PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1) A prestressed concrete simply supported beam of span 6m has a rectangular
cross-section 300 x 600 mm and unit weight 24 kN/m3. The resultant prestressing
tendon has zero eccentricity at ends and an eccentricity ‘e’ at midspan and has a
linear profile. Under initial condition, the allowable stresses are 20 N/mm2 in
compression and 2 N/mm2 in tension. Using this condition, determine the
prestressing force ‘P’ and the eccentricity ‘e’ at midspan. The imposed loading is a
single concentrated load W at midspan and the tendon undergoes loss in prestress
of 25%. Determine ‘W’ if the final allowable stress in compression and tension are
not to exceed 15 N/mm2 and 1 N/mm2 respectively.
2) Find the extreme fibre stresses for the given cases
Prestressed concrete section = 300 mm x 450 mm
Span = 10m
Prestress = 1000 N/mm2
Area of cable = 200 mm2
Live load on the beam = 10 kN/m
a) Concentric tendon
b) Eccentric straight tendon with an eccentricity of 75 mm
c) Bent tendon with zero eccentricity at support and 50 mm eccentricity at
midspan
d) Parabolic tendon with zero eccentricity at supports and 60 mm eccentricity
at midspan
3) A post-tensioned beam 250 x 400 mm deep is prestressed by 12 wires of 7 mm
diameter initially stressed to 1200 N/mm2. The cable profile is parabolic with zero
eccentricity at supports and 120 mm at the center. The span of the beam is 10m.
Estimate the loss in prestress due to various forces and the percentage loss for the
following data. Grade of concrete M40, Es = 210 kN/mm2, Shrinkage strain =
3x10-4, Relaxation of stress in steel = 4%, Creep coefficient = 1.6, Coefficient of
friction between cable and duct is 0.55, Wave effect 0.0015/m length, Anchorage
slip = 3mm. Take Ec = 5700√fck in N/mm2.
4) An I-shaped prestressed concrete beam spanning 30m has an effective prestress
(just after transfer) of 3000kN at an eccentricity of 75 mm at midspan cross-
section. Calculate the stresses at midspan and in the extreme fibres. Given the
following data:
Area of cross-section = 0.42 m2
Moment of inertia = 0.1433 m4
Height of beam = 1600 mm
C.G of the section from the bottom = 890 mm
Ztop = 0.202 m3
Zbottom = 0.161 m3
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
5) A pretensioned beam 240 x 300 mm deep is prestressed by 12 numbers of HT
wires each at 7 mm diameter initially stressed to 1200 N/mm2 with their centroids
located 100 mm from soffit. Estimate the final loss of stress on the basis of the
following data
Es = 210 kN/mm2
Ec = 35 kN/mm2
Creep coefficient = 1.6
Residual shrinkage strain = 3 x 10-4
Relaxation of steel stress = 90 N/mm2
6) A prestressed concrete beam of size 230 mm x 450 mm is prestressed with wires
(area 300 mm2) located at a constant eccentricity of 50 mm and carrying an initial
stress of 1200 N/mm2. The span of the beam is 10m. Calculate the percentage loss
of stress in wire is (i) the beam is pretensioned (ii) the beam is post tensioned. Use
the following data Es= 10 kN/mm2 and Ec = 35 kN/mm2, Relaxation of steel stress
= 5% of initial stress, Shrinkage of concrete = 300 x 10 -6 for pretensioning and
200x10-6 for post tensioning. Creep coefficient = 1.6, Slip at anchorage = 1mm,
Frictional coefficient for wave effect = 0.0015/m.
7) A prestressed concrete beam 200 x 300 mm deep is prestressed with wires (area
= 320 mm2) is located at 50mm from the bottom carrying an initial stress of 1000
N/mm2. The span of the beam is 10m. Calculate the % loss in prestress in wires if
the beam is post-tensioned. Assume Es= 210 kN/mm2, Ec= 35 kN/mm2, Relaxation
of steel stress = 5% initial stress, shrinkage of concrete = 200 x 10 -6, Creep
coefficient = 1.6, Slip at anchorage = 1mm, Friction coefficient = 0.0015 per
meter.
8) A prestressed concrete rectangular beam has a width = 400 mm and a depth =
900 mm. It is simply supported over a span length of 12 m. The beam is subjected
to a prestressing force of 2000 kN using a parabolic cable profile having an
eccentricity of 240 mm at mid span and zero eccentricity at the supports. Calculate
the minimum dead load moment including the self weight and the corresponding
maximum possible live load moment at the centre span of the beam at service load,
if the service load stress in the beam should be never tensile.
