboratory upgrades.

Data was acquired, examined, and evaluated in order to come up with ideas for the

virtual trainer's design and development. To gather information, some online research was

undertaken. The proponents will also approach BATELEC II for a realistic transformer

testing result. The researchers were encouraged in developing an accurate and concise

design by previous studies of existing trainers and published data.

For the finalization of "Design and Development of Virtual Trainer- Distribution

Transformer Testing and Analyses (DTTAS)," the researchers will perform analyses,

research, interviews, and consultations to obtain data and information. The proposed topic

will also be tested to see if it can be used as an offline standalone system with the support

of a good-performing computer. The software will be tested to measure its functionality

and reliability.

Ani, Ellayne Joy M.

Magnaye, Eldrein P.

Suarez, James Philip B.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Transformers have become an imperative part of our lives. It is a device that

provides power to both residential and commercial properties. Transformers are essential

in the distribution system; they are commonly used in transmission networks to step down

voltage levels. It can be single or three phase transformers depending on supply need by

the consumer. The transformer, as the name suggests is for transforming power from higher

voltage to a lower voltage and vice-versa. In electrical engineering voltage for different

functions/purposes is different. In order to perform, a transformer has to be tested

thoroughly initially and during its life span. Its rating has to be carefully chosen looking

into future demand as it is the most important component of electrical infrastructure.

Transformer is need to be test for its maintenance. The transformer is the main part

of an electrical distribution system, if it is not working properly it will affect the distribution

system. It has to go through numerous testing procedures. The need for transformer testing

is to check the functioning of the transformer and to decrease the chance of failure.

Performing regular test in a transformer will maintain its efficiency and prevent losses.

Performing laboratory experiments is one of the most important aspects of learning since

it encourages students to develop scientific thinking. The issue arises when testing

equipment or devices are unavailable or limited for doing such laboratory experiments,

limiting the students' learning opportunities.

One of the big impacts of the pandemic is the challenge of education in the new

normal environment. Faculty members have had little time to plan and prepare due to the
 vi

quick transition from college classrooms to online classes in the aftermath of COVID-19.

All aspects of teaching and learning in higher education are changing as a result of online

learning. Performing laboratory experiments is one of the most important forms of learning

since it encourages students to develop scientific thinking. Many empirical studies have

been conducted to investigate concerns with online course presentation. The issue arises

when testing equipment or gadgets are unavailable for doing such laboratory studies, which

can negatively impact the learning opportunity.

There is a certain software called “Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis

Software” also known as DTTAS, which was developed by a group of Electrical

Engineering students, whose function is to use as a transformer virtual trainer which

includes polarity, open and short circuit testing.

The software also includes the development of the Graphical User Interface

(GUI). This will allow the user to see or interact with the software through graphical icons.

GUI will provide the users visual feedback on each action in the system. The proponents

designed the GUI of the Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software to make

the interaction between a computer and the user possible in easiest way and also gives an

experience that it is in real life. Making it uncomplicated to explore around the system

without the need to learn complicated commands.

The following are the computations that were used for determining the components

and parameters needed in order to develop the software application. First is the transformer

turns ratio which is the division of the number of turns in the primary winding by the

number of turns in the secondary winding. Next is the efficiency of the transformer that is

defined as the ratio of the output power to the input power. The input and output power are
 vii

measured in the same unit either in Watts (W) or Kilo Watts (kW). Also the short circuit

test is performed for determining the parameters of the transformer including the full load

copper loss, equivalent resistance, impedance and leakage reactance. While the purpose of

the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses of the transformer

because of which their no-load parameters are determined. Lastly, transformer polarity is

easily to identify by looking their terminals. Basic computation is another way to figure

out its polarity. When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V1 – V2), the transformer

is said to be connected with opposite polarity know as subtractive polarity and when the

voltmeter reads (V1 + V2), the transformer is said to have additive polarity.

The study was intended specifically for Electrical Engineering students and was

designed to use as an alternative in their laboratory experiment for online classes, without

leaving their home and sacrificing their health. The study can help students to acquire

learnings, similar to the hands-on or actual laboratory experiment which enhances their

knowledge about the certain topic. In addition, it can be used also when the conventional

schooling will be restored such as face to face class, it helps also to conduct laboratory

activities simultaneously and can be compared to the actual trainer. Further studies with

this can be used in manufacturing and industry research and development of the

transformer designing and simulations. This studies covers only a single phase distribution

transformer and upgrades to the existing laboratories.

This study aimed to design and develop the virtual trainer for the distribution

transformer testing. Data were gathered, reviewed, and analyzed to formulate ideas for the

design and development of the virtual trainer. Online research was conducted to acquire

some data. Previous studies of existing trainers and published data assisted the researchers
 viii

to come up with an accurate and concise design. To gather other data and information of

testing different brand of distribution transformer, request letter was sent in BATELEC II.

Permission to conduct the study was secured through a formal letter of request addressed

to the general manager of BATELEC II. After the approval, the researchers will conduct

preliminary interview with the personnel in BATELEC II for some insights on how

transformer testing is done including the polarity test, turns ratio, open and short circuit

test, and efficiency.

The proponents chose to use and utilize C# and Visual Studio in the design and

development process of the testing software. C# is also the programming language that

allows to create software interface and codes in an easy to use graphical environment.

Programs that runs C# Language will be observed, checked, studied, and evaluated. This

helped the researches to have an overview of the language to know the best language to be

integrated to the software development. The Structured Query Language (SQL) was used

for database management and for storing the collected data. MS Access was utilized to use

and develop the database, XAMPP was used to back up data, and for the programming

software.

Test result diagnose report were analyzed to determine the tests done in the single

phase distribution transformer before it is energized. The study presents a sample test result

diagnose report of the single phase distribution transformer. It is needed for the action for

the development of the testing analysis software. The proponents prepared a flowchart to

serve as the basis of the reliability and functionality prior to the start of the operation of the

software. The flowchart also serves as the visual representation for the navigation of the

software and shows how the database is related with each other.
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Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design and develop a software for virtual laboratory

of single phase distribution transformer testing and analysis.

Specifically, the project study proposes to attain the following objectives

1. To analyze the existing single phase distribution transformer analyses and test result

diagnose report.

2. To develop a software application that:

2.1 Would help the users to conduct and simulate different testing

procedures in a single phase distribution transformer via offline.

2.2 Would store and generate test report for documentations and profiling

of data.

2.3 Will display the trends of parameters of the transformer test results, and

2.4 Is standalone and offline and will be analyze result with reference with

the standards power losses.

3. To evaluate and compare with actual test results, through software applications

output in terms of:

3.1 Polarity Testing

3.2 Open Circuit Testing

3.3 Short Circuit Testing

3.4 Turs Ratio and Efficiency

4. To test the software in terms of:

4.1 Functionality

4.2 Reliability
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will focus on the software design for single phase transformer virtual

testing specifically its polarity, open and short circuit, turns ratio, and efficiency. The

software will only require a hardware including computer, for it is an offline standalone

system. The study will include guidelines on how to use every component with a visible

modeling of the transformer to ensure that the connections will be correct. The study will

also include transformer ratings to ensure that the output will be reliable and ideal. The

overhead distribution transformer with two primary bushing and two secondary bushing

with a kVA rating that will be delimited to 5, 10, 15, 25, 37.5, 5-, 75, and 100. The primary

voltage rating is at 7620V.

The input parameters included in the software application will be based on the

existing results and findings of the transformer testing such as short circuit current and

voltage, core loss and copper loss at no load condition and its polarity. The parameters

stated will be used to know the efficiency of the single phase transformer will be and how

will affects the performance of the system. The software will present a detailed connection

from primary bushing and to the secondary bushing. The scope of the study was to give a

realistic trainer for the single phase transformer testing before the energization.

The study delimits to conduct an actual testing and operation of the single phase

distribution transformer. All data and process will be based on the theoretical concept of

polarity, open and short circuit testing, turns ratio and efficiency. This study covers only a

single phase distribution transformer and upgrades to the existing laboratories equipment

available at Batangas State University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department.

 xi

Summary of Findings
The following were the findings obtained after the evaluation of the Software of

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analyses:

The researchers designed and developed a stand-alone software application,

DTTAS, for Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis that has the ability to perform

different transformer testing such as turns ratio and polarity test, open and short circuit test

and efficiency. The simulation software was capable to evaluate and compute the necessary

parameters as for the open circuit test which is the no-load loss or core loss which is helpful

in finding other no-load components such as the working and

magnetizing component of no load current, together its equivalent exciting reactance and

resistance, for the short circuit test parameters is the load copper loss, together with the

short circuit voltage (Vsc) and full load current (Isc) that injected in the low side of the

transformer, and helpful in finding the other parameters such as the equivalent resistance

and equivalent reactance. The software automatically computes the inputted values needed

to in the system to have accurate and reliable values. Consequently, the software generates

and shows the errors if the inputted data is not correct in the system and have procedures

as a good or an explanation to help the user understand the principle behind the system.

The software was also capable of providing a specifications such as the transformer brands,

kVA ratings, frequency, percent impedance, voltages, and with manual and automatic test

in the software, the software also have an overview about the concepts of transformer how

its function and for what are the tests for, which provides an easy way for understanding

the principle or objectives of this laboratory test.

 xii

Likewise in values of test results in different tests, the software computes the

inputted data according to the set value of parameters based on the standards provided by

the Philippine Distribution Code (PDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE), National Electrification Agency (NEA). Moreover, the software would give an

output shows in the voltmeters, ammeters and the wattmeter results after the test is done.

This would help the user to analyze how to compute the others parameters base on the

result given by the test in the software. The software was integrated with a save command

to retrieve on what test that performed and have a show result test that shows the output

values on a specific test performed and also the software has a generate command that

would convert a report in pdf form. All the data that was simulated was saved in the

software’s database which could be reviewed if needed.

The researchers designed the software’s graphical user interface (GUI) to make the

interaction as simple, intuitive, and efficient as possible. The researchers used

programming languages, database development and management tool, and programming

software that would give an output that corresponds to the set design. The Genetic

Algorithm was incorporated as an artificial intelligence used in selecting the appropriate

values over a number of solutions based on their quality to end up with the desired or

acceptable solution.

The researchers used the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

formula and standards given by the National Electrification Administration (NEA) and

Philippine Distribution Code (PDC) to ensure that each computation is as accurate as

possible.
 xiii

Several tests were conducted to determine the software's usability and usefulness.

The functional test was carried out by the researchers to ensure that the software system

met the functional criteria or specifications. Each command from the interface was put to

the test to check if it performed as expected. A reliability test was undertaken in addition

to the functional test to see if the result was consistently attained using the same procedures

under the same conditions. The result demonstrates that the software's output was nearly

identical to the manual calculation.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the proponents concluded that:

The software for Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis performed well in

analyzing and diagnosing existing single phase distribution transformer analysis and test

results. The virtual trainer program was also useful in determining the single phase

transformer's efficiency and how it influences the system's performance. The program

displayed a precise connection from the primary bushing to the secondary bushing.

The results of various tests revealed that this software for distribution transformer

testing and analysis was working properly in accordance with the system design and

specifications. The software produced a result that was nearly identical to the manual

calculation. As a result, the software is suitable for individuals to use as a virtual laboratory

for various transformer testing.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion, the researchers recommend the following:

The researchers recommend that new technologies be used in software

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development for better and faster database administration that can adjust or

accommodate to the needs of the user and developer while avoiding the high hardware

costs and complicated implementation associated with existing systems.

The researchers also suggest that the software's interoperability be improved,

allowing it to be integrated with word processors to modify model files and create input

data files with a command.

The researchers also recommend that the database have greater memory capacity

for more robust information management, which will improve control over data entry

and maintenance of the database's contents.

In addition, the software should be able to connect to a web server that holds shared

data and allows multiple users to simulate at the same time.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers express their indebtedness to the following people who shared their

time, assistance and academic expertise for the completion of this initial phase of this

design study.

To Engr. Darwin M. Marasigan, the researchers’ adviser, for his untiring and

continuous effort to guide the group in the conceptualization of the study;

To Engr. Elenor M. Reyes, Chairman of the Panel of Examiners, Engr. Marjorie

G. Marcaida and Engr. Rosalynn C. Hernandez, members for the suggestions which led

to the improvement on the technicalities.

To their consultant, Engr. John Christian Delos Reyes for his unwavering support

and knowledge in the programming of the software.

To Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. - BATELEC II - Lipa City, for

allowing the researchers to conduct the study in their premises;

Their classmates and friends, for the knowledge, encouragement and support.

To their family, for the moral and financial support.

And above all, to the Almighty God, who made all things possible, for giving

divine guidance, wisdom, knowledge, the will and strength to strive hard in this academic

endeavor.

The Researchers
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DEDICATION

The proponents would like to dedicate

Their deepest gratitude to the following

That made this project possible:

First and Foremost, to the Almighty Father

Who has been there in every way and make all things possible.

To their parents, for giving them encouraged and hope in every situation.

To their friends and classmates, who have been at their side all the time.

To their adviser, Engr. Darwin M. Marasigan,

Who guided and advised them in every aspect of this project.

A lot of thanks to all of them.

E.J. Ani

E. Magnaye

J.P. Suarez
 xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ABSTRACT iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xv

DEDICATION xvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

LIST OF FIGURES xx

LIST OF TABLES xxiii

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Objectives of the Study 4

Conceptual Framework 5

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 8

Significance of the Study 9

Definition of Terms 10

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature 14

Research Literature 50
 xviii

Synthesis 56

III. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Research Design/Methods 62

Source of Data 64

Data Gathering Procedure 64

Methods of Software Assembly 65

Software and Hardware Integration 66

Methods of testing 66

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Analyzation of the Existing Single Phase Distribution Transformer

Analyses and Test Result Diagnose Report 87

Software Design and Development 88

Software and System Requirements 88

Flowchart 88

System Requirements 96

Hardware Specification 96

Software Specification 97

Programming Language 97

Graphical User Interface Design 98

Software Attributes 108

Evaluation of the Performance of the Software Application 109

Software Testing 113

Functionality and Reliability Testing 113

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V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCL

Summary of Findings 168

Conclusions 170

Recommendations 171

APPENDICES 172

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CURRICULUM VITAE
 xx

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Paradigm of the Study 6

2.1 Distribution System 15

2.2 Distribution Feeders 16

2.3 Transformer Construction 18

2.4 Distribution Transformer 19

2.5 Laminated Core of a Transformer 26

2.6 Short Circuit Test on Transformer 32

2.7 Open Circuit Test on Transformer 35

2.8 Proper Paralleling of Transformer 38

2.9 Improper Paralleling of Transformer 39

2.10 Additive Polarity of Transformer 40

2.11 Subtractive Polarity of Transformer 41

2.12 Computer 43

2.13 Microsoft Access Logo 44

2.14 XAMPP Logo 45

2.15 SQL Logo 46

2.16 C# Logo 47

2.17 Visual Studio Logo 48

3.1 Research Model 63

4.1 Sample of Transformer Test 87

4.2 Registration Flowchart 89

 xxi

4.3 System Features Flowchart 90

4.4 Main Dashboard Flowchart 91

4.5 Profile Flowchart 92

4.6 Setting Flowchart 93

4.7 Transformer Overview Flowchart 93

4.8 Transformer Specification Flowchart 94

4.9 Transformer Testing Trainer Flowchart 95

4.10 Login Form 98

4.11 Registration Form 99

4.12 Main Module 100

4.13 Profile Button 101

4.14 Result Button 102

4.15 Transformer Overview Options 102

4.16 Transformer Specification 103

4.17 Transformer Overview 104

4.18 Transformer Testing Trainer Options 105

4.19 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing Trainer 106

4.20 Open and Short Circuit Testing Trainer 107

4.21 Result Form 108

4.22 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing (brand new) 109

4.23 Open and Short Circuit Trainer with Efficiency (Brand new) 110

4.24 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing (Reconditioned) 111

4.25 Open and Short Circuit Trainer with Efficiency (Reconditioned) 112
 xxii

4.26 Registration Form (Successful) 113

4.27 Main Module 115

4.28 Profile Button 115

4.29 Dialog Box upon Saving 116

4.30 Result Window 117

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Standard Ratings of Distribution Transformers, kVA 21

2.2 Maximum Standard Losses of Transformer 22

2.3 Cooperative Standard Loss for Brand New and Reconditioned Transformer 23

4.1 Comparison Table of the Software Application and Actual Transformer 113
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. It can be single or three phase transformers depending on supply

need by the consumer. According to Peter (2011), a distribution transformer is a static

device constructs with two or more windings use to transfer alternating current electric

power by electromagnetic induction from one circuit to another at the same frequency but

with different values of voltage and current.

Transformer is need to be test for its maintenance. The transformer is the main part

of an electrical distribution system, if it is not working properly it will affect the distribution

system. It has to go through numerous testing procedures. The need for transformer testing

is to check the functioning of the transformer and to decrease the chance of failure.

Performing regular test in a transformer will maintain its efficiency and prevent losses.

Polarity, open and short circuit test are tests were include in distribution transformer

testing. A polarity test will conduct to ensure that the line and neutral conductors are

connected in correct way. If it is accidentally connect the opposite polarities of the

windings it will result in a short circuit and damage the equipment. The open circuit and

short circuit test are performed for determining the parameter of the transformer, these tests

are performed without the actual loading. Using the open circuit test it will measure the

loss of no load losses means the iron losses. In short circuit test it will measure the loss of
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background | 2
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

full load losses means the copper losses. Efficiency will be determine by using the iron and

copper loss.

One of the key elements in learning is performing laboratory experiments for it

promote the development of scientific thinking in students. However, the problem occurs

when testing equipment or devices are not available or limited for conducting such

laboratory experiments which can then affect the learning opportunity of the students.

Through education can people build their skills and capabilities on how they overcome the

consequences brought by the COVID-19. Technologies have changed the traditional way

of education to the modern way of learning. As a result, education has changed with the

exceptional rise of E-Learning, where teaching strategy is undertaken remotely and on

digital platforms. Technology-based learning through websites, learning portals, video

conferencing (using of Google meet, zoom, etc.)YouTube, and mobile apps are called E-

learning. (Aremu, et.al (2020))

In this time of pandemic it is not possible that the students can perform a hands on

laboratory experiment. A good online lectures may be very helpful but not fully useful

without an actual practice, especially to the courses that needed laboratory experiments.

For the additional way of learning, the researcher focused on the modern way of learning

by designing and developing a software trainer for distribution transformer testing. Virtual

laboratory deals with performing real experiment remotely independent from the internet.

The software trainer itself can either be used as a virtual laboratory experiment and

demonstration. It is designed as an interactive virtual software that provides the features of

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background | 3
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

an actual laboratory trainer. Students and teachers greatly benefits from this software

trainer because it has a flexible access which means that it can be used at students or

teachers convenient time and also provides instant feedbacks. After learning the basic

concepts and theories about distribution transformer testing, the students can use this

software trainer to visualize the process of what they learned base on concept and theories.

All the results are recorded, making communication between teachers and students more

efficient too. With the software trainer, the students, instructors and the depa artment of

electrical engineering are able to explore the fundamentals of polarity, open and short

circuit test, turns ratio, and efficiency. The software trainer was designed not only for the

students in the remote area that have limited access to technological development. The

software trainer also enable students to perform many experiments that are difficult to

perform in real laboratories because of the risks in health and lack of laboratory equipment

or devices. It also helped them to fully understand the concepts and principles of the courses

and enhance their knowledge in practical for the near future. The students were able to

obtain deep understanding of actual work and appreciate the purpose of an electrical

engineer’s work. The software trainer helped to engage learners by giving them the

opportunity to conduct transformer testing procedures in a virtual laboratory. In addition

even the pandemic is over this study will be useful due to take home activity and can used

to cover the lacking of laboratory equipment and also can be used to compare the actual

and virtual simulations testing of transformer. The software also provided the convenience

of changing the inputs and transactions used in the experiment without worrying about any
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background | 4
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

dangerous effects of these changes. This study also provided flexibility in performing

experiments.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study was to design and develop a software for virtual laboratory

of single phase distribution transformer testing and analysis.

Specifically, the project study proposed was to attain the following objectives

1. To analyze the existing single phase distribution transformer analyses and test result

diagnose report.

2. To develop an interactive software in terms of:

2.1 Flowchart

2.2 Graphical User Interface

2.3 Programming Language

2.4 Software Requirements

2.5 Software Design

2.5.1 Application

2.5.2 Polarity Test

2.5.3 Open Circuit Testing

2.5.4 Short Circuit Testing

2.5.5 Turns Ratio and Efficiency

3. To evaluate the result and performance of the software application using the

following test cases:

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background | 5
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Case 1: Using brand new transformer rating related to residential only.

Case 2: Using reconditioned transformer rating related to residential only.

Case 3: Comparison of the software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

4. To test the functionality and reliability of the software in terms of:

4.1 Polarity and Turns Ratio

4.2 Open and Short Circuit Test

4.2.1 Core loss and Copper loss

4.2.2 Magnetizing and Working Component of No Load

Current

4.2.3 Equivalent Resistance

4.2.4 Equivalent Impedance

4.2.5 Equivalent Reactance

4.3 Efficiency

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows the researcher’s synthesis and overview of the study and

to provide better understanding, a model paradigm was presented. This type of framework

represents the process of the software design for polarity, open and short circuit, turns ratio

and efficiency virtual trainer. The illustration represents the research flow of the whole

study.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background | 6
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

INPUT
 Data of test results from BATELEC II in terms of the following tests:
- Polarity
- Open and short circuit
- Turns ratio
- Efficiency
 Project Design considerations and standards from:
- National Electrification Administration (NEA)
- Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
- Philippine Distribution Code (PDC)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer (IEEE)
 Software information and requirements
 Software Design of interactive virtual trainer
- System Requirements
- Flowchart
 Transformer test procedures
 Transformer test results

PROCESS

 Gathering of data from BATELEC II

- Request letter is sent to the office of the general manager.
- Interviews of employee for testing procedures
 Development of the virtual trainer software
- Programming Language
- User’s Interface
 Implementation
 Provide simulation and comprehensive analysis:
- Polarity
- Open and short circuit
- Turns ratio
- Efficiency

VIRTUAL TRAINER-DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING

AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS) WITH LABORATORY
MANUAL.

Figure 1.1 Paradigm of the Study

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The paradigm in Figure 1.1 shows the logical process of the study. This study

focused on the development of Virtual Trainer – Distribution Transformer Testing and

Analysis Software. The study was conducted for the project’s contribution to the Electrical

Engineering Department. It covers the testing of residential distribution transformer with a

rating that will be delimited to 5, 10, 15, 25, 37.5 50, 75, and 100 kVA.

To be more realistic of this project, test results of distribution transformer from

BATELEC II including the polarity, open and short circuit, turns ratio, and efficiency has

been evaluated. Transformer test procedures was provided to guide the user. From the test

conducted, test results show the values obtained from the test including the voltages,

currents, and losses. These values were used to compute other parameters like the equivalent

resistance, reactance and impedance. To understand the concept in developing the software

system requirements and flowchart is presented.

On gathering data and information in BATELEC II, letter was sent in the office of the

general manager. The researchers used the Dynamic Programming Algorithm to use in

optimization of the problems, like divide-and-conquer method. And it also solves sub-

problems by just once and then saves. The simulation software gave an output whether the

distribution transformer is efficient to use or not, or pass the standards and recommendation

by in accordance with the NEA, PEC, PDC, and IEEE. Also, the software was designed to

provide better implementation of testing the distribution transformer in terms of polarity,

open and short circuit, turns ratio and efficiency for the beneficiary. The researchers used

C# as the programming language, Microsoft Access for database development, XAMPP

which allowed the researchers to have a backup data, work on a local server and test local
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copies of websites, Structured Query Language (SQL) for database language management

used for storing the collected data, and Visual Studio as a programming software that was

used for the graphical user interface. Lastly, the final output of this study will be the Virtual

Trainer-Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software for polarity, open and

short circuit test, turns ratio, and efficiency provided with a laboratory manual. It is

constructed as an offline standalone system with no internet connection and hardware

required aside from a good-performing computer. The software trainer could be accessed

on a day to day basis with a password-protected to further fortify the system.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused on the interactive software design only, for single phase

transformer virtual testing specifically its polarity, open and short circuit, turns ratio, and

efficiency. The software only required a hardware including computer, for it is an offline

standalone system. The study included guidelines on how to use every component with a

visible modeling of the transformer to ensure that the connections are correct. The study

also included transformer ratings to ensure that the output will be reliable and ideal. The

overhead distribution transformer with two primary bushing and two secondary bushing

with a kVA rating that will be delimited to 5, 10, 15, 25, 37.5, 50, 75, and 100. The primary

voltage rating is at 7620V.

The input parameters included in the software application were based on the

existing results and findings of the transformer testing such as short circuit current and

voltage, core loss and copper loss at no load condition and its polarity. The parameters
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stated were used to know the efficiency of the single phase transformer and how it affected

the performance of the system. The software presented a detailed connection from primary

bushing and to the secondary bushing. The scope of the study was to give a realistic trainer

for the single phase transformer testing before the energization. Also, the study provided a

laboratory manual in every testing that will be performed by the user.

The programming language that used in the software was C# for it is the language

also produced by Microsoft. For the data storage and back up, Microsoft Access, SQL, and

XAMPP were used and for the development of the software, Visual Basic was used.

Dynamic programming was used as the algorithm for the software.

The study delimited to conduct an actual testing and operation of the single phase

distribution transformer. All data and process were based on the theoretical concept of

polarity, open and short circuit testing, turns ratio and efficiency. This study covered only

a single phase distribution transformer and upgrades to the existing laboratories equipment

available at Batangas State University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department.

Significance of the Study

The study serves as an important tool for the following:

To Batangas State University. This study is essential to the university for it could provide

improvement and knowledge when it comes to transformer polarity, open and short circuit

testing. The university will be acknowledged for producing a reliable research and study.

To the Students. This study will give students the opportunity to control the inputs of the

experiment, observe the changes in the results without the existence of a supervisor and
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without being exposed to any risks. It will helps the students to solve the problem of limited

resources and funding for experiments while protecting themselves from the dangers they

face in this new normal.

To the Teachers. This study will help the teachers to cover all aspects of the polarity

testing and open-short circuit testing of the transformer with practical applications for

better understanding of all the points of the transformer testing which is difficult to provide

in the case of limited equipment due to the pandemic.

To the Electrical Engineering department. This study will serve as a tool to develop

teaching and learning methods that will lead to the effectiveness of the educational process.

To the Future researchers. This will give data to the future researchers and at the same

time saves effort and time by eliminating the need to move between different laboratories.

Definition of Terms

C# Programming Language. C# is an object-oriented programming language from

Microsoft that aims to combine the computing power of C++ with the programming ease

of Visual Basic. It is used to develop web apps, desktop apps, mobile apps, games and

much more.[1]

Copper Loss. It is the term often given to heat produced by electrical currents in

the conductors of transformer windings, or other electrical devices. Copper losses are an

undesirable transfer of energy, as are core losses, which result from induced currents in

adjacent components. [2]

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Core Loss. It is an energy wasted by hysteresis and eddy currents in a magnetic core (as

of an armature or transformer). [3]

Distribution Transformer. Also called service transformer that provides the final voltage

transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in

the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. [4]

Google Classroom. A free web service developed by Google for schools that aims to

simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments. The primary purpose of Google

Classroom is to streamline the process of sharing files between teachers and students. [5]

Google Meets. A video conferencing app that allows users to join pre-scheduled meetings

from calendar events, choose a link, enter meeting code and even dial in from their phones

if the invitation includes a phone number. [6]

Graphical User Interface. GUI is a system of interactive visual components for computer

software. A GUI displays objects that convey information, and represent actions that can

be taken by the user. The objects change color, size, or visibility when the user interacts

with them. [7]

Microsoft’s Visual Basic. An evolution of the basic programming language that is

designed to be used with a richly featured programming interface called an Integrated

Development Environment (IDE). [8]

Open-circuit test, or no-load test. It is one of the methods used in electrical engineering

to determine the no-load impedance in the excitation branch of a transformer. The no load
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is represented by the open circuit, which is represented on the right side of the figure as the

"hole" or incomplete part of the circuit. [9]

Pandemic. It is described as an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic

area (such as multiple countries or continents) and typically affects a significant

proportion of the population. [10]

Polarity. A separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups

having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged

end. [11]

Polarity Testing. It creates a circuit using the phase conductor and the single pole device

in question, breaking the circuit when operating the device, means that the reading on the

instrument will change, and thus confirming that that device must be connected in the phase

conductor. [12]

Programming Language. It is a set of commands, instructions, and other syntax used to

create a software program. [13]

Short-circuit test. It is used to determine the series branch parameters of the

equivalent circuit of a transformer. [14]

Single-phase transformer. A type of power transformer that utilizes single-phase

alternating current, meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that operates in a

unified time phase. [15]

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Software. It is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute

specific tasks. Opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer,

software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a

device. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer, and hardware the

invariable part. [16]

Transformer Efficiency. The efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of useful

output power to the input power. The input and output power are measured in the same

unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W) or KW. Transformer efficiency is denoted by Ƞ. [17]

Transformer turns ratio. The division of the number of turns in the primary winding by

the number of turns in the secondary winding by the equation TR = Np/Ns. [18]

Virtual laboratories. In education can refer to simulation environments that add

environmental and human touch or to interfaces with real laboratory equipment. [19]
 CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter represents the conceptual literature, research literature, and synthesis

which provided direction in the completion of this study.

Conceptual Literature

The conceptual literature presented in this paper provided further knowledge to fully

understand the researcher’s project study. The information gathered from different articles

and studies is presented in a logical sequence as follows.

Distribution system. It is located near or inside city/town/village/industrial area. It receives

power from a transmission network. The high voltage from the transmission line is then

stepped down by a step-down transformer to the primary distribution level voltage.

Primary distribution voltage is usually 13.2 kV, but can range between 7620 kV to 34.5kV

depending upon region or consumer. [20]

Figure 2.1 Distribution System

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Figure 2.1 shows an illustration of a basic electricity distribution system. A typical

power distribution system consists of distribution substation, feeders, distribution

transformers, distributor conductors and service mains conductor.

Distribution feeders: The stepped-down voltage from the substation is carried to

distribution transformers via feeder conductors. Generally, no tappings are taken from the

feeders so that the current remains same throughout. The main consideration in designing

of a feeder conductor is its current carrying capacity.

Figure 2.2 Distribution Feeders

Figure 2.2 shows an illustration of a distribution feeder. The distribution feeder

circuit conductors leave the substation from a circuit breaker or circuit recloser via

underground cables, called substation exit cables. The underground cables connect to a

nearby overhead primary circuit outside the substation. This eliminates multiple circuits on

the poles adjacent to the substations thereby improving the overall appearance of the

substation.
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Transformer. A transformer is an electrical device that uses electromagnetic induction to

pass an alternating current (AC) signal from one electric circuit to another, often changing

(or "transforming") the voltage and electric current. Transformers do not pass direct current

(DC), and can be used to take the DC voltage (the constant voltage) out of a signal while

keeping the part that changes (the AC voltage). In the electrical grid transformers are key

to changing the voltages to reduce how much energy is lost in electrical transmission.

Transformers change the voltage of the electrical signal coming out of the power plant,

usually increasing (also known as "stepping up") the voltage. Transformers also reduce

("step down") the voltage in substations, and as distribution transformers. Transformers are

also used as a part of devices, like current transformers.

Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high

current (a step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down

transformer) in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal-processing

circuits. Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the voltage in equals the voltage

out, with separate coils not electrically bonded to one another.

Transformers can be used either to increase the voltage also known as stepping up

the voltage, or they can decrease the voltage also known as stepping down the voltage.

Transformers use two coils of wire, each with hundreds or thousands of turns, wrapped

around a metal core. One coil is for the incoming electricity and one is for the outgoing

electricity. Alternating Current in the incoming coil sets up an alternating magnetic field

in the core, which then generates Alternating Current in the outgoing coil. [24]
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Figure 2.3 Transformer Construction

Figure 2.3 shows an illustration on how the transformer works. The parameters are

expressed as follows:

VP = the primary voltage. IP = the primary current.

VS = the secondary voltage. IS = the secondary current.

NP = the number of turns in the primary winding.

NS = the number of turns in the secondary winding.

Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage.

A simple operating transformer. Current Ip comes in with a voltage Vp. The current

passes through the Np windings creating magnetic flux in the iron core. This flux is

traveling through Ns loops of wire on the other circuit. This creates a current Is and a

voltage difference in the second circuit of Vs. The electric power (V×I) stays the same.
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When an AC signal is applied to the primary coil, the changing current causes

a magnetic field to change (get bigger or smaller). This changing magnetic field (and

associated magnetic flux will pass through to the secondary coil inducing a voltage across

the secondary coil, thereby effectively coupling the AC input from the primary to

secondary component of the transformer. The voltage applied to the primary component

will also be present in the secondary component. [26]

Distribution transformer: A distribution transformer, also called as service transformer,

provides final transformation in the electric power distribution system. It is basically a step-

down 3-phase transformer. Distribution transformer steps down the voltage to 400Y/230

volts. Here it means, voltage between any one phase and the neutral is 230 volts and phase

to phase voltage is 400 volts. However, in USA and some other countries, 120/240 volts

split-phase system is used; where voltage between a phase and neutral is 120 volts.

Figure 2.4 Distribution Transformer

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Figure 2.4 shows an illustration of a distribution transformer. If mounted on a utility

pole, they are called pole-mount transformers. If the distribution lines are located at ground

level or underground, distribution transformers are mounted on concrete pads and locked

in steel cases, thus known as distribution tap pad-mount transformers.

Distribution transformers normally have ratings less than 200 kVA although some

national standards can allow for units up to 5000 kVA to be described as distribution

transformers. Since distribution transformers are energized for 24 hours a day (even when

they don’t carry any load), reducing iron losses has an important role in their design. As

they usually don’t operate at full load, they are designed to have maximum efficiency at

lower loads. To have a better efficiency, voltage regulation in these transformers should be

kept to a minimum. Hence they are designed to have small leakage reactance. [21]

Transformer Ratings. The capacity of a distribution transformer is determined by the

amount of current it can carry continuously at rated voltage without exceeding the design

temperature. The transformers are rated in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) since the capacity is

limited by the load current which is proportional to the kVA regardless of the power factor.