9) A prestressed concrete pile is 300 mm x 300 mm in section and provided with
40 wires of 3 mm diameter distributed uniformly over the section. Initially the
wires are tensioned in the prestressing beds with a total pull of 450 kN. Determine
the final stress in concrete and the percentage loss in the wires. Take Es = 2.08 x
105 Mpa, Ec = 3.20 x 104 Mpa, Creep shortening = 32 x 10-6 mm/mm per N/mm2 of
stress, Total shrinkage strain = 200 x 10-6, Relaxation losses of stress in steel =
4.50% of initial stress.
10) A post tensioned prestress concrete beam of 50 m span is subjected to a
transfer force of 93.8 x 104 kg. Transfer of force is at 28 day strength. Profile of the
cable is parabolic with maximum eccentricity at midsection as 110 cm. Determine
the loss of prestress and find the jacking force required. The beam is subjected to a
live load of 2400 kg/m and jacking is done from both ends of the beam.
11) A simply supported pre-tensioned concrete beam of 8m span is rectangular in
cross section of 30 by 80 cm size. It is provided with a parabolic cable with 20000
kg prestressing force and sag of 20 cm. Determine the loss of prestress and find the
jacking force. Use the following coefficients: k = 0.0015/m, µ = 0.45, C c = 2.0, Es
= 2.1 x 106 kg/sq cm, Ec = 3.2 x 105 kg/sq cm.
12) A pre-tensioned beam of 200 mm x 300 mm is prestressed with 15#5 mm
diameter wires located at 65 mm from the bottom of the beam and 3#5 mm
diameter wires located at 25 mm from the top of the beam, fi = 840 Mpa, Es =
2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.315x105 MPa. Estimate the elastic shortening at transfer.
13) A straight post-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is
concentrically prestressed with 780 mm2 wires made up of 4 tendons with 195
mm2 and the tendons are prestressed sequentially with fi = 1035 MPa, Es = 2x105
MPa, Ec = 0.33x105 MPa. Estimate the elastic shortening at transfer. Also if it is
desired that there should be no loss at all, find the stress in the cables before
anchorage.
14) A post-tensioned beam 100 mm × 300 mm of le = 10 m is stressed by
successive tensioning and anchoring of 3 cables A, B, and C respectively as shown
in figure. Each cable has cross section area of 200 mm2 and has initial stress of
1200 MPa. If the cables are tensioned from one end, estimate the percentage loss in
each cable due to friction at the anchored end. Assume μ = 0.35, k = 0.0015 / m.
15) A pre-stressed concrete beam is continuous over two spans and its curved
tendon is to be tensioned from both ends. Compute the percentage of loss of pre-
stress due to friction from one end to the center of the beam (A-E). The coefficient
of friction between the cable and the duct is 0.40 and the average wobble or length
effect is represented by k = 0.0026/m. The cable is straight between A-B and C-D.
The change in angle between BC is 0.167 radians and that between DE is 0.100
radians.
16) A concrete beam AB of effective span 20m is post- tensioned by a cable which
is concentric at supports A and B with an eccentricity of 400 mm for a length of
10m in the midspan zone. The cable is horizontal in the middle 10m portion and
has a parabolic profile in the remaining 5m near the supports. If µ=0.35 and
k=0.002/m, estimate the stress in the cable at B if the jacking stress at A is 1200
N/mm2. What will be the minimum stress in the cable if it is tensioned from both
ends with a jacking stress of 1200N/mm2.
17) A post-tensioned concrete beam 100mm wide and 300 mm deep spanning over
10m is stressed by successive tensioning and anchoring of three cables 1,2 and 3
respectively. The cross-sectional area of each cable is 200 mm2 and the initial
stress in the cable is 1200 N/mm2, αe = 6. The first cable is parabolic with an
eccentricity of 50mm below the centroidal axis at the centre of span and 50mm
above the centroidal axis at the support sections. The second cable is parabolic
with zero eccentricity at the supports and an eccentricity of 50mm at the centre of
tha span. The third cable is straight with an uniform eccentricity of 50mm below
the centroidal axis. Estimate the percentage loss of stress in each of the cables, if
they are successively tensioned and anchored. Assume μ = 0.35, k = 0.0015 / m.
18) In a post tensioned beam of length 12m, a cable is laid symmetrically with its
central 6m length horizontal and the two straight end-portions sloping up at an
angle with the horizontal whose tangent is equal to 0.075. The cable is tensioned
by jacking at one end is anchored at the remote end of the beam. At the jacking
end, the measured stress is 1040 N/mm2. The wobble coefficient may be assumed
as 0.004/m. Calculate the stress in the cable at the remote end and at the two points
where the alignment of the cable changes. Assume the coefficient of friction
between cable and duct as 0.40. What is the percentage loss of prestress between
the jacking end and the anchored end?