The standard kVA ratings are itemized in Table 2.1. [22]

Table 2.1 Standard Ratings of Distribution Transformers, kVA

Overhead Type Pad-mounted type

Single- Three- Single- Three-

phase phase phase phase
5 15 25 75

10 30 37.5 112.5
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15 45 50 150

25 75 75 225

37.5 112.5 100 300

50 150 167 500

75 225 750

100 300 1000

167 500 1500

250 2000

333 2500

500

Table 2.1 shows the different standard ratings for distribution transformers whether it is an

overhead type or pad-mounted including the different phases (Single or Three-phase

system). (NEA Specifications on Distribution Transformers)

Transformer losses. Produced by the electrical current flowing in the coils and the

magnetic field alternating in the core. The losses associated with the coils are called the

load losses, while the losses produced in the core are called no-load losses. [23]
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Table 2.2 Maximum Standard Losses of Transformer

Rating Silicon Steel Core Amorphous Metal Core

No Load Total Losses No Load Total Losses

Load Losses, Load Losses ,
Losses, Watts Watts % of Losses, Watts Watts % of
Rated Watts Rated
Watts
kVA kVA

3 9 45 54 1.80 8 45 53 1.76

5 19 75 94 1.88 8 75 83 1.66

10 36 120 156 1.56 12 120 132 1.32

15 50 195 245 1.63 15 195 210 1.40

25 80 290 370 1.48 18 290 308 1.23

37.5 105 360 465 1.24 30 360 390 1.04

50 135 500 635 1.27 32 500 532 1.06

75 190 650 840 1.12 45 650 695 0.93

100 210 850 1060 1.06 50 850 900 0.90

167 350 1410 1760 1.05 65 1410 1475 0.88

250 500 2000 2500 1.00 90 2000 2090 0.83

333 650 2500 3150 0.94 120 2500 2620 0.79

Table 2.2 shows the different ratings and maximum standard losses of transformer

depending on the type of core whether it is a silicon steel or amorphous metal. This table

is based on the distribution transformer technical specification of NEA (National

Electrification Administration) which serves as a basis in the present study. (NEA

Specifications on Distribution Transformers)

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Table 2.3 Cooperative Standard Loss for Brand New and Reconditioned Transformer

Brand New Transformers Reconditioned Transformers

KVA CORE LOSS COPPER LOSS KVA CORE LOSS COPPER LOSS
10 36 W 120 W 10 58 W 180 W
15 50 W 195 W 15 76 W 215 W
25 80 W 290 W 25 108 295
37.5 105 W 360 W 37.5 153 W 400 W
50 135 W 500 W 50 167 506 W
75 190 W 650 W 75 273 W 700 W
100 210 W 850 W 100 444 W 900 W
167 350 W 1410 W 167 530 W 1556 W
250 500 W 250 625 W

Table 2.3 shows the cooperative standard losses for brand new and reconditioned

transformers. The table also stated the allowable losses for the functional and ideal

distribution transformer to be used in the industry regarding its losses. (NEA Specifications

on Distribution Transformers)

The Philippine Electrical Code. The primary objective of the code is to establish basic

materials quality and electrical works standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat,

power, communications, signaling and for other purposes. This code is intended as a design

specification or an instruction manual for qualified persons.

According to Article 4.10.14.4 and Article 4.10.14.4.5 of the PEC, where the

transformer standards and location will be considered to the following ratings:

(a) Type. Transformers shall be enclosed, identified for the use, and listed.
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(b) Voltage. The secondary-circuit voltage shall not exceed 15 000 volts, nominal,

under any load condition. The voltage to ground of any output terminals of the

secondary circuit shall not exceed 7 500 volts, under any load conditions.

(c) Rating. Transformers shall have a secondary short-circuit current rating of not

more than 150 mA if the open-circuit voltage is over 7 500 volts, and not more than

300 mA if the open-circuit voltage rating is 7 500 volts or less.

(d) Secondary Connections. Secondary circuit outputs shall not be connected in

parallel or in series.

4.10.14.5 Transformer Locations.

(a) Accessible. Transformers shall be accessible after installation.

(b) Secondary Conductors. Transformers shall be installed as near to the lamps as

practicable to keep the secondary conductors as short as possible.

(c) Adjacent to Combustible Materials. Transformers shall be located so that

adjacent combustible materials are not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C

(194°F).

According to AVO training by Megger (2016), Transformer manufacturers and

field operators have always benefitted when new technologies are applied during design,

manufacturing, commissioning, and operational processes that improve the quality and

reliability of electrical apparatuses. The new computational tools and the continuous

research by individuals in the academic, public, or private sector have created better

materials capable of withstanding demanding service conditions, saving space, and

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minimizing energy losses. As manufacturing technology advances at this rapid pace,

testing methodologies must evolve to keep pace. Advances in power electronics and

computer technology lead to more accurate, reliable, portable, and user-friendly

instruments in the field.

As technological advances and new testing methodologies become more readily

available to transformer testing personnel, how can we keep up with this avalanche of new

and promising alternatives, which at first glance seem to solve all our diagnostic problems?

One way is by following the activities of national and international regulatory institutions

that focus their resources on keeping up with the latest technological developments for

design, construction, operation, testing, maintenance, and even post-mortem investigations

of power and distribution transformers. IEEE, NETA, CIGRE, and IEC are the best

references in this area.

Starting with a transformer’s factory acceptance testing (FAT) and continuing

through its service life, mechanical, dielectric, thermal, and electro-magnetic parameters

are evaluated. Once the transformer has passed the FAT, it is ready for shipment to a new

site, where a testing crew will commission the unit before energization. The next step is to

follow the standards.

Transformer Action. The number of coil turns on the secondary winding compared to the

primary winding, the turns ratio, affects the amount of voltage available from the secondary

coil.
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A transformer basically consists of two coils wound around a common soft iron

core. When an alternating voltage (VP) is applied to the primary coil, current flows through

the coil which in turn sets up a magnetic field around itself, called mutual inductance, by

this current flow according to Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction. The strength

of the magnetic field builds up as the current flow rises from zero to its maximum value

which is given as dΦ/dt.

Figure 2.5 Laminated Core of a Transformer

The figure 2.5 shows the laminated core of a transformer. As the magnetic lines of

force setup by this electromagnet expand outward from the coil the soft iron core forms a

path for and concentrates the magnetic flux. This magnetic flux links the turns of both

windings as it increases and decreases in opposite directions under the influence of the AC

supply.

However, the strength of the magnetic field induced into the soft iron core depends

upon the amount of current and the number of turns in the winding. When current is

reduced, the magnetic field strength reduces.

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Transformer Testing. The transformer testing can be done to determine the specifications,

and performance of an electrical transformer. To meet the specific design and

specifications, transformer testing should be done during the manufacturing process. [26]

Transformer Turns Ratio. Assuming an ideal transformer and the phase angles: ΦP ≡ ΦS

𝑵𝒑 𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝟐
= = = 𝒂 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 Equation 1
𝑵𝒔 𝑽𝒔 𝑰𝟏

Note that the order of the numbers when expressing a transformers turns ratio value

is very important as the turns ratio 3:1 expresses a very different transformer relationship

and output voltage than one in which the turns ratio is given as: 1:3. Then the main purpose

of a transformer is to transform voltages at preset ratios and we can see that the primary

winding has a set amount or number of windings (coils of wire) on it to suit the input

voltage. If the secondary output voltage is to be the same value as the input voltage on the

primary winding, then the same number of coil turns must be wound onto the secondary

core as there are on the primary core giving an even turns ratio of 1:1 (1-to-1). In other

words, one coil turn on the secondary to one coil turn on the primary.

If the output secondary voltage is to be greater or higher than the input voltage,

(step-up transformer) then there must be more turns on the secondary giving a turns ratio

of 1:N (1-to-N), where N represents the turns ratio number. Likewise, if it is required that

the secondary voltage is to be lower or less than the primary, (step-down transformer) then

the number of secondary windings must be less giving a turns ratio of N:1 (N-to-1). [24]

Transformer Basics – Efficiency. A transformer does not require any moving parts to

transfer energy. This means that there are no friction or windage losses associated with
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other electrical machines. However, transformers do suffer from other types of losses

called “copper losses” and “iron losses” but generally these are quite small. Copper losses,

also known as I2R loss is the electrical power which is lost in heat as a result of circulating

the currents around the transformers copper windings, hence the name. Copper losses

represents the greatest loss in the operation of a transformer. The actual watts of power lost

can be determined (in each winding) by squaring the amperes and multiplying by the

resistance in ohms of the winding (I2R).

Iron losses, also known as hysteresis is the lagging of the magnetic molecules

within the core, in response to the alternating magnetic flux. This lagging (or out-of-phase)

condition is due to the fact that it requires power to reverse magnetic molecules; they do

not reverse until the flux has attained sufficient force to reverse them. Their reversal results

in friction, and friction produces heat in the core which is a form of power loss. Hysteresis

within the transformer can be reduced by making the core from special steel alloys. The

intensity of power loss in a transformer determines its efficiency. The efficiency of a

transformer is reflected in power (wattage) loss between the primary (input) and secondary

(output) windings. Then the resulting efficiency of a transformer is equal to the ratio of the

power output of the secondary winding, PS to the power input of the primary

winding, PP and is therefore high.

An ideal transformer is 100% efficient because it delivers all the energy it receives.

Real transformers on the other hand are not 100% efficient and at full load, the efficiency

of a transformer is between (94% to 96%) which is quiet good. For a transformer operating
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with a constant voltage and frequency with a very high capacity, the efficiency may be as

high as 98%. The efficiency, η of a transformer is given as:

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equation 2
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equation 3
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓+𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈 = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓+𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔+𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equation 4

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power to the

input power. The input and output power are measured in the same unit either in Watts (W)

or Kilo Watts (kW). Transformer efficiency is denoted by Ƞ. The input power is equal to

the sum of output power and the losses (Iron losses and Copper losses).

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓+𝟐𝑷 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equation 5
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓+𝟐𝑷 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Equation 6
𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓

The efficiency is maximum when the copper loss is equal to the iron loss or the copper loss. [25]

According to Almeida, et al., (2015), focuses on the energy-efficient distribution in

Europe. This paper assesses the impact of energy-efficient distribution transformers

through the implementation of energy efficiency classes, as well as through mandatory

standards that remove the worst transformers from the market. Energy-efficient

distribution transformers can not only save about 1 % of all the electricity generated but

can also save very large investments in power generation and transmission power systems.
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Technical solutions to reduce energy consumption of transformers are available, but the

market penetration of high-efficient transformers is significantly lower than it could be.

The paper analyses the main market and regulatory failures and identifies that the

introduction of efficiency classes and minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) is

the best way to foster energy performance in distribution transformers. Policies and

measures supporting energy-efficient distribution transformers around the world are

reviewed. The use of Ecodesign methodology do define possible transformer MEPS

regulation is discussed for different types of distribution transformers, as well as the

associated impacts. Sensitivity analysis in relation to key parameters (load factor and

electricity prices) is analyzed. The energy saving potential and the environmental impacts

are calculated until the year 2050 in the European Union, as well as at world level. The

potential savings in the year 2050 represent about 35 TWh of electricity in Europe,

equivalent to about four million tons of reduced CO2 emissions. For the world, the

estimated impact in 2050 is about 450 TWh equivalent to about 180 million tons of reduced

CO2 emissions.

Open and Short Circuit Test of Transformer. Open and short circuit tests are performed

on a transformer to determine the equivalent circuit, voltage regulation, and efficiency of

the transformer. The power required for open circuit tests and short circuit tests on a

transformer is equal to the power loss occurring in the transformer.

Short Circuit Testing. The short-circuit test procedure described in this standard is

intended principally for application to new transformers to verify design. Tests may be

conducted at the manufacturer’s facilities, at test laboratories, or in the field; but it shall be
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recognized that complete equipment is not usually available in the field for conducting tests

and verifying results.

The connection diagram for the short circuit test on the transformer is shown in the

figure below. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the

transformer as shown. A low voltage of around 5-10% is applied to that HV side with the

help of a variac (i.e. a variable ratio auto transformer). We short-circuit the LV side of the

transformer. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly increased until the

wattmeter, and an ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side.

Figure 2.6 Short Circuit Test on Transformer

After reaching the rated current of the HV side, we record all the three instrument

readings (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings). The ammeter reading gives the

primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in a

short circuit test on the transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of

the transformer, the core losses in the transformer can be taken as negligible here.
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The voltmeter reading is Vsc. The watt-meter reading indicates the input power

during the test. As the result of short-circuited the transformer, there is no output; hence

the input power here consists of copper losses in the transformer. Since the applied voltage

Vsc is short circuit voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite small compared to the

rated voltage, so, the data can neglect the core loss due to the small applied voltage. Hence

the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper losses in the transformer.

For full load copper

𝑰 𝟐
𝑷𝒄𝒖 = (𝑰𝟐𝒇𝒍 ) 𝑾𝒄𝒖 Equation 7
𝟐𝒔𝒄

For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒄𝒖
𝑹𝒆𝒔 = Equation 8
𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒄 𝟐

For equivalent impedance

𝑽𝟐𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒆𝒔 = 𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒄
Equation 9

For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒆𝒔 = √(𝒁𝒆𝒔 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒆𝒔 )𝟐 Equation 10

The short circuit test is performed for determining the parameters of the transformer

including the full load copper loss, equivalent resistance, impedance and leakage reactance.

𝐼 2
The full load copper loss of the transformer is given by 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = (𝐼2𝑓𝑙 ) 𝑊𝑐𝑢 , where the Wcu
2𝑠𝑐

is the wattmeter reading, V2sc is the voltmeter reading and the I2sc is the ammeter reading.

The equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side is equal to the wattmeter reading

divided by the square of ammeter reading. For the equivalent impedance referred to the
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secondary side is equal to the voltmeter reading divided by the ammeter reading. And for

the equivalent reactance is equal to the square root of the difference between the square of

equivalent impedance and the square of equivalent resistance. As you can see in the short

circuit test the core or iron loss is neglected because the value of the core loss are very

small as compared to copper loss.

These values are referred to the HV side of the transformer as the test is conducted

on the HV side of the transformer. These values could easily be converted to the LV side

by dividing these values with the square of transformation ratio.

Hence the short-circuit test of a transformer is used to determine copper losses in

the transformer at full load. It is also used to obtain the parameters to approximate the

equivalent circuit of a transformer.

Open Circuit Test on Transformer. The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine

the no-load current and losses of the transformer because of which their no-load parameters

are determined. This test is performed on the primary winding of the transformer. The

wattmeter, ammeter and the voltage are connected to their primary winding. The nominal

rated voltage is supplied to their primary winding with the help of the ac source.

The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure

2.7. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer

as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac

of variable ratio auto transformer.

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Figure 2.7 Open Circuit Test on Transformer

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of variac, applied

voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage

of the LV side. After reaching rated LV side voltage, data will be gathered the three

instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings).

The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie. As no load current Ie is quite small

compared to rated current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this current that can

be taken as negligible.

Since voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to the secondary induced

voltage of the transformer, wattmeter reading indicates the input power during the test. As

the transformer is open circuited, there is no output, hence the input power here consists of

core losses in transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load condition. But as

said earlier, the no-load current in the transformer is quite small compared to the full load

current so, neglect the copper loss due to the no-load current. Hence, can take the wattmeter

reading as equal to the core losses in the transformer.

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For Iron Loss

𝑷𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 = 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 Equation 11

For no-load power factor

𝑷𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = Equation 12
𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟎

For working component

𝑷𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏
𝑰𝒘 = 𝑽𝟏
Equation 13

𝑰𝒘 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 Equation 14

For magnetizing component

𝑰 𝒎 = √𝑰 𝟎 𝟐 − 𝑰 𝒘 𝟐 Equation 15

For equivalent exciting resistance

𝑽
𝑹𝒐 = 𝑰 𝟏 Equation 16
𝒘

For equivalent exciting reactance

𝑽
𝑿𝒐 = 𝑰 𝟏 Equation 17
𝒎

The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses

of the transformer because of which their no-load parameters are determined. The reading

of the wattmeter only represents the core and iron losses. Then the iron loss of the

transformer is equal to Piron = V1I0cosθ where the Piron is wattmeter reading, V1 is the

voltmeter reading, I0 is the ammeter reading and the cosθ is the no-load power factor. The

cosθ is equal to the iron loss divided by the product of the voltmeter and ammeter readings.

The working component is the product of ammeter reading and the no-load power factor.
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The magnetizing component is equal to the square root of the difference between the square

of ammeter reading and the square of working component. The equivalent resistance is

equal the voltmeter reading divided by the working component. The equivalent reactance

is equal to the quotient of the voltmeter reading and the magnetizing component.

These values are referred to the LV side of the transformer due to the tests being

conducted on the LV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side

by multiplying these values with square of transformation ratio.

Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine

core losses in transformer and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of

the transformer. [27]

Polarity Test of Transformer. Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the

primary and the secondary winding of the transformer. If the two transformers are

connected in parallel, then the polarity should be known for the proper connection of the

transformer. There are two types of polarity one is Additive, and another is Subtractive.

Current flows from high voltage point to low voltage point due to the potential

difference between them. Here, electrical polarity comes into the picture. Electrical polarity

simply describes the direction of the current flow. When we look into DC system, we find

that one pole is always positive and the other one is always negative that imply that the

current flows in one direction only. But into an AC system, the terminals are changing their

polarity periodically, and the direction of the current also changes accordingly.

The use of dot convention to identify the voltage polarity of the mutual inductance of

two windings. The two used conventions are:

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1. If a current enters the dotted terminal of one winding, then the voltage induced on

the other winding will be positive at the dotted terminal of the second winding.

2. If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one winding, then the polarity of the

voltage induced in the other winding will be negative at the dotted terminal of the

second winding.

Look into the operations of the distribution transformers, find that they need to work

all the time and also need to supply at high demand at peak times. So, to cope up with these

situations, connect the transformers in parallel.

Figure 2.8 Proper Paralleling of Transformer

Paralleling is done by connecting same polarity terminals of the primary winding

together. A similar procedure is done for the secondary winding. Paralleling will increase

the power supplying capacity and also the reliability of the system.

Polarity test on parallel transformers is done to ensure that in the same connection

of polarity windings and not the opposite ones. If it is accidentally connect the opposite

polarities of the windings, it will result in a short-circuit and eventually damage the

machine.
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Figure 2.9 Improper Paralleling of Transformer

The study categorize the polarity of the transformer to two types: a.) Additive

Polarity, b.) Subtractive Polarity

Additive Polarity

In additive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side (Va) and the

secondary side (Vb) will be the sum of both high voltage and the low voltage, i.e. will get

Vc = Va + Vb

Figure 2.10 Additive Polarity of Transformer

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Subtractive Polarity

In subtractive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side (Va) and the

secondary side (Vb) will be the difference of both high voltage and the low voltage, i.e. will

get Vc = Va – Vb

In subtractive polarity, if Vc = Va – Vb, it is a step-down transformer and if Vc = Vb

– Va, it is a step-up transformer.

Figure 2.11 Subtractive Polarity of Transformer

Additive polarity is used for small-scale distribution transformers and subtractive

polarity for large-scale transformers. [30]

In Additive Polarity;

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 Equation 18

In Subtractive Polarity;

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 Equation 19

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Transformer polarity is easily to identify by looking their terminals. Basic

computation is another way to figure out its polarity. When the voltmeter reads the

difference that is (V1 – V2), the transformer is said to be connected with opposite polarity

know as subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads (V1 + V2), the transformer is

said to have additive polarity. [28]

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software and its components. This

section will show the main components, programming language or applications that will

be used for the proposed testing and analysis software.

User Interface. A user interface also called a UI or simply an interface is the means in

which a person controls a software application or hardware device. A good user interface

provides a user-friendly experience, allowing the user to interact with the software or

hardware in a natural and intuitive way. Nearly all software programs have a graphical user

interface or GUI. This means the program includes graphical controls, which the user can

select using a mouse or keyboard. A typical GUI of a software program includes a menu

bar, toolbar, windows, buttons, and other controls. The Macintosh and Windows operating

systems have different user interfaces, but they share many of the same elements, such as

a desktop, windows,and icons. These common elements make it possible for people to use

either operating system without having to completely relearn the interface. Similarly,

programs like word processors and Web browsers all have rather similar interfaces,

providing a consistent user experience across multiple programs. Most hardware devices

also include a user interface through user interfaces can be designed for either hardware or

software. To control a software program, it typically needs to use a keyboard and mouse
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which each has its own user interface. Regardless of the application, the goal of a good

user interface is to be user-friendly.

Figure 2.12 Computer

Figure 2.12 shows an illustration of a computer used to display the graphical user

interface. The user interface (UI) is the point of human-computer interaction and

communication in a device. This can include display screens, keyboards, mouse and the

appearance of a desktop. It is also the way through which a user interacts with an

application or a website. The growing dependence of many businesses on web applications

and mobile applications has led many companies to place increased priority on UI in an

effort to improve the user's overall experience.

System Development allows the user to build and maintain a computer-based

simulation system. These are special software solutions that allow to automate manual data.

There’s no need to manually process data with these computer-based simulation systems.

This will help to boost efficiency, increase production rate and save time to conserve
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valuable manpower for other projects. To be able to use it, the user needs to follow special

guidelines of this software. This will aid in taking the maximum benefit of this useful

software for the chosen beneficiary. The final description will be in programming language

since this is the only kind of language that a computer understands. [29]

Database. A database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases

contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. Today's relational

databases allow users to access, update, and search for information based on the

relationship of data stored in different tables. Relational databases can also run queries that

involve multiple databases. While early databases could only store text or numeric data,

modern databases also lets users store other data types such as sound clips, pictures, and

videos. [30]

Figure 2.13 Microsoft Access Logo

Figure 2.13 shows the logo of Microsoft Access. Very simply, Microsoft Access is

an information management tool that helps store information for reference, reporting, and
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analysis. Microsoft Access helps to analyze large amounts of information, and manage

related data more efficiently than Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheet applications. [31]

Figure 2.14 XAMPP Logo

Figure 2.14 shows the logo of XAMPP. The full form of XAMPP is X stands for

Cross-platform, (A) Apache server, (M) MariaDB, (P) PHP and (P) Perl. The Cross-

platform usually means that it can run on any computer with any operating system. Next

MariaDB is the most famous database server and it is developed by MYSQL team. PHP

usually provides a space for web development. PHP is a server-side scripting language.

And the last Perl is a programming language and is used to develop a web application. [32]
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Figure 2.15 SQL Logo

Figure 2.15 shows the logo of SQL. Structured Query Language (SQL) is a database

language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system.

SQL performs basic data management chores like to add, delete and modify. [33]

Programming Language. A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical

rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific tasks. The term

programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++,

COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada and Pascal. Each programming language has a unique set

of keywords that it understands and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
[34]
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Figure 2.16 C# Logo

Figure 2.16 shows the logo of C#. C# is an object-oriented programming language

from Microsoft that aims to combine the computing power of C++ with the programming

ease of Visual Basic. C# is based on C++ and contains features similar to those of Java.

C# is designed to work with Microsoft's .Net platform. Microsoft's aim is to

facilitate the exchange of information and services over the Web, and to enable developers

to build highly portable applications. C# simplifies programming through its use of

Extensible

Markup Language (XML) and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) which allow

access to a programming object or method without requiring the programmer to write

additional code for each step. Because programmers can build on existing code, rather than

repeatedly duplicating it, C# is expected to make it faster and less expensive to get new

products and services to market. [35]

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Figure 2.17 Visual Studio Logo

Figure 2.17 shows the logo of Visual Studio. Visual Studio .NET is a Microsoft-

integrated development environment (IDE) that can be used for developing consoles,

graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Windows Forms, Web services, and Web applications.

Visual Studio is used to write native code and managed code supported by

Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact

Framework Genetic Algorithm. The implementation of a genetic algorithm (GA) initiates

by encoding the parameters of the optimization problem into chromosomes (individuals).

A chromosome is typically a string which will represent one of many feasible solutions to

the problem in the search space. It is very necessary to encode the parameters carefully so

that the developed algorithm is able to transfer information between the chromosomes and

the objective function efficiently. The elements of a chromosome could be binary bits, real

numbers or even other cardinality alphabets. In the following algorithm, binary-coded

strings are used to represent the chromosomes. Since binary representation has got the
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minimum no. of alphabets (only 0s & 1s), the manipulation of these binary strings by GA

operators becomes easier. [36]

Dynamic Programming is also used in optimization problems. Like divide-and-

conquer method, Dynamic Programming solves problems by combining the solutions of

subproblems. Moreover, Dynamic Programming algorithm solves each sub-problem just

once and then saves its answer in a table, thereby avoiding the work of re-computing the

answer every time.

Two main properties of a problem suggest that the given problem can be solved

using Dynamic Programming. These properties are overlapping sub-problems and optimal

substructure.

Overlapping Sub-Problems

Similar to Divide-and-Conquer approach, Dynamic Programming also

combines solutions to sub-problems. It is mainly used where the solution of one

sub-problem is needed repeatedly. The computed solutions are stored in a table, so

that these don’t have to be re-computed. Hence, this technique is needed where

overlapping sub-problem exists.

Optimal Sub-Structure

A given problem has Optimal Substructure Property, if the optimal solution

of the given problem can be obtained using optimal solutions of its sub-problems.
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If a problem has optimal substructure, then we can recursively define an optimal solution.

If a problem has overlapping subproblems, then we can improve on a recursive

implementation by computing each subproblem only once.

If a problem doesn't have optimal substructure, there is no basis for defining a recursive

algorithm to find the optimal solutions. If a problem doesn't have overlapping sub

problems, we don't have anything to gain by using dynamic programming.

There are basically three elements that characterize a dynamic programming algorithm:

1. Substructure: Decompose the given problem into smaller subproblems. Express

the solution of the original problem in terms of the solution for smaller problems.

2. Table Structure: After solving the sub-problems, store the results to the sub

problems in a table. This is done because subproblem solutions are reused many

times, and we do not want to repeatedly solve the same problem over and over

again.

3. Bottom-up Computation: Using table, combine the solution of smaller

subproblems to solve larger subproblems and eventually arrives at a solution to

complete problem.

Development of Dynamic Programming Algorithm can be broken into four steps:

1. Characterize the structure of an optimal solution.

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Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

2. Recursively defined the value of the optimal solution. Like Divide and Conquer,

divide the problem into two or more optimal parts recursively. This helps to

determine what the solution will look like.

3. Compute the value of the optimal solution from the bottom up (starting with the

smallest subproblems)

4. Construct the optimal solution for the entire problem form the computed values of

smaller subproblems.

The advantage of dynamic programming is that it can obtain both local and total

optimal solution. Also, practical knowledge can be used to gain the higher efficiency of

dynamic programming.

Dynamic programming is used where we have problems, which can be divided into

similar sub-problems, so that their results can be re-used. Mostly,

these algorithms are used for optimization. Before solving the in-hand sub-

problem, dynamic algorithm will try to examine the results of the previously solved sub-

problems. [37]

Related Literature

The research literature presents existing studies of researchers, discussion from

conducted experiments and studies that are related and associated to load balancing and

power factor correction and software development. These studies gave a better

understanding and knowledge to the proponents in the development of the said proposed

project.
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

According to Alonzo (2010), in residential and small commercial

applications, distribution transformers are typically owned and operated by the utility

company and the service drop from that device provides electrical energy to a customer's

electrical service entranced equipment. In larger commercial and industrial situations, a

transformer may be owned and operated by the utility customer and can be connected to

service lateral conductors.

Transformers are rated in size in kilovolt-amperes (KVA) or megavolt-amperes

(MVA) and are classified in two categories including distribution type (with the range of

3 to 500 kVA) and power type (with all ratings above 500 kVA). They are also classified

by phase (single or three), voltage, insulation (dry, liquid, or combination), enclosure

(indoor/outdoor), service (instrument-current/potential, power, lighting, autotransformer,

control, power, etc.), winding connections (wye, delta, tertiary, open wye/delta, zigzag,

etc.), and other categories.

According to Rawal et.al (2017) Utilities deliver power to their customer through a

network of generation, transmission lines, substation & distribution system. A distribution

system carries power from substation transformer through feeder circuit to distribution

transformer located near customer. Distribution spending is one of the largest costs for

most utilities also cause of concerns as network increases day by day along with the

increasing power demand. Utilities are constantly looking forward to increase productivity

in the distribution system. This means reducing losses, improving customer service &

protecting assets. A Distribution transformer is utilized to step down the voltage from 11

KV to 0.433/.250 KV so that the electrical power is usable for providing supply to customer

such as domestic, industrial, etc. A consumer expects uninterrupted power supply because
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during failure of power all work be it domestic, official, industrial comes to standstill.

Hence, transformer failure leads economic loss, interrupted power supply in industries,

offices. This paper present types of failure in distribution transformer, means for reducing

distribution losses & recent practices in this regards by Gujarat DISCOM.

Festo Didactic (2015), developed a the Distribution Transformer Trainer that is a

portable, hands-on trainer designed to allow students to develop the skills required to

connect single- and three-phase transformers similar to those found in North American ac

power networks. The trainer contains two sets of three single-phase transformers to

demonstrate three-phase transformer bank configurations such as wye-wye, delta-delta,

closed delta-wye, closed wye-delta, open-wye, open-delta, etc. Each individual transformer

winding is protected by a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker and designed to accept multiple

faults. The trainer is faultable in order to develop sound techniques for troubleshooting

single-phase and three-phase transformer banks. Eight trainer faults are available.

The trainer is complete with a student laboratory manual written in a skill-building,

performance-based format, allowing easy set-up of all laboratory exercises.

According to Aswardi (2019), Tilatang Kamang Village, which is in the rural area,

causes most students to have limited access to technological developments, especially in

terms of practical equipment in the laboratory. This limitation causes students to be unable

to think quickly, and has an impact on the speed and accuracy of students in practicing in

the laboratory. Existing teaching aids are ineffective, because they only consist of circuit

boards that require a long time and make it difficult for students to operate. Low ability

and limited experience of students at SMKN 1 Tilatang in using laboratory equipment are
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also the causes of ineffective learning, especially in the learning of electrical and electronic

circuits. This type of research is Research and Development which uses the Borg and Gall

research procedure. The research subject is the electric circuit media trainer and the

respondent was a teacher of Basic Electricity and Electronics and an electrical student at

SMKN 1 Tilatang Kamang. The research instrument is the trainer questionnaire validation,

practicality, and effectiveness of the trainer. Data analysis includes trainer validity,

practicality, and trainer effectiveness. The results showed that the trainer's validity was

90% with a valid category. The practicality of the trainer is viewed from the teacher's side

by 96% with very practical criteria, while the average practice in terms of students is 90%

with very practical criteria. The average effectiveness of trainers is 86.9% with effective

criteria.

According to Lidi, et.al. (2012) the simulation method is useful to investigate short-

circuit test of transformer and the short-circuit test of transformer is an important method

for the study of transformer features. In this work, the simulation model of short-circuit

test of transformer is designed. And the variable frequency power supply and shunt

capacitor are considered. From the simulation results, use the shunt capacitor, the power

supply can be reduced. Use the high frequency source, the capacitor can be reduced as well.

This has significance in transformer test research and engineering application.

According to Deb, et.al. (2014) this paper presents a virtual laboratory for testing a

single-phase power transformer using MATLAB Simulink environment. The models

presented herein replicate the actual tests like no-load test, short-circuit test, load test, and

short heat run test successfully well within tolerable accuracy. The rating of the transformer
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is taken to be 2 kVA, 230/115 V, 50 Hz which is a typical rating for transformers usually

employed for practical classes in the Electrical Machine Laboratory for undergraduate

courses. This model is attractive to students and they are able to gain insights into

operational aspects of a single-phase power transformer. This model, in whole or part, may

also be used as final year projects of engineering undergraduate students.

According to Abdullah, et.al (2020) Transformer is one of main components in

electrical power system which role to increase or reduce voltage. Characteristics of

transformer would be vital to ensure the voltage is fully transferred. A single-phase

transformer is a type of power transformer that utilizes single-phase alternating current,

meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that operates in a unified time phase.

This article describes a workflow executed with Matlab simulation and practical

measurements for single-phase power transformer, no-load, short-circuit test and load

test are achieved in this work. The test procedures are implemented on areal transformer

(terco-type) which has a specification (1KVA,220/110V,50Hz).Finally, the simulation

results are appeared a proximately seminar from the practical results. The results

indicated that the technique and manner which presented in the current study can be

depended as a mini project in electrical technology mater for undergraduate studies.

According to Krishnan (2017) EMS for Solid works is a very efficient and handy

simulation software where engineers can create 3D geometry of their transformer and

simulate both open and short circuit tests. A transformer is a static electrical machine that

transfers electrical energy between 2 or more circuits through the principle of

electromagnetic induction. As shown in Figure 1, the transformer consists of a core (usually

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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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laminated steel), a primary winding and a secondary winding. A time varying current in

the primary coil produces a time varying magnetic field. This time varying magnetic field

induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This is due to the principle of Faraday’s law of

induction. So, power can be easily transferred from one circuit to the other without physical

contact.

According to Dizon et al., (2020) Proper rating of transformer is important to

maximize the useful life and efficiency of the equipment. A higher or lower rating of the

transformer can provide either a higher system loss or disconnection of consumer to an

electricity provider. In this study, assessment of residential transformer of a barangay was

considered. The percent loading of each transformers was evaluated by the used of the

standard set by National Electrification Administration (NEA). The software used in the

study is Microsoft Excel 2016 for determining the percent loading of each residential

transformers. After the percent loading was identified, clustering of transformers was made

according to the loading conditions. Changes in rating were also performed to correct the

percent loading of the transformer. From 2017 to 2019, 13 transformers or 48.14 % were

underloaded while 6 or 22.22% were found to be overloaded. By changing the rating of the

transformer in the barangay, the percent loading of the 6 overload transformers were

corrected. For the 13 underloads, 12 of which were amended. Moreover, there is still an

underload unit RT19 considering the change in rating the available lowest rating of the

transformer was already reached. The researchers recommend using load centering to

minimize the number of transformers. To compare the monthly kWhr consumption, the

monitor of the daily basis kWHr ingestion using Automated Mapping/Facility

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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Management/ Geographical Information System or AM/FM/GIS was endorsed to identify

the peak load of each transformer.