19) A pre-tensioned beam of rectangular cross section 150 mm wide and 300 mm
deep is prestressed by 8,7 mm wires located 100mm from the soffit of the beam. If
the wires are initially tensioned to a stress of 1100 N/mm2, calculate their stress at
transfer and the effective stress after all losses, given the following data:
Upto time of transfer Total
Relaxation of steel 35 N/mm2 70 N/mm2
Shrinkage of concrete 100 x 10-6 300 x 10-6
Creep coefficient - 1.6
Es = 210 kN/mm2 Ec = 31.5 kN/mm2
20) A prestressed concrete pile of cross-section 250 mm by 250 mm contains 60
pre-tensioned wires each of 2 mm diameter distributed uniformly over the section.
The wires areinitially tensioned on the prestressing bed with a total force of 300
kN. If Es = 210 kN/mm2 and Ec = 32 kN/mm2, calculate the respective stresses in
steel and concrete immediately after the transfer of prestress, assuming that upto
this point the only loss of stress is due to elastic shortening. If the concrete
undergoes a further shortening due to shrinkage of 200x10 -6 per unit length, while
there is a relaxation of 5 percent of steel stress due to creep of steel, find the
greatest tensile stress which can occur in a pile 20m long when lifted at two points
4m from ecah end. Assume creep coefficient as 1.6.
21) Determine necessary cable force to balance the external load of the beam
shown in figure with 20 cm eccentricity at mid span.
22) A prestressed concrete beam supports an imposed load of 4kN/m over an
effective span of 10m. The beam has a rectangular section with a width of 200mm
and depth of 600mm. Find the effective prestressing force in the cable if it is
parabollic with an eccentricity of 100mm at the centre and zero at the ends, for the
following conditions:
a) If the bending effect of the prestressing force is nullified by the imposed
load for the mid-span section (neglecting self weight of the beam).
b) If the resultant stress due to self- weight, imposed load and prestressing
force is zero at the soffit of the beam for the mid-span section (assume Dc =
24kN/m3).
23) A simply supported beam of span L and depth h is subjected to self weight Wg
and live load of We. Both the loads are distributed uniformly over the span. Find a
cable force and profile so that a load of Wg + We/2 is balanced by the cable.
24) A post-tensioned beam of size 200mm x 300mm is eccentrically prestressed
with 520mm2 wires stressed to a f1 = 1035 MPa. The cgs is 75mm above the
bottom of the beam. Immediately after transfer the stress reduces by 5% owing to
anchorage and other losses. The size of the duct is 50mm x 75mm. Compute the
stresses in concrete and steel immediately after transfer due to prestress only.
25) A beam of symmetrical I- section spanning 8m has a flange width of 250mm
and a flange thickness of 80mm respectively. The overall depth of the beam is
450mm. Thickness of the web is 80mm. The beam is prestressed by a parabolic
cable with an eccentricity of 150mm at the center of the span and zero at supports.
The live load on the beam is 2.5kN/m.
a) Determine the effective force in the cable for balancing the dead and live
loads on the beam.
b) Sketch the distribution of resultant stress at the center-of-span section for
the above case.
c) Calculate the shift of the pressure line from the tendon center line.
26) A double overhang beam has the middle span as L and the overhang span on
either side as L/4. Determine a prestressing cable for balancing a uniformly
distributed load on the entire beam.
27) A pretensioned beam of size 200mm x 300mm is eccentrically prestressed with
520mm2 wires anchored to bulkheads with a f1=1035MPa. The cgs is 100mm
above the bottom of the beam. A ssuming n=6, compute the stresses in concrete
and steel immediately after the transfer due to prestress only.
28) A conrete beam of symmetrical I-section spanning 8m has a flange width of
200mm and a flange thickness of 60mm respectively. The overall depth of the
beam is 400mm. Thickness of the web is 80mm. The beam is prestressed by a
parabolic cable with an eccentricity of 15mm at the center of the span and zero at
supports with an effective force of 100kN. The live load on the beam is 2kN/m.
Draw the stress distribution diagram at the central section for:
a) Prestress + self-weight (density of concrete = 24kN/m3); and
b) Prestress + self-weight + live load.
29) A simply supported beam of span L and depth h is subjected to self-weight Wg
uniformly distributed and four concentrated loads of each F, spaced at equal
interval. Find load balancing cables for these loads. Adopt two different cables for
the two load systems.