According to Rajendran et al., (2010) the research aims to identify the effectiveness

of virtual lab in E-learning suite. The study aims to analyze the increase in learning skills

and the understanding level of concepts by implementing virtual lab among school students

in Chennai. The study also focuses on identifying whether the virtual lab helps the students

to increase the self-paced learning. The research methods adopted are Survey and Expert

Interview. The findings of the study shows that majority of the students are aware of the

virtual labs and are highly appreciated by them. Students prefer computer assisted tools

than the textbooks for learning purpose. The study suggests that the virtual labs have to be

adopted in schools for making their students think out of the box.

According to Jara, et al., (2019) The paper presents an educational software

designed to simulate the behavior of an electric transformer under no-load, short-circuit

and load test, measuring its input and output magnitudes through network analyzers, and

enabling the supply voltage and load regulations. This virtual laboratory allows to achieve

several objectives. First, the student becomes familiar with the system to be operated in the

real laboratory, reducing the subsequent electrical risk and optimizing the time required for

carrying out the practice. Second, it enhances the understanding of transformers behavior,

its modelling through the equivalent electrical circuit, and the calculation of its two most

characteristic parameters during its operation s(performance and internal voltage drop).

Finally, the application auto evaluates the transformer characterization performed by the

student.
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According to the study of Advincula et.al (2018) developed the Power Transformer

Analysis Software (PTAS) which is a software designed and developed to take test results

from various test equipment which it then assesses if a certain power transformer passes or

fails based on a set standard. The PTAS not only assess test results, it also stores those

results to a database where those test records are free to be accessed for future references

or used for test trend studies. It can also display a graph of the test results for the test trends.

The PTAS gives the same assessment as an engineer would if given the same data as both

will be basing their assessments on a set standard. The PTAS can also generate a report

with those data and assessment using SAP Crystal Report. The report form may be

customized to fit the customer’s needs.

Cayanan, et.al (2018) developed The Electrical Design Analysis Simulator

Software (EDASS) is a software created and developed to evaluate existing electrical

design of students taking up Electrical System Design and Illumination Engineering

Design. Also, it is a standalone and offline software that utilizes computer in accomplishing

quick and precise calculations. The EDASS does not only evaluate these designs, but also

stores the results to a database where these results are viewed. EDASS can also generate

the summary of the design using the SAP Crystal Reports. The report form mainly contains

the schedule of loads of branch circuit, subfeeder, distribution panelboard and main feeder.

The software gives reliable results since it was assessed based on the standards of The

Philippine Electrical Code and Manual of Practice for Efficient Lighting. The main form

of the program has four sections, namely project details on the upper left side of the form,

main feeder at the lower left part of the form, tab control on the right which contains the
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distribution panelboard, subfeeder, branch circuit and transformer/generator calculations,

and toolbar menu at the top of the form. Several procedures were taken to evaluate the

effectiveness of EDASS. The functionality of the application is tested through the

debugging. Debugging is necessary to weed out all the errors and abnormalities that will

show through the whole process. The testing of the software is through evaluation and

comparison of existing electrical designs in the Electrical Engineering Department. Also,

included in the testing is the evaluation of a faculty member to ensure the effectiveness of

the results generated by the software. This was done by the proponents so that the test

results will be proven reliable and accurate. EDASS was a software intended to help

instructors in checking and evaluating project designs made by students. Also, the software

incorporated a report manager to present the schedule of loads.

Synthesis of the Study

The mentioned literature and research studies from reliable sources were relevant

to the researcher as these greatly benefit for the development of the study. It also served

as basis in analyzing the factors and limitations that could have affected the project

throughout the operation.

In the study conducted by Alonzo (2010), the distribution transformers use in

residential, commercial applications, large commercial and industrial that operated by

utility costumer or utility company. Distribution transformers classified either single or

three phase, insulation, service and winding connections. The similarity of the work lies

with both the study about the distribution transformer, its specification and operation, in
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

which the students will be able to familiarize with the overview of distribution

transformer that will help them to fully understand the topic. However, the present study

more focuses on testing in distribution transformers and together its efficiency which is

a vital factor in transformer actual operation.

The study of Rawal et.al (2017) concerned in operation of distribution transformers

in distribution system. Transformer failure leads economic loss, interrupted power supply

in industries, offices. Utilities are increasing the productivity in distribution system and

reducing the losses to improve the customer service and protecting assets. Tests were done

to achieve the efficient operation and reduced the power losses. The present study was the

same in identifying the losses in distribution transformer, wherein, students or the users of

the trainer will be knowledgeable about transformer losses that could benefit to their chosen

field of work. The difference is that present study includes the polarity, open and short

circuit test.

Additionally, the proponents saw a similarity in the project design of the trainer by

Festo Didactic (2017). Both aimed to help the students to perform and test included

operations on the trainer. The Distribution Transformer Trainer of Festo Didactic is a

portable, hands-on trainer designed to allow students to develop the skills required to

connect single- and three-phase transformers. It concentrates in single and three phase

transformer banking. There are a lot of similarity in researcher’s study as these greatly

benefit for the development of the study, but the difference is the way how the trainer

operates. The present study focuses on testing and propose a software trainer for

distribution transformer trainer.

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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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In the study conducted of Aswardi (2019), also developed a media trainer intended

for electrical and electronic students which have limited access to technological

developments, especially in terms of practical equipment in the laboratory. The limitation

causes students to be unable to think quickly and has an impact on the speed and accuracy

of students in practicing in the laboratory. Low ability and limited experience of students

to conduct experiment causes of ineffective learning. The concept of Aswardi (2019) has

a similarity on the present study, both studies focuses on the improvement of the way of

learning in laboratory experiment, trainer effectivity in students learning outcome and

importance of having certain equipment in the department. The difference is that, the

concept of the present study focuses on distribution transformer testing and will develop a

software trainer through programming language.

The researchers will be able to relate with the study of Lidi, et.al (2012) as they

investigate short-circuit test of transformer. The past study focused solely in simulation of

short-circuit test of transformer, together with the use of shunt capacitor and high frequency

source. The present study also includes open-circuit and polarity test together with the

efficiency of distribution transformer.

The study of Deb, et.al (2014) develop a virtual laboratory for testing a single-phase

power transformer using MATLAB Simulink environment. The virtual trainer includes the

tests like no-load test, short-circuit test, load test, and short heat run test. Their study also

includes the rating of transformer and both studies use programming language to develop

their software trainer and aim to gain insights into operational aspects of a single-phase

power transformer.
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

The study conducted by Abdullah, et.al (2020) stated that the transformer is one of

the main components of an electrical power system whose role is to increase or reduce the

voltage. The present study is the same for it shows how the simulation plays a vital role in

the single-phase power transformer especially on no-load, short-circuit test, and load test.

However, the present study focuses more on the testing of distribution transformer together

with its polarity and efficiency that are also important factor in the transformer operation.

In the study conducted by Krishnan (2017) stated that EMS for Solid works is a

very efficient and handy simulation software where engineers can create 3D geometry of

their transformer and simulate both open and short circuit tests. A transformer is a static

electrical machine that transfers electrical energy between 2 or more circuits through the

principle of electromagnetic induction. It also stated how to perform open and short circuit

test easily inside the SOLIDWORKS. The present study is related to the study in the form

of the simulation and the testing of the transformer. Also, the study conducted by Krishnan

focused only on open and short circuit test, the present study includes the efficiency,

polarity and ratio test.

The study of Dizon et al., (2020) Proper rating of transformer is important to

maximize the useful life and efficiency of the equipment. A higher or lower rating of the

transformer can provide either a higher system loss or disconnection of consumer to an

electricity provider. The present study is related to this in terms of the goal to know the

losses of the transformer. However, this past study uses Microsoft Excel to determine

the percent loading while the present study will design and develop a software.
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

In the study conducted by Rajendran et al., (2010), they also perceived the

effectiveness of virtual laboratory, which aims to analyze the increase in learning skills and

understanding level of concepts among students. The study also shows the level of interest

of students and respond that they would use virtual trainer in their experiments. The

proponents saw a similarity in the project's objectives, to offer students a virtual lab that is

very interactive component which flourishes students mind about the topic and helps them

to increase the self-paced learning.

The software developed by Jara, et al., (2019), an educational software that is

designed to simulate the behavior of an electric transformer under short and open circuit

test. The present study is related to this in terms of the goal to know the losses of the

transformer, to familiarize the students in operating the real laboratory, reducing the

electrical risk and optimizing the students time for performing the laboratory. The

proponents saw a similarities on the past study but despite it, the present study differ in the

way that it will have additional testing and parameters to offer to the virtual lab. Also the

past study will be the foundation on the conceptualization of the study.

The software developed by (Advincula, Ambal, & Castillo, 2018) the Power

Transformer Analysis Software (PTAS) which is a software designed and developed to

take test results from various test equipment. The PTAS not only assess test results, it also

stores those results to a database just like the present study which also save the data that

already performed by the user. The present study has other similarity in concept as the way

on how it will operate and its designed method. The difference is that the present study
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

focuses on testing the distribution transformer including the polarity, open and short circuit,

turs ratio and together its efficiency.

The designed and developed software of Cayanan, et.al (2018), regarding Electrical

Design Analysis Simulator Software which is a software that analyze and simulate the

electrical design system. A software that is also a standalone and offline that utilizes

computer in accomplishing quick and precise calculations. The past study is related to the

present study in terms of analysis and a simulation, and how the software will operate for

it is a standalone system. On the other hand, the present study is different in the way that

the focus of EDASS is Electrical Design while the present study will focus to the testing

and analysis of the single phase distribution transformer.

Despite the found similarities, this project differed from the other studies, having

distinction in characteristics that other studies did not have. The studies of the past

researchers were fundamental in the conceptualization of this project. The researchers

assure that the project is not a duplication of any of those studies. The cited studies only

served as a guide for the current project.

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of research on Distribution Transformer

Testing and Analysis Software which includes the research design/method.

3.1 Research Design/Method

The main objective of the research was to design and develop an interactive software

regarding single phase transformer testing virtually. This includes polarity, open and short

circuit testing, turns ratio and efficiency. In view of this, standard from Philippine

Distribution Code (PDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Philippine

Electrical Code (PEC), and National Electrification Administration (NEA) will be

determined for each calculations and rated values.

The researchers made considerations, important decisions, and choices to create an

applicable design for a virtual trainer of distribution transformer testing and analysis

software. Engineering planning and design type of research on the design and development

of a Virtual Trainer for Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software were applied

by the researchers.
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Figure 3.1 Research Model

Figure 3.1 shows the research model of the study. The model is divided in different

stages, composed of: data gathering, design software, develop a software, testing and

troubleshooting and transformer testing. The researchers also gave consideration for the

initial information to formulate the concept of the study. The researchers collected data and

study related information that helped the study in the form of a published or unpublished

projects to come up with a functional and reliable software. The data needed for distribution

transformer testing and analysis were acquired from BATELEC II. In view of this, standard

from Philippine Distribution Code (PDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE), Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), and National Electrification Administration

(NEA) were determined for each calculations and rated values.

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The researchers developed a software application for virtual trainer that were able to

perform distribution transformer testing. It was designed to be an offline standalone system

with the help of a good-performing computer. The software undergo testing measure its

functionality and reliability.

Source of Data

This study aimed to design and develop the virtual trainer for the distribution

transformer testing. Data were gathered, reviewed, and analyzed to formulate ideas for the

design and development of the virtual trainer. Online research was conducted to acquire some

data. The proponents also asked BATELEC II to have a realistic result of the transformer

testing. Previous studies of existing trainers and published data assisted the researchers to

come up with an accurate and concise design.

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather other data and information of testing different brand of distribution

transformer, request letter was sent in BATELEC II. Permission to conduct the study was

secured through a formal letter of request addressed to the general manager of BATELEC II.

After the approval, the researchers conducted preliminary interview with the personnel in

BATELEC II for some insights on how transformer testing was done including the polarity

test, turns ratio, open and short circuit test, and efficiency before the energization.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter III- Research Methodology |65
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND
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Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

3.2 Methods of Software Assembly

This section includes the requirements of the software, software development, and

software and hardware integration. The transformer testing and analysis software that the

researchers developed aims to be a software that would run and help the students to have a

virtual laboratory trainer. The input parameters to be included in the testing and analysis are

primary and secondary voltage of the distribution transformer, open and short circuit,

polarity, efficiency, and turns ratio. This software assembly indicates how the different

components were used, and the initial plan in the design were discuss to attain the desired

output of the Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis software.

The researchers used a strategic method in developing a working system and these

are presented herein:

1. Preparation of Data. Formula that was used in the testing and analysis software

were gathered form the electrical standards, published or unpublished studies, and

online sources.

2. Software Modules. The transformer testing and analysis software has several parts

which include the parameters for the testing.

3. Integration of Data. The developed modules were integrated to establish a

working and functional system software.

4. Testing and Evaluation. The proponents conducted various test to determine if

the transformer testing and analysis software is working successfully. If it will not

function well, troubleshooting will be applied.

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Software and Hardware Integration

The Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software was installed in the

computer of Electrical Engineering Department or in the personal laptop of the students of

Batangas State University- Main Campus II (Alangilan). This should be compatible with the

hardware component that will be provided by the user. There were testing of the software to

make sure that the program will run properly and will not cause any damage in the computer

that it will be installed to.

Method of Testing

Testing phase was ensure the functionality and reliability of the system through five

(5) laboratory experiments. The proponents conducted sets of experiments on the system to

make sure the functions are accurate as it is designed. Also, to be more reliable and ensure

that the software will be free from any errors.

As part of the functionality and reliability testing of the software, the following tests

were performed:

 Polarity and Turns Ratio

 Open and Short-Circuit Testing

 Efficiency

The following are the Laboratory experiments are used to test the capability of the

software.
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Turns Ratio and Polarity Test
OBJECTIVES:
 To perform polarity and turns ratio test on a single phase distribution transformer

using software trainer.

 To know the polarity of a single phase distribution transformer whether it is

additive or subtractive.

 To determine the polarity and turns ratio by using basic computations of the obtain

parameters.

DISCUSSION:
Transformer Polarity refers to the relative direction of the induced voltages

between the high voltage terminals and the low voltage terminals. During the AC half-

cycle when the applied voltage (or current in the case of a current transformer) is from H1

to H2 the secondary induced voltage direction will be from X1 to X2. Polarity means the

direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary winding of the

transformer. If the two transformers are connected in parallel, then the polarity should be

known for the proper connection of the transformer. There are two types of polarity one

is Additive, and another is Subtractive.

Additive Polarity: In additive polarity, the same terminals of the primary and the

secondary windings of the transformer are connected.

Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity, different terminals of the primary and

secondary side of the transformer is connected.

 Transformer turns ratio is the number of turns of the primary winding divided by

the number of turns of the secondary coil. The transformer turns ratio provides the expected

operation of the transformer and the corresponding voltage required on the secondary

winding. The turns ratio of a transformer therefore defines the transformer as step up or

step-down. Transformers are all about “ratios”. The ratio of the primary to the secondary,

the ratio of the input to the output, and the turns ratio of any given transformer will be the

same as its voltage ratio. In other words for a transformer: “turns ratio = voltage ratio”.

MATERIALS:
- Tester high voltage test lead

- Tester low voltage test lead

- Single phase distribution transformer diagam

- Digital keypad

PROCEDURES:

Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing Trainer

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Choose the testing type (Manual or Automatic)

3. If manual testing, click the + sign to input whether the primary voltage or secondary

voltage. Then click go.

4. Click the red terminal of the voltmeter 1 and h1 then click connect.

5. Click the red terminal of the voltmeter 2 and h1 then click connect.

6. Click the black terminal of the voltmeter 1 and h2 then click connect.

7. Clock the X1 terminal and h2 terminal, then connect.

8. Click the black terminal of voltmeter 2 and x2, then connect.

If automatic testing is selected,

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Click go, then simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Polarity
Transformer Ratings V1 V2
Brand
Additive Subtractive
1.

2.

3.

POLARITY TEST RESULTS

 Ratings P1 S2 Turns Ratio
Transformer Brand

1.

2.

3.

VALUES FOR TURNS RATIO

ACTIVITIES:
For Polarity Test

 List down the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1, and V2.

 V1 is the injected voltage in the software trainer, if the value of V2 is higher than

the value of V1 then the transformer is said to be in additive polarity.

 Then compute the additional voltage that added in the injected voltage for the

proof that the transformer is in additive polarity.

 V1 is the injected voltage in the software trainer, if the value of V2 is lower than

the value of V1 then the transformer is said to be in subtractive polarity.

 Then compute the voltage that subtract in the injected voltage for the proof that

the transformer is in subtractive polarity.

 If the value of V2 shows the sum of the value of V1 and VComputed that is V2 =

V1+VComputed the transformer is said to be connected in additive polarity.

 If the value of V2 is the difference of the values of V1 and Vcomputed, then the

transformer is said to be connected in subtractive or negative polarity.

 Then put a check mark (✔) in the given table above if the transformer is in

additive or subtractive polarity.

For Turns Ratio

 List down the value of the voltages of primary voltage and secondary voltage.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of turns ratio by using the formula of

turns ratio. The primary voltage over the secondary voltage is directly proportional

to the primary number of turns over the secondary number of turns and inversely

proportional to the secondary current over the primary current.

𝑽𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒑 𝑰𝟐
𝒂 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = =
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒔 𝑰𝟏

CONCLUSION:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Open Circuit Test
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer

 To conduct standard open circuit tests in order to find the parameters of a single

phase distribution transformer.

 To determine also the value of the Iron loss.

 To obtain the losses from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To compare the output tests result in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:
Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Transformers also play an important role in the electrical power

system, it is imperative to conduct transformer testing on a regular basis. The goal of testing

is to confirm the transformer’s ability to continue functioning properly and to reduce the

chance of failure. One of these tests is the Open Circuit Test which is related to Core Loss

or the Iron loss.

 Example Circuit Diagram for Open Circuit Test

The other purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss and no-load

current I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0. One winding of the transformer –

whichever is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and other is

connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W, voltmeter V and

an ammeter A are connected in low voltage winding in the present case. With normal

voltage applied to the low voltage winding, normal flux will be set up in the iron core,

hence normal iron losses will occur which is recorded by wattmeter. As the no-load current

in low voltage winding is small, copper loss is negligibly small in low voltage winding and

nil in high voltage side. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss

under no-load condition.

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer
 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter
PROCEDURES:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST TRAINER

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Choose the testing type whether it is short or open

3. Choose what transformer type will be tested, whether brand new or reconditioned.

4. Click the red terminal of the MCB and first red terminal of the autotransformer,

then click connect.

5. Click the black terminal of the MCB and first black terminal of the

autotransformer, click connect.

6. Click the second red terminal of the autotransformer and the black terminal of

Ammeter 2, click connect. Connect also the Red terminal of ammeter 2 to S2.

7. Click the second black terminal of the autotransformer and S1, then connect.
 8. Click the second red terminal of autotransformer and red terminal of Voltmeter 2,

then connect. Connect also the black terminal of voltmeter 2 to second black

terminal of auto transformer.

9. Click the red terminal of ammeter 1 connect it to P1.

10. Click the black terminal of ammeter 1, connect to P2.

11. Click the red terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P1.

12. Click the black terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P2.

13. Connect M terminal to black terminal of Ammeter 1, short the terminal C and L,

L terminal connect it to P1, V terminal to ground.

14. Click Check connection, if connection is correct proceed to the next step, if not

click RESET, and try again.

15. Turn on the main switch by clicking (1), then turn on the MCB.

16. Click Simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Transformer Transformer VOC (Volts) IOC (Ampere) WOC (Watts)
Brand Rating (kVA)
1.

2.

3.

Open Circuit Test Results (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer VOC (Volts) IOC (Ampere) WOC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1.

2.
 3.

Open Circuit Test Results (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For software application testing
Transformer Transfor No- Working Magnetizing Exciting Exciting
Brand mer Load Component Component Resistance Reactan
Rating Power (Iw) (Im) (Ro) ce (Xo)
(kVA) Factor
1.

2.

3.

Parameters Computed Value (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transfor No- Working Magnetizing Exciting Exciting

Brand mer Load Component Component Resistance Reactan
Rating Power (Iw) (Im) (Ro) ce (Xo)
(kVA) Factor
1.

2.

3.

Parameters Computed Value (Reconditioned transformer)

 List down the values obtain in brand new and reconditioned transformer in open

circuit test.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of the different parameters by using the

formulas given below. Then put the computed parameters in the table above.
 Iron losses 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
No load power factor 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑽
𝒐 𝑰𝟎

𝑾𝒐
Working component of no load current 𝑰𝒘 = 𝒐𝒓
𝑽𝒐

𝑰𝒘 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Magnetizing component of no load current 𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝑽
For equivalent exciting resistance 𝑹𝒐 = 𝑰 𝒐
𝒘

𝑽𝐨
For equivalent exciting reactance 𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎

CONCLUSION:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Short Circuit Test
OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer

 To conduct standard short circuit tests in order to find the parameters of a single

phase distribution transformer.

 To determine also the value of the copper loss.

 To obtain the losses from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To compare the output tests result in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:

Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Transformers also play an important role in the electrical power

system, it is imperative to conduct transformer testing on a regular basis. The goal of testing

is to confirm the transformer’s ability to continue functioning properly and to reduce the

chance of failure. One of these methods or tests is the Short Circuit Test which is related

to copper loss.
 Example Circuit Diagram for Short Circuit Test

The purpose of this test is to determine full-load copper loss and equivalent

resistance and equivalent reactance. In this test, the terminals of low voltage winding are

short-circuited and variable voltage is applied to the high voltage side through an

autotransformer. The applied voltage is gradually increase till the ammeter A indicates the

full load current of the metering side. Since he applied voltages is very small and, therefore,

iron losses are so small that these can be neglected. Thus the power input gives the total

copper loss at rated load.

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter
PROCEDURES:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST TRAINER

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Choose the testing type whether it is short or open

3. Choose what transformer type will be tested, whether brand new or reconditioned.

4. Click the red terminal of the MCB and first red terminal of the autotransformer,

then click connect.

5. Click the black terminal of the MCB and first black terminal of the

autotransformer, click connect.

6. Click the second red terminal of the autotransformer and P1, click connect.

7. Click the second black terminal of the autotransformer and P2, click connect.

8. Click the red terminal of ammeter 1 connect it to P1.

9. Click the black terminal of ammeter 1, connect to P2.

10. Click the red terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P1.

11. Click the black terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P2.

 12. Connect M terminal to black terminal of Ammeter 1, short the terminal C and L,

L terminal connect it to P1, V terminal to ground.

13. Connect S1 to S2.

14. Click Check connection, if connection is correct proceed to the next step, if not

click RESET, and try again.

15. Turn on the main switch by clicking (1), then turn on the MCB.

16. Click Simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Transformer Transformer VSC (Volts) ISC (Ampere) WSC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1.

2.

3.

Short Circuit Test Results (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer VSC (Volts) ISC (Ampere) WSC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1.

2.

3.

Short Circuit Test Results (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For software application testing
Transformer Transformer Exciting Equivalent Exciting
Brand Rating (kVA) Resistance (RSC) Impedance (ZSC) Reactance (XSC)
1.

2.

3.

Parameters Computed Values (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer Exciting Equivalent Exciting

Brand Rating (kVA) Resistance (RSC) Impedance (ZSC) Reactance (XSC)
1.

2.

3.

Parameters Computed Values (Reconditioned transformer)

 List down the values obtained in brand new and reconditioned transformer in

short circuit test.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of the different parameters by using

the formulas given below. Then put the computed parameters in the table above.

Copper Loss 𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
For equivalent resistance 𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐

𝑽𝒔𝒄
For equivalent impedance 𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄

For equivalent reactance 𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Transformer Efficiency
OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer and how important an

efficiency is.

 To determine the efficiency from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To determine the value of efficiency by using the losses obtained values from

open circuit and short circuit test.

 To compare the efficiency done in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:

Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Energy efficient transformers are an important means to reduce

transmission and distribution loss. The efficiency of distribution transformer is defined

as the ratio between the output power to input power of the transformer at full load

condition, but in case of a distribution transformer, the concept is a little bit different as the
possibility of running a distribution transformer at its full load condition is nearly nil. A

transformer has mainly two types of losses, these are iron losses and copper losses. The

iron loss or core loss was obtained in open circuit test. The value of the copper loss can be

computed by the formula of I2R and can obtain in short circuit test. These two losses are

constant when the transformer is charged. That means the amount of these losses does not

depend upon the condition of secondary load of the transformer.

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power to the

input power. The input and output power are measured in the same unit either in Watts (W)

or Kilo Watts (kW). Transformer efficiency is denoted by Ƞ. The input power is equal to

the sum of output power and the losses (Iron losses and Copper losses).

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter

PROCEDURES:

1. Do the procedures in open circuit test to determine the core or Iron loss.

2. Check the wattmeter reading “Woc” which is the Iron loss.

3. Then record the value in the table given in data and results.

4. Do the procedures in short circuit test to determine the copper loss.

 5. Check the wattmeter reading “Wsc” which is the copper loss.

6. Then record also the value in the table given in data and result.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Transformer Transformer Iron Loss Copper loss Efficiency (η)
Brand Rating (kVA) (Wo) (Wsc)
1.
2.
3.

Losses Test Result (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer Iron Loss Copper loss Efficiency (η)
Brand Rating (kVA) (Wo) (Wsc)
1.
2.
3.
Losses Test Result (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For efficiency done in software application

 List down the value of losses obtained in open circuit and short circuit testing

from brand new transformer.

 List down the value of losses obtained in open circuit and short circuit testing

from reconditioned transformer.

 Compute the efficiency from the obtained value of losses by using the formula

below, and list the computed efficiency in the table above.

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analyses of the results, planning and development of

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software (DTTAS) and the diagnoses

made by the software in terms of its functionality and reliability.

4.1 Analyzation Of The Existing Single Phase Distribution Transformer Analyses

And Test Result Diagnose Report. Test result diagnose report were analyzed to

determine the tests done in the single phase distribution transformer before it is

energized.

Figure 4.1 presents a sample test result diagnose report of the single phase

distribution transformer. It is needed for the action for the development of the testing

analysis software.

Figure 4.1 Sample of Transformer Test Report

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |88
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.1 shows a sample of transformer test report. A typical transformer test

report includes the date tested, transformer brand, different ratings whether it is primary

voltage or secondary voltage, primary current or secondary current, number of bushing,

percentage impedances, rated currents, polarity, and frequency. Also, it has the standard

in each losses whether it is coreloss or the no-load loss, or copper loss or also known as

the load loss. As per turns-ratio, it is also indicated in the test report with the efficiency of

each transformer.

4.2 Software Design and Development

This section shall discuss about the designing and development of the Distribution

Transformer Testing and Analysis Software (DTTAS) considering its system requirements.

4.2.1 Software and System Requirements

4.2.1.1 Flowchart. The proponents prepared a flowchart to serve as the

basis of the reliability and functionality prior to the start of the operation of the software.

The flowchart also serves as the visual representation for the navigation of the software

and shows how the database is related with each other.

The figure 4.2 below presents the registration flow chart of the system.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |89
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.2 Registration Flowchart

Figure 4.2 shows the flowchart of registration. Upon starting the software, the user

will have a login credentials (username and password) wherein user will have to choose

between login and register. If the user is not registered yet, registration must be choose and

input all the necessary data need and if the user successfully registered, system will now

be ready for operation.

Below is the Figure 4.3 that presents the features of the DTTAS.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |90
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.3 System Features

Figure 4.4 shows the system features of the Distribution Transformer Testing and

Analysis Software (DTTAS). As the figure display, it has home wherein it allows the user

to go back to the main dashboard of the system, profile and settings that can edit the data

of the user and interface of the software, logout, the transformer overview, and the

transformer testing proper that includes the turns-ratio and polarity testing, and the open

and short circuit testing trainer with efficiency.

Figure 4.4 presents the flow chart of the main dashboard the system.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |91
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.4 Main Dashboard Flowchart

Figure 4.4 shows the Main Dashboard Flowchart of the system wherein the display

features located. The user will choose what activity will be done starting from choosing

whether the transformer overview will be choose or the user will proceed in the transformer

testing trainer proper. Also, if the user will have to do some changes in the profile, it can

also be accessed in the main dashboard as well as the settings of the interface.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |92
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.5 presents the Profile flowchart of the system.

Figure 4.5 Profile Flowchart

Profile flowchart as displayed on Figure 4.5 allows the user to display the username,

password, and other information required by the system. In this profile, the user can change

or edit some information so that it will be updated then go back to the main dashboard.

Figure 4.6 presents the Setting Flowchart of the system.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |93
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.6 Setting Flowchart

Figure 4.6 shows the flowchart of the settings. This setting flowchart allows the

user to change the setup of the interface and after changing something to meet the

comfortability of the user, it must be updated and it will automatically bring the user to

home or the main dashboard of the system.

Figure 4.7 presents the Transformer Overview flowchart.

Figure 4.7 Transformer Overview Flowchart

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |94
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.7 shows the Transformer Overview flowchart wherein the user can read

about the overview of transformers. It includes the definition of transformer, types of

transformers, formulas, different types of testing done before the energization, and video

links.

Figure 4.8 presents the Transformer Specification of the system.

Figure 4.8 Transformer Specification Flowchart

Figure 4.8 shows the Transformer Specification Flowchart. This flowchart show

how the user can add transformer, edit transformer, and delete transformer. This feature of

the system allows the user to input, edit or delete transformer’s information (voltages,

currents, frequency, and other information) then go back to the home page.
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.9 presents the Transformer Testing Trainer Flowchart.

Figure 4.9 Transformer Testing Trainer Flowchart

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |96
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

Figure 4.9 shows the Transformer Testing Trainer Flowchart, this is the flow of the

main transformer testing trainer. Wherein, the user will choose upon what testing will be

done, whether it is the turns ration and polarity test, or the open and short circuit trainer

with the efficiency. If the user choose the turns ratio and polarity testing trainer, it will

open right away and the user must choose whether it will perform a manual testing or

automatic testing. If the user will choose the manual testing, the user will input all the

parameters needed by the system and wires will be manually connected according to the

procedures, upon the completion of the connection and input parameters, user can now run

the system if there will no error. If the user chooses the automatic testing type, after

choosing the transformer brand and ratings, the user can automatically run the system and

display the proper connection. The next trainer will be the open and short circuit, wherein

the user will choose on what testing will be done, open or short then user must follow the

procedures on the connection of wires so that no errors will be detected. Efficiency will

only display when the both testing be done (open circuit and short circuit test) of the

system. After, the testing can be exported into the user profile and can be printed as well

after the simulation done.

System Requirements.

In order to have a smooth and satisfactory experience in using the DTTAS, the

following system requirements are needed:

o Hardware Specifications:

 Operating System: Windows 7 or Latest Version of Windows

 Processor: 2-3 gigahertz (GHz) of faster processor (Intel or AMD)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |97
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

 RAM: Minimum of 4 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 64-bit (Preferred

64-bit)

 Hard disk space: 32 GB for 32-bit OS or 40 GB for 64-bit OS

 Graphics card: Built-in or DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0

driver

 Display: Minimum of 1220 x 740 resolution.

o Software Specifications:

 MS ACCESS: For local database storage of data

 .NET Framework: Latest version

 MySQL .NET connector: 32-bit or 64bit (Depending on the OS

bit)

4.2.1.2 Programming Language. The proponents chose to use and utilize

C# and Visual Studio in the design and development process of the testing software. C#

is also the programming language that allows to create software interface and codes in an

easy to use graphical environment.

Moreover, the researchers followed a strategic method to establish a working

system. The process involves are presented herein:

1. Preparation of Data. Formulas used by the software application were gathered

from electrical standards, various studies and internet sources.

2. Software Modules. The software application has several parts which includes the

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |98
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

3. Integration of Data. The modules developed by each proponent were integrated

to create a complete testing software.

4. Testing and Evaluation. The proponents conducted various tests to determine if

the testing software is working successfully. If it didn’t perform successfully,

troubleshooting was conducted.

4.2.1.3 Graphical User Interface Design. The proponents designed the

GUI of the Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software to make the interaction

between a computer and the user possible in easiest way and also gives an experience that

it is in real life. Making it uncomplicated to explore around the system without the need to

learn complicated commands.

Figure 4.10 presents the Login form of the Distribution Transformer Testing and

Analysis Software (DTTAS).

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Figure 4. 10 Login Form

Figure 4.10 shows the login form. The login form will function as the usual form

found in many software, webpages, and other applications. It is also the first interface that

will be shown once the software was opened. Login form consist of two button, the Login

and Register.

1. Login. It is a set of credentials used to authenticate a user. This consist of a

username and password that once provided allows the user to gain access in the system.

2. Register. This command allows the user to add record or profile in the system.

Figure 4.11 presents the Registration form of the system.

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Figure 4.11 Registration Form

Figure 4.11 shows the registration form that will function to register user’s data.

This form is usually found in applications, software, and usually on social media sites. It

can be accessed only after a user logs in to the program.

The user will simply input the required data and should meet the requirements:

- Username is unique or doesn’t exist;

- The password is strong and match.

Figure 4.12 below presents the Main module of the system.

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Figure 4.12 Main Module

Figure 4.12 shows the Main Dashboard of the system. This GUI will give

the user an option whether to choose the transformer view or to proceed to the transformer

testing trainer. Also, the main dashboard includes the home, profile, results, and logout

button located on the lower right of the dashboard. Home Button that allows the user to go

back to the home screen any time. Logout button when once click, end the session of the

software. Lastly, the Logging out informs the computer or the software that the current user

wishes to end the log in session.

Figure 4.13 and Figure 4.14 presents the buttons indicated in the main module of

the system.
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Figure 4.13 Profile Button

The Profile button shown at Figure 4.13 displays the personal data associated with

a specific user. The digital representation of the identity of the user with respect to the

operating environment which is a software application. It contains personal data. The

Profile button enables the user to personalize or customize his/her data and certain features

for his/her needs.