30) A rectangular concrete beam 300mm wide and 800mm deep supports two
concentrated loads of 20 kN each at the third point of a span of 9m.
a) Suggest a suitable cable profile. If the eccentricity of the cable profile is
100mm for the middle third portion of the beam, calculate the prestressing force
requires balancing the bending effect of the concentrated loads (neglect the self-
weight of the beam).
b) For the same cable profile, find the effective force in the cable if the
resultant stress due to self-weight, imposed loads and prestressing force is zero at
the bottom fiber of the mid-span section. (Assume Dc=24kN/m3)
31) A post-tensioned beam of size 300mm x 600mm and Le = 12m is prestressed
with 1575kN which eventually reduces to 1350kN due to losses. The cgs is 175mm
above the bottom of the beam. The beam carries two live loads of 45 kN each in
addition to its self-weight of 4.5 kN/m. compute the extreme fiber stresses at mid-
span for
a) Initial condition with full pre-stress and no live load and
b) Pre-stress after losses with full live load.
32) A rectangular concrete beam, 250mm wide and 600mm deep, is prestressed by
means of four 14mm diameter high-tensile bars located 200mm from the soffit of
the beam. If the effective stress in the wires is 700N/mm2, what is the maximum
bending moment that can be applied to the section without causing tension at the
soffit of the beam?
33) A prestressed concrete beam of section 200mm wide by 300mm deep is used
over an effective span of 6m to support an imposed load of 4 kN/m. the density of
concrete is 24 kN /m3.
At the center of span section of the beam, find the magnitude of:
a)The concentric prestressing force necessary for zero fiber-stress at the
soffit when the beam is fully loaded ;and
b)The eccentric prestressing force located 100mm from the bottom of the
beam which would nullify the bottom fiber stresses due to loading.
34) A prestressed concrete beam supports a live load of 4kN/m over a simply
supported span of 8m. The beam has an I-section with an overall depth of 400mm.
The thickness of the flange and web are 60 and 80 mm respectively. The width of
the flange is 200mm. the beam is to be prestressed by an effective prestressing
force of 235kN at a suitable eccentricity such that the resultant stress at the soffit of
the beam at the center of the span is zero.
a) Find the eccentricity required for the force.
b) If the tendon is concentric, what should be the magnitude of the
prestressing force for the resultant stress to be zero at the bottom fiber of the
central span section?
35) A concrete beam with a double overhang has the middle-span equal to 10m
and the equal and the equal overhang on either side is 2.5m. Determine the profile
of the prestressing cable with an effective force of 250 kN which includes the self-
weight of the beam. Sketch the cable profile marking the eccentricity of cable at
the support and mid-span.
36) A pretensioned T-section has a flange 1200 mm wide and 150 mm thick. The
width and depth of the rib are 300 and 1500 mm respectively. The high-tensile
steel has an area of 4700 mm2 and is located at an effective depth of 1600 mm. If
the characteristic cube strength of the concrete and the tensile strength of steel are
40 and 1600 N/mm2 respectively, calculate the flexural strength of the T-section.
37) A post-tensioned bridge girder with unbonded tendons is of box section of
overall dimensions 1200 mm wide by 1800 mm deep, with wall thickness of 150
mm. The high-tensile steel has an area of 4000 mm2 and is located at an effective
depth of 1600 mm. The effective prestress in steel after all losses is 1000 N/mm2
and the effective span of the girder is 24 m. If fck = 40 N/mm2 and fp = 1600
N/mm2, estimate the ultimate flexural strength of the section.
38) A post-tensioned prestressed concrete girder is of T-section with an effective
flange width and depth of 1500 mm and 250 mm respectively. Thickness of the
web is 200 mm. The area of prestressing steel is 5000 mm2, located at an effective
depth of 1600 mm. Given fpu = 1600 N/mm2, fcu = 40 N/mm2 and fpe = 960 N/mm2,
estimate the ultimate moment of resitsnce of the T-section. Assume the effective
span of the girder as 32 m.
39) A post-tensioned bonded prestressed concrete beam is of rectangular section
200 mm wide by 400 mm deep. The beam is prestressed by 300 mm2 of high-
tensile steel located at an eccentricity of 100 mm. The effective prestress after all
losses is 800 N/mm2. The characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel is
1600 N/mm2 and the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete is 40
N/mm2. The ratio of yield to ultimate tensile stress of steel is 0.90. Estimate the
ultimate moment capacity of the section.