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Figure 4.14 Result Button

In the Result button as shown in Figure 4.14, allows the user to look at the history

of activities done at the certain time.

Figure 4.15 presents the options when the user choose the transformer overview.

Figure 4.15 Transformer Overview Options

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Figure 4.15 shows the options under the Transformer overview in the main module.

It allows the users to choose whether transformer specification will be open or the

transformer overview which will allow the user to see all about the distribution transformer

and how it works that is respectively presented below, Figure 4.16 and Figure 4.17.

Figure 4.16 Transformer Specification

Figure 4.16 shows the transformer specification form. This form gives the user an

access to input the gathered data. The form includes transformer brand, ratings, primary

and secondary voltage, primary and secondary current, impedance, frequency and polarity,

so that the user can choose the specific transformer to be test or use in the virtual trainer.

Under this transformer specification, it gives the users three option:

1. Add Transformer. Adding of transformer will take place in this form. It has the

specification of the transformer including the different transformer brands wherein the user

can choose freely on what brand wanted to test. It also include the transformer ratings, the
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voltage and current of the primary and secondary windings, the impedance of the

transformer, frequency and the polarity.

2. Edit Transformer. The edit transformer form will allow the user to change or

correct the information. In this form, it will allow the user to change or correct the

information of the transformer. The form has also the specifications of different kind of

transformer brand, including the ratings, the voltage and current of the primary and

secondary winding, the impedance of the transformer, frequency and the polarity.

3. Delete Transformer. It allows the user to delete transformer data in the system.

Figure 4.17 Transformer Overview

Figure 4.17 shows the window of Transformer Overview. In this section, the

software provides overview of the transformer that includes the definition of the

transformer itself, construction of a transformer, working principles of the transformer, and

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different types of the transformer. This section give the user the summary of the subject for

them to quickly and effectively understand the basics of the transformer. Also, in the end

of this section, it will proceed to the transformer testing trainer proper.

Figure 4.18 presents the Transformer Testing Trainer proper.

Figure 4.18 Transformer Testing Trainer Options

Figure 4.18 shows the two options on what testing will be done by the user, whether

it is the Turns ratio and Polarity testing or the Open and Short circuit test and Efficiency.

The display of the two trainers will be presented respectively below, Figure 4.19 and Figure

4.20.
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Figure 4.19 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing Trainer

Figure 4.19 shows the Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing Trainer, wherein the user

will have two type of testing options:

1. Automatic Testing. This testing allows the users to have an automatic testing,

when selected, after choosing the transformer brand and ratings, user will simply click the

simulate button and the system and the connection of wires will be connected

automatically.

2. Manual Testing. This testing option gives the user to manually input the primary

voltage and secondary voltage. Also, user will manually connect the wires of the trainer

correctly in order to start the testing, if the user failed to meet the conditions, system will

not be able to start the testing.

After the testing, user will have an option to save the result.
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Figure 4.20 Open and Short Circuit Testing Trainer

Figure 4.20 shows the second trainer of the system which allows the user to do the

Open and Short Circuit test with efficiency. The first step will be the choosing of the

transformer brand, ratings, testing type whether open and short, and the transformer type

whether it will be a brand new transformer or a reconditioned one. The user should meet

the condition of the connection of the trainer to be able to run the system. Procedure on the

right side displays the proper steps for the connection on each steps.

Note that two nodes can only be connected at a time in the both trainer and all

testing done can be save on the user’s profile result.

Figure 4.21 presents the result form of the testing and analysis software.
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Figure 4.21 Result Form

Figure 4.21 shows the result form, it allows the user to see the summary of the

parameters on each testing done by the user and when it is tested. It will also give the user

to export it into pdf form to be able to be printed when it is needed. This interface appears

and displays the result of the simulation. It shows the input values and the simulated values.

4.2.1.4 Software Attributes. The proponents designed the Distribution

Transformer Testing and Analysis Software with results that are as close to reality as

possible. A Software system that can be adapted to run on computers and its reliability and

functionality of the function on the specified time.

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4.3 Evaluation of the Performance of the Software Application. This section discusses

the result in using the Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software under the

following cases:

Case 1: Using brand new transformer rating related to residential only.

Case 2: Using reconditioned transformer rating related to residential only.

Case 3: Comparison of the software application and actual transformer testing

and analysis.

Case 1: Using brand new transformer rating related to residential only.

Figure 4.22 and Figure 4.23 presents the testing done on the brand new transformer

under the Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing, and Open and Short Circuit Testing with

Efficiency.
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Figure 4.22 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing (brand new)

Figure 4.22 shows the Turns ratio and polarity testing on the brand new transformer

where the simulated values are 240 V for Voltmeter 1, 248 for Voltmeter 2, and the turns

ration is equal to 32.

Figure 4.23 Open and Short Circuit Trainer with Efficiency (Brand new)

Figure 4.23 shows the result from the testing done on the trainer of Open and Short

Circuit Trainer with Efficiency of the brand new transformer. It recorded the following

data:

Psc= 120 W Poc= 36 W Efficiency= 0.98 or 98 %

Isc= 1.31 A Ioc= 0.17 A

Vsc= 152.40 V Voc=240 V

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Figure 4.24 and Figure 4.25 presents the testing done on the Reconditioned

transformer under the Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing, and Open and Short Circuit Testing

with Efficiency.

Case 2: Using reconditioned transformer rating related to residential only.

Figure 4.24 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing (Reconditioned)

Figure 4.24 shows the Turns ratio and polarity testing on the Reconditioned

transformer where the simulated values are 240 V for Voltmeter 1, 248 for Voltmeter 2,

and the turns ration is equal to 32.

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Figure 4.25 Open and Short Circuit Trainer with Efficiency (Reconditioned)

Figure 4.25 shows the result from the testing done on the trainer of Open and Short

Circuit Trainer with Efficiency of the Reconditioned transformer. It recorded the following

data:

Psc= 180 W Poc= 58 W Efficiency= 0.98 or 98 %

Isc= 1.31 A Ioc= 0.88 A

Vsc= 152.40 V Voc=240 V

Case 3: Comparison of the software application and actual transformer testing and

analysis.
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Table 4.1 Comparison Table of the Software Application and Actual Transformer

Software Application Actual Transformer

Brand
Brand New Reconditioned Reconditioned
New

Psc 120 W 180 W 99 W 110 W

Isc 1.31 A 1.31 A 1.31 A 1.31 A

Vsc 152. 40 V 152. 40 V 152. 40A 152. 40A

Poc 36 W 58 W 34 W 57 W

Ioc 0.17 A 0.88 A 0.48 A 0.491 A

Voc 240 V 240 V 240 V 240 V

Efficiency 98 % 98 % 98.68% 98.33%

Table 4.1 shows the result of the simulated data of the brand new transformer and

reconditioned transformer compared to its data on the actual transformer.

4.4. Software Testing. This section discusses the testing of the simulation software of the

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis Software (DTTAS). It includes the

Functionality Test and Reliability Test.

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4.4.1 Functionality and Reliability Testing. These testing verifies that each

function of the software application operates smoothly and to make sure the software is

dependable and it will give the same outcome every time.

Figure 4.26 Registration Form (Successful)

Figure 4.26 shows the Registration form, this is where the user creates and meet the

conditions of the following: username, and password.

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Figure 4.27 Main Module

Figure 4.28 shows the Main module, it appears once the user login in the software.

Figure 4.28 Profile Button

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Figure 4.28 shows the profile form, this allows the user to make changes in the

information. Once all the changes are saved, the user can go back to the system module in

order to select the testing needed.

Figure 4.29 Dialog box upon saving

Figure 4.29 shows the dialog box once the user has completed the testing done in

the software.
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Figure 4.30 Result Window

4.4.1.1 Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing. These testing will show if the

software testing trainer will be able to indicate the proper connection and computation

guided by the actual testing of the transformer before energization.

The testing was done by using the laboratory experiment of the software shown

below.
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Turns Ratio and Polarity Test
OBJECTIVES:
 To perform polarity and turns ratio test on a single phase distribution transformer

using software trainer.

 To know the polarity of a single phase distribution transformer whether it is

additive or subtractive.

 To determine the polarity and turns ratio by using basic computations of the obtain

parameters.

DISCUSSION:
Transformer Polarity refers to the relative direction of the induced voltages

between the high voltage terminals and the low voltage terminals. During the AC half-

cycle when the applied voltage (or current in the case of a current transformer) is from H1

to H2 the secondary induced voltage direction will be from X1 to X2. Polarity means the

direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary winding of the

transformer. If the two transformers are connected in parallel, then the polarity should be

known for the proper connection of the transformer. There are two types of polarity one

is Additive, and another is Subtractive.

Additive Polarity: In additive polarity, the same terminals of the primary and the

secondary windings of the transformer are connected.

Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity, different terminals of the primary and

secondary side of the transformer is connected.

 Transformer turns ratio is the number of turns of the primary winding divided by

the number of turns of the secondary coil. The transformer turns ratio provides the expected

operation of the transformer and the corresponding voltage required on the secondary

winding. The turns ratio of a transformer therefore defines the transformer as step up or

step-down. Transformers are all about “ratios”. The ratio of the primary to the secondary,

the ratio of the input to the output, and the turns ratio of any given transformer will be the

same as its voltage ratio. In other words for a transformer: “turns ratio = voltage ratio”.

MATERIALS:
- Tester high voltage test lead

- Tester low voltage test lead

- Single phase distribution transformer diagam

- Digital keypad

PROCEDURES:

Turns Ratio and Polarity Testing Trainer

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.
2. Choose the testing type (Manual or Automatic)
3. If manual testing, click the + sign to input whether the primary voltage or secondary
voltage. Then click go.
4. Click the red terminal of the voltmeter 1 and h1 then click connect.
5. Click the red terminal of the voltmeter 2 and h1 then click connect.
6. Click the black terminal of the voltmeter 1 and h2 then click connect.
7. Clock the X1 terminal and h2 terminal, then connect.
8. Click the black terminal of voltmeter 2 and x2, then connect.
If automatic testing is selected,
1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.
2. Click go, then simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Polarity
Transformer Ratings V1 V2
Brand
Additive Subtractive
1.EVERPOWER 10 240 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽 ✓

2.EVERPOWER 50 240 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽 ✓

3.EVERPOWER 100 240 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽 ✓

POLARITY TEST RESULTS

Ratings P1 S2 Turns Ratio

Transformer Brand

1.EVERPOWER 10 7620 240 31.75

2.EVERPOWER 50 7620 240 31.75

3.EVERPOWER 100 7620 240 31.75

VALUES FOR TURNS RATIO

ACTIVITIES:
For Polarity Test

 List down the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1, and V2.

 V1 is the injected voltage in the software trainer, if the value of V2 is higher than

the value of V1 then the transformer is said to be in additive polarity.

 Then compute the additional voltage that added in the injected voltage for the

proof that the transformer is in additive polarity.

 V1 is the injected voltage in the software trainer, if the value of V2 is lower than

the value of V1 then the transformer is said to be in subtractive polarity.

 Then compute the voltage that subtract in the injected voltage for the proof that

the transformer is in subtractive polarity.

 If the value of V2 shows the sum of the value of V1 and VComputed that is V2 =

V1+VComputed the transformer is said to be connected in additive polarity.

 If the value of V2 is the difference of the values of V1 and Vcomputed, then the

transformer is said to be connected in subtractive or negative polarity.

 Then put a check mark (✔) in the given table above if the transformer is in

additive or subtractive polarity.

For Turns Ratio

 List down the value of the voltages of primary voltage and secondary voltage.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of turns ratio by using the formula of

turns ratio. The primary voltage over the secondary voltage is directly proportional

to the primary number of turns over the secondary number of turns and inversely

proportional to the secondary current over the primary current.

 𝑽𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒑 𝑰𝟐
 𝒂 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝑽 = =
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒔 𝑰𝟏

SIMULATION:

@10 KVA (Brand New)

@10 KVA (Reconditioned)

@50 KVA (Brand New)

@50 KVA (Reconditioned)

@100 KVA (Brand New)

@100 KVA (Reconditioned)

MANUAL COMPUTATION:

TURNS RATIO

For 10kVA, 50kVA and 100kVA

𝑽𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒑 𝑰𝟐
𝒂 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = =
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑵𝒔 𝑰𝟏

By using Primary and Secondary Voltage

𝑽𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚

𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽

𝟏𝟐𝟕
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟓
𝟒

Polarity Test

For 10kVA, 50kVA and 100kVA

As we can see the voltage in voltmeter 1 is 240V and in voltmeter 2 is 248. The

voltage increases, then the transformer polarity is said to be Additive.

𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝑽𝑨𝒅𝒅 =
𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑽𝑨𝒅𝒅 =
𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟓
 𝑽𝑨𝒅𝒅 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽

For the value of V2,

𝑉2 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅

𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 + 𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽

𝑉2 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑽 (ADDITIVE)

CONCLUSION:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Open Circuit Test
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer

 To conduct standard open circuit tests in order to find the parameters of a single

phase distribution transformer.

 To determine also the value of the Iron loss.

 To obtain the losses from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To compare the output tests result in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:
Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Transformers also play an important role in the electrical power

system, it is imperative to conduct transformer testing on a regular basis. The goal of testing

is to confirm the transformer’s ability to continue functioning properly and to reduce the

chance of failure. One of these tests is the Open Circuit Test which is related to Core Loss

or the Iron loss.

 Example Circuit Diagram for Open Circuit Test

The other purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss and no-load

current I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0. One winding of the transformer –

whichever is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and other is

connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W, voltmeter V and

an ammeter A are connected in low voltage winding in the present case. With normal

voltage applied to the low voltage winding, normal flux will be set up in the iron core,

hence normal iron losses will occur which is recorded by wattmeter. As the no-load current

in low voltage winding is small, copper loss is negligibly small in low voltage winding and

nil in high voltage side. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss

under no-load condition.

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer
  Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter

PROCEDURES:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST TRAINER

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Choose the testing type whether it is short or open
3. Choose what transformer type will be tested, whether brand new or
reconditioned.
4. Click the red terminal of the MCB and first red terminal of the
autotransformer, then click connect.
5. Click the black terminal of the MCB and first black terminal of the
autotransformer, click connect.
6. Click the second red terminal of the autotransformer and the black terminal of
Ammeter 2, click connect. Connect also the Red terminal of ammeter 2 to S2.
7. Click the second black terminal of the autotransformer and S1, then connect.
8. Click the second red terminal of autotransformer and red terminal of
Voltmeter 2, then connect. Connect also the black terminal of voltmeter 2 to
second black terminal of auto transformer.
9. Click the red terminal of ammeter 1 connect it to P1.
10. Click the black terminal of ammeter 1, connect to P2.
11. Click the red terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P1.
12. Click the black terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P2.
 13. Connect M terminal to black terminal of Ammeter 1, short the terminal C and
L, L terminal connect it to P1, V terminal to ground.
14. Click Check connection, if connection is correct proceed to the next step, if
not click RESET, and try again.
15. Turn on the main switch by clicking (1), then turn on the MCB.
16. Click Simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Transformer Transformer VOC (Volts) IOC (Ampere) WOC (Watts)
Brand Rating (kVA)
1. EVERPOWER 10 240 0.1764705882 36
2. EVERPOWER 50 240 0.6617470594 135
3. EVERPOWER 100 240 1.029411765 210
Open Circuit Test Results (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer VOC (Volts) IOC (Ampere) WOC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1. EVERPOWER 10 240 0.2843137225 58
2. EVERPOWER 50 240 0.818627451 167
3. EVERPOWER 100 240 2.176470588 444
Open Circuit Test Results (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For software application testing
Transformer Transfor No- Working Magnetizing Exciting Exciting
Brand mer Load Component Component Resistance Reactan
Rating Power (Iw) (Im) (Ro) ce (Xo)
(kVA) Factor
1. EVER- 10 0.85 0.15 0.09296165 1600 2581.70
POWER 076 9748
2. EVER- 50 0.85 0.5625 0.34860619 426.66666 688.455
POWER 04 67 9329
3. EVER- 100 0.85 0.875 0.54227629 274.28571 442.578
POWER 61 43 814
Parameters Computed Value (Brand new transformer)
Transformer Transfor No- Working Magnetizing Exciting Exciting
Brand mer Load Component Component Resistance Reactan
Rating Power (Iw) (Im) (Ro) ce (Xo)
(kVA) Factor
1. EVER- 10 0.85 0.2416666
0.14977154 993.10344 1602.44
POWER 667 84 83 0534
2. EVER- 50 0.85 0.6958333
0.43123876 344.91017 556.536
POWER 333 88 96 2332
3. EVER- 100 0.85 1.85 1.14652702 129.72972 209.327
POWER 6 97 8174
Parameters Computed Value (Reconditioned transformer)

 List down the values obtain in brand new and reconditioned transformer in open

circuit test.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of the different parameters by using the

formulas given below. Then put the computed parameters in the table above.

SIMULATION:

@10 KVA (Brand New)

@10KVA (Reconditioned)

@50 KVA (Brand new)

@50 KVA (Reconditioned)

@100KVA (Brand new)

@100KVA (Reconditioned)

MANUAL COMPUTATIONS:

For Open Circuit Test parameters

(10kVA - Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟑𝟔𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
 𝑰𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟐A

For working component of no load current

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟑𝟔𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑨

Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟐 𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝐀

For equivalent exciting resistance

𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟖𝛺
(50kVA - Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑰𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟗A

For working component of no load current

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓𝑨
Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟗𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝐀
For equivalent exciting resistance
𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟔𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟐𝟗𝛺

(100kVA - Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟐𝟏𝟎𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑰𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓A
For working component of no load current
𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟐𝟏𝟎𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝑨
Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟏𝐀

For equivalent exciting resistance

𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟏 𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟒𝛺
For Reconditioned Transformer
(10kVA - Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟓𝟖𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑰𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟓A

For working component of no load current

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟓𝟖𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕𝑨
Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟓𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝐀
For equivalent exciting resistance
𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟗𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟏𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟒𝛺

(50kVA – Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑰𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟏A
For working component of no load current
𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑨
Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟏𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝐀

For equivalent exciting resistance

𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟔𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟐𝛺
(100kVA – Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Voc (Voltmeter reading) and Woc (Wattmeter

reading), compute the value of no load current components.

Computing the value of Io

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑾𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐 𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑵𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒐 𝑰 𝟎

Note: Standard power factor is 0.85 which is equal to 𝑐𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝟎 =
𝑽𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝐖
𝑰𝟎 =
(𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑰𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 A

For working component of no load current

𝑾𝒐
𝑰𝒘 =
𝑽𝒐
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝐖
𝑰𝒘 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝑨
Magnetizing component of no load current

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚

𝑰𝒎 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑰𝒎 = (𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖𝐀)𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟐˚)
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟔𝐀
For equivalent exciting resistance
𝑽𝒐
𝑹𝒐 =
𝑰𝒘
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑹𝒐 =
𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝑨
𝑹𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟕𝛺
For equivalent exciting reactance
𝑽𝐨
𝑿𝒐 =
𝑰𝒎
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝑿𝒐 =
𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟔𝐀
𝑿𝒐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟒𝛺
CONCLUSION:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Short Circuit Test
OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer

 To conduct standard short circuit tests in order to find the parameters of a single

phase distribution transformer.

 To determine also the value of the copper loss.

 To obtain the losses from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To compare the output tests result in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:

Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Transformers also play an important role in the electrical power

system, it is imperative to conduct transformer testing on a regular basis. The goal of testing

is to confirm the transformer’s ability to continue functioning properly and to reduce the

chance of failure. One of these methods or tests is the Short Circuit Test which is related

to copper loss.
 Example Circuit Diagram for Short Circuit Test

The purpose of this test is to determine full-load copper loss and equivalent

resistance and equivalent reactance. In this test, the terminals of low voltage winding are

short-circuited and variable voltage is applied to the high voltage side through an

autotransformer. The applied voltage is gradually increase till the ammeter A indicates the

full load current of the metering side. Since he applied voltages is very small and, therefore,

iron losses are so small that these can be neglected. Thus the power input gives the total

copper loss at rated load.

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter
PROCEDURES:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST TRAINER

1. Choose what transformer brand and ratings will be tested.

2. Choose the testing type whether it is short or open

3. Choose what transformer type will be tested, whether brand new or

reconditioned.

4. Click the red terminal of the MCB and first red terminal of the

autotransformer, then click connect.

5. Click the black terminal of the MCB and first black terminal of the

autotransformer, click connect.

6. Click the second red terminal of the autotransformer and P1, click connect.

7. Click the second black terminal of the autotransformer and P2, click connect.

8. Click the red terminal of ammeter 1 connect it to P1.

9. Click the black terminal of ammeter 1, connect to P2.

10. Click the red terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P1.

 11. Click the black terminal of Voltmeter 1, connect to P2.

12. Connect M terminal to black terminal of Ammeter 1, short the terminal C and

L, L terminal connect it to P1, V terminal to ground.

13. Connect S1 to S2.

14. Click Check connection, if connection is correct proceed to the next step, if

not click RESET, and try again.

15. Turn on the main switch by clicking (1), then turn on the MCB.

16. Click Simulate.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Transformer Transformer VSC (Volts) ISC (Ampere) WSC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1.EVERPOWER 10 152.4 1.312335958 120

2.EVERPOWER 50 152.4 6.56167979 500

3.EVERPOWER 100 152.4 13.12335958 850

Short Circuit Test Results (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer VSC (Volts) ISC (Ampere) WSC (Watts)

Brand Rating (kVA)
1.EVERPOWER 10 152.4 1.312335958 180

2.EVERPOWER 50 152.4 6.56167979 506

3.EVERPOWER 100 152.4 13.12335958 900

Short Circuit Test Results (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For software application testing
Transformer Transformer Exciting Equivalent Exciting
Brand Rating (kVA) Resistance (RSC) Impedance (ZSC) Reactance (XSC)
1.EVERPOWER 10 69.67728 116.1288 92.90304
2.EVERPOWER 50 11.161288 23.22576 20.11409818
3.EVERPOWER 100 4.935474 11.61288 10.51190174
Parameters Computed Values (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer Exciting Equivalent Exciting

Brand Rating (kVA) Resistance (RSC) Impedance (ZSC) Reactance (XSC)
1.EVERPOWER 10 104.51592 116.1288 50.61937036
2.EVERPOWER 50 11.75223456 23.22576 20.03299554
3.EVERPOWER 100 5.225796 11.61288 10.37063345
Parameters Computed Values (Reconditioned transformer)

 List down the values obtained in brand new and reconditioned transformer in

short circuit test.

 From the obtain values, compute the value of the different parameters by using

the formulas given below. Then put the computed parameters in the table above.

SIMULATION:

@10 KVA (Brand New)

@10 KVA (Reconditioned)

@50KVA (Brand New)

@50 KVA (Reconditioned)

@100 KVA (Brand new)

@100 KVA (Reconditioned)

MANUAL COMPUTATION

For 10kVA (Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.

𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨

For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟖Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
For equivalent impedance
𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖Ω

For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟖𝛀)𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝛀

For 50kVA (Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.

𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨
For equivalent resistance
 𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄
𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕

For equivalent impedance

𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨
𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔Ω

For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝛀)𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟖𝛀
For 100kVA (Brand New Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.
 𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨

For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
𝟖𝟓𝟎𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟒.935474Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕

For equivalent impedance

𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖Ω
For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟒𝛀)𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟒Ω
For 10kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.

𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕

For equivalent impedance

𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖Ω
For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

 𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐𝛀)𝟐
𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟔𝛀

For 50kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.

𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨
For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟔𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
For equivalent impedance
𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝑨)𝟐
 𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔Ω

For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟔𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝛀)𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟒𝛀

For 100kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

After obtaining the value of Vsc (Voltmeter reading) and Wsc (Wattmeter reading),

compute the values of the equivalent resistance, impedance and the reactance.

𝐤𝐕𝐚 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝐕𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑰𝒔𝒄 =
𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
For equivalent resistance

𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒄

𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟐
𝟗𝟎𝟎𝐖
𝑹𝒔𝒄 =
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨)𝟐
𝑹𝒔𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟔Ω

For computing the value of Vsc, standard percent impedance is given which is 2.0.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝑽𝟏 (%𝒁)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = (𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟎𝐕)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)
𝑽𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
 For equivalent impedance
𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝐕
𝒁𝒔𝒄 =
𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟖𝑨
𝒁𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖Ω
For equivalent reactance

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝒁𝒔𝒄 )𝟐 − (𝑹𝒔𝒄 )𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = √(𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝛀)𝟐 − (𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟔𝛀)𝟐

𝑿𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟓Ω

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Transformer Efficiency
OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the basic working principle of a transformer and how important an

efficiency is.

 To determine the efficiency from brand new and reconditioned transformer

 To determine the value of efficiency by using the losses obtained values from

open circuit and short circuit test.

 To compare the efficiency done in software application and actual transformer

testing and analysis.

DISCUSSION:

Transformers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life. It is equipment

that supplies electricity to both local and commercial properties. Transformers plays a vital

role in the distribution system, generally it is used in transmission network for stepping

down the voltage level. Energy efficient transformers are an important means to reduce

transmission and distribution loss. The efficiency of distribution transformer is defined

as the ratio between the output powers to input power of the transformer at full load

condition, but in case of a distribution transformer, the concept is a little bit different as the

possibility of running a distribution transformer at its full load condition is nearly nil. A

transformer has mainly two types of losses, these are iron losses and copper losses. The

iron loss or core loss was obtained in open circuit test. The value of the copper loss can be

computed by the formula of I2R and can obtain in short circuit test. These two losses are
constant when the transformer is charged. That means the amount of these losses does not

depend upon the condition of secondary load of the transformer.

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power to the

input power. The input and output power are measured in the same unit either in Watts (W)

or Kilo Watts (kW). Transformer efficiency is denoted by Ƞ. The input power is equal to

the sum of output power and the losses (Iron losses and Copper losses).

MATERIALS:

 Single Phase Transformer with different brand and ratings

 MCB

 Autotransformer

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Wattmeter

PROCEDURES:

1. Do the procedures in open circuit test to determine the core or Iron

loss.

2. Check the wattmeter reading “Woc” which is the Iron loss.

3. Then record the value in the table given in data and results.

4. Do the procedures in short circuit test to determine the copper loss.

5. Check the wattmeter reading “Wsc” which is the copper loss.

6. Then record also the value in the table given in data and result.
DATA AND RESULTS:
Transformer Transformer Iron Loss Copper loss Efficiency (η)
Brand Rating (kVA) (Wo) (Wsc)
1.EVERPOWER 10 36 120 𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗%

2.EVERPOWER 50 135 500 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑%

3.EVERPOWER 100 210 850 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟓%

Losses Test Result (Brand new transformer)

Transformer Transformer Iron Loss Copper loss Efficiency (η)
Brand Rating (kVA) (Wo) (Wsc)
1.EVERPOWER 10 58 180 𝟗𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟏%

2.EVERPOWER 50 167 506 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓𝟒%

3.EVERPOWER 100 444 900 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟏%

Losses Test Result (Reconditioned transformer)

ACTIVITIES:
For efficiency done in software application

 List down the value of losses obtained in open circuit and short circuit testing

from brand new transformer.

 List down the value of losses obtained in open circuit and short circuit testing

from reconditioned transformer.

 Compute the efficiency from the obtained value of losses by using the formula

below, and list the computed efficiency in the table above.

SIMULATION:

@10KVA (Brand New)

@10KVA (Reconditioned)
@50 KVA (Brand New)

@50KVA (Reconditioned)
@100KVA (Brand new)

@100KVA (Reconditioned)
MANUAL COMPUTATION

After obtaining the value of the Iron and Copper loss, compute the value of the

efficiency.

FOR BRAND NEW TRANSFORMER

For the efficiency of 10kVA (Brand New)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟗%

For the efficiency of 50kVA (Brand New)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑%
For the efficiency of 100kVA (Brand New)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐𝟏𝟎 + 𝟖𝟓𝟎

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟓%

FOR RECONDITIONED TRANSFORMER

For the efficiency of 10kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟓𝟖 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟏%

For the efficiency of 50kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
 𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝟕 + 𝟓𝟎𝟔

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟓𝟒%

For the efficiency of 100kVA (Reconditioned Transformer)

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 + 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝛈= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟗𝟎𝟎

𝛈 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟏%

CONCLUSION:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the researchers’ findings, conclusions, and recommendations

based on the study.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The following were the findings obtained after the evaluation of the Software of

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analyses:

1. The researchers designed and developed a stand-alone software application, DTTAS, for

Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis that has the ability to perform different

transformer testing such as turns ratio and polarity test, open and short circuit test and

efficiency. The simulation software was capable to evaluate and compute the necessary

parameters as for the open circuit test which is the no-load loss or core loss which is helpful

in finding other no-load components such as the working and

magnetizing component of no load current, together its equivalent exciting reactance and

resistance, for the short circuit test parameters is the load copper loss, together with the

short circuit voltage (Vsc) and full load current (Isc) that injected in the low side of the

transformer, and helpful in finding the other parameters such as the equivalent resistance

and equivalent reactance. The software automatically computes the inputted values needed

to in the system to have accurate and reliable values. Consequently, the software generates

and shows the errors if the inputted data is not correct in the system and have procedures

as a good or an explanation to help the user understand the principle behind the system.

The software was also capable of providing a specifications such as the transformer brands,

kVA ratings, frequency, percent impedance, voltages, and with manual and automatic test
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |170
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

in the software, the software also have an overview about the concepts of transformer how

its function and for what are the tests for, which provides an easy way for understanding

the principle or objectives of this laboratory test.

Likewise in values of test results in different tests, the software computes the

inputted data according to the set value of parameters based on the standards provided by

the Philippine Distribution Code (PDC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) formula and standards given by the National Electrification Administration (NEA).

Moreover, the software would give an output shows in the voltmeters, ammeters and the

wattmeter results after the test is done. This would help the user to analyze how to compute

the others parameters base on the result given by the test in the software. The software was

integrated with a save command to retrieve on what test that performed and have a show

result test that shows the output values on a specific test performed and also the software

has a generate command that would convert a report in pdf form. All the data that was

simulated was saved in the software’s database which could be reviewed if needed.

2. The researchers designed the software’s graphical user interface (GUI) to make the

interaction as simple, intuitive, and efficient as possible. The researchers used

programming languages, database development and management tool, and programming

software that would give an output that corresponds to the set design. The Genetic

Algorithm was incorporated as an artificial intelligence used in selecting the appropriate

values over a number of solutions based on their quality to end up with the desired or

acceptable solution.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |171
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

3. The researchers used the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) formula

and standards given by the National Electrification Administration (NEA) and Philippine

Distribution Code (PDC) to ensure that each computation is as accurate as possible. Also,

the results were guided by the test result of the single phase distribution transformer testing

from the BATELEC II Electric Cooperative Inc.

4. Several tests were conducted to determine the software's usability and usefulness. The

functional test was carried out by the researchers to ensure that the software system met

the functional criteria or specifications. Each command from the interface was put to the

test to check if it performed as expected. A reliability test was undertaken in addition to the

functional test to see if the result was consistently attained using the same procedures under

the same conditions. The result demonstrates that the software's output was nearly identical

to the manual calculation.

5.2 Conclusions

Based on the findings, the proponents concluded that:

1. The software for Distribution Transformer Testing and Analysis performed well in

analyzing and diagnosing existing single phase distribution transformer analysis

and test results. The virtual trainer program was also useful in determining the

single phase transformer's efficiency and how it influences the system's

performance. The program displayed a precise connection from the primary

bushing to the secondary bushing.

2. The results of various tests revealed that this software for distribution transformer

testing and analysis was working properly in accordance with the system design
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL TRAINER - Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis, |172
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER TESTING AND And Interpretation of Data
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (DTTAS)
Ani, EJ M., Magnaye, E P., Suarez, JP B.

and specifications. The software produced a result that was nearly identical to the

manual calculation. As a result, the software is suitable for individuals to use as a

virtual laboratory for various transformer testing.

5. 3 Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion, the researchers recommend the following:

1. The researchers recommend that new technologies be used in software

development for better and faster database administration that can adjust or

accommodate to the needs of the user and developer while avoiding the high

hardware costs and complicated implementation associated with existing systems.

2. The researchers also suggest that the software's interoperability be improved,

allowing it to be integrated with word processors to modify model files and create

input data files with a command.

3. The researchers also recommend that the database have greater memory capacity

for more robust information management, which will improve control over data

entry and maintenance of the database's contents.

4. In addition, the software should be able to connect to a web server that holds shared

data and allows multiple users to simulate at the same time.

5. The researchers also recommend that it will have an additional

voltage rating on primary voltage

APPENDIX A
(LETTERS)
Figure A.1 Letter of Request
APPENDIX B
(Test Report)
Figure B.1 10KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.2 15KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.3 25KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.4 37.5KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.5 50KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.6 75KVA Transformer Test Report

Figure B.7 100KVA Transformer Test Report
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 CURRICULUM VITAE

ANI, ELLAYNE JOY MACARAIG

Maalbo, Dela Paz Proper, Batangas City
09465637414
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname : Ellayne
Date of Birth : November 26, 1998
Age : 21 years old
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
2017 – Present

General Engineering
Batangas State University
Rizal Avenue, BatangasCity
2015-2017

Secondary Pedro S. Tolentino Memorial Integrated School

Ilijan, Batangas City
2011 - 2015

Elementary Dela Paz Proper Elementary School

Dela Paz Proper, Batangas City
2005 – 2011

CURRICULUM VITAE
MAGNAYE, ELDREIN PANGANIBAN
Balibago, Lobo, Batangas
09462272805
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname : Ode
Date of Birth : August 26, 1998
Age : 22 years old
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Male

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
2017 – Present

General Engineering
Batangas State University
Lemery, Batangas
2015-2017

Secondary Balibago-Biga National High School

Balibago, Lobo, Batangas
2011 - 2015

Elementary Balibago, Elementary, School

Balibago, Lobo, Batangas
2005 - 2011
CURRICULUM VITAE
SUAREZ, JAMES PHILIP B.
532 Butong, Taal Batangas
09559257874
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname : James
Date of Birth : January 04, 1998
Age : 22 years old
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Male

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
2017 – Present

General Engineering
Batangas State University
Lemery, Batangas
2015-2017

Secondary Gov. F. Leviste Memorial National High Scool

Lemery- Batangas
2011 - 2015

Elementary St. Jerome International School

Lemery, Batangas
2005 - 2011