40) An unsymmetrical I-section has an overall depth of 2000 mm. The top flange
width and depth are equal to 1200 and 300 mm respectively, and the bottom flange
width and depth are equal to 750 and 200 mm respectively. The thickness of the
web is 300 mm. The tendons having a cross-sectional area of 7000 mm2 are located
200 mm from the soffit. If the ultimate compressive strength of concrete and the
tensile strength of steel are 42 and 1750 N/mm2 respectively, and the tendons are
effectively bonded to concrete, estimate the flexural strength of the section.
41) A double T-section having a flange 1200 mm wide and 150 mm thick is
prestressed by 4700 mm2 of high-tensile steel located at an effective depth of 1600
mm. The ribs have a thickness of 150 mm each. If the cube strength of concrete is
40 N/mm2 and tensile strength of steel is 1600 N/mm2, determine the flexural
strength of the double T-girder.
42) A post-tensioned bonded T-section has a flange with width 800 mm and
thickness 250 mm. Thickness of the web is 200 mm. The area of high-tensile steel
located at an effective depth of 1200 mm is 4000 mm2. The characteristic strength
of steel and the cube strength of concrete are 1500 N/mm2 and 40 N/mm2
respectively. The effective prestress after all losses is 900 N/mm2 and the ratio of
yield stress to the tensile strength of steel is 0.90. Estimate the ultimate moment
capacity of the T-section.
43) A bridge slab is to be supported as shown in the figure. Draw bending moment
and shear force diagrams for the structure and suggest a cable profile to balance the
external forces. The beam is subjected to a distributed load of 3000 kg/m.
Determine the ultimate strength of the cantilever and the overhang beam sections.
44) The cross-section of a bridge girder is made up of a T-section with the
following details:
Top flange width and thickness = 600 mm and 230 mm
Thickness of the web = 150 mm
Distance of the centroidal axis from the top of the section = 545 mm
Area of cross-section = 328500 mm2
Second moment of area = 665 x 108 mm4
The girder is used over an effective span of 25m. The tendons with a cross-section
of 2300 mm2 are parabolic with an eccentricity of 650 mm at the centre of span and
285 mm at the support section. The effective prestress in the tendons is 900 N/mm 2
after all losses. If the tensile strength of concrete is 1.6 N/mm2, estimate the
ultimate shear resistance of the support section, and maximum permissible
uniformly distributed working load on the beam using an overall load factor of 2.
45) The cross-section of a prestressed concrete beam is an unsymmetrical T-
section with an overall depth of 1300 mm. Thickness of web = 150 mm. Distances
of top and bottom fibres from the centroid are 545 mm and 755 mm respectively.
At a particular section, the beam is subjected to an ultimate moment
M = 2130 mm and a shear force V = 237 mm
Effective depth d = 1100 mm
Cube strength of concrete = 45 N/mm2
Effective prestress at the extreme tensile face of the beam = 19.3 N/mm2
Second moment of area I = 665 x 108 mm4
Area of steel in the section Ap = 2310 mm2
Tensile strength of tendons fp = 1500 N/mm2
Effective stress in tendons after all losses fpe = 890 N/mm2
Estimate the flexure-shear resistance of the section.
46) An unsymmetrical I-section bridge girder has the following sectional
properties:
Area of cross-section = 777 x 103, second moment of area = 22 x 1010 mm4, width
and thickness of top flange = 1200 and 360 mm respectively, and thickness of web
= 240 mm. The centroid of the section is located at 580 mm from the top. The
girder is used over a span of 40m. The tendons with a cross-section of 700 mm2 are
parabolic with an eccentricity of 1220 mm at the centre of span and zero at the
supports. The effective prestress in the wires is 800 N/mm2. If the tensile strength
of concrete is 4.5 N/mm2, estimate the ultimate shear resistance of the section,
assuming failure to take place when the principal tensile stress reaches a value
equal to the tensile strength of concrete.
47) A prestressed concrete beam having span of 6m is subjected to total load
including self weight = 10 kN/m. The cross sectional dimension is 250 mm x 400
mm. It is prestressed by two cables each having 10 wires of 5 mm diameter. The
cable is placed at 100 mm from the soffit. Determine percentage loss of prestress
considering both pretensioning and post-tensioning assuming slip in anchorage of
2mm. Cc = 1.6, Assume horizontal placement of tendon.
48) A pretensioned prestressed concrete beam having span 6m and cross-sectional
dimension 500 x 650 mm is provided with a parabolic tendon having maximum
eccentricity 200 mm below the CG. The prestress force is 1200 kN. Determine
a) Superimposed maximum BM applied
b) Live load applied
c) Camber developed
d) Net deflection
e) Frictional loss – Assume μ = 0.35, k = 0.0015 / m
f) Percentage loss due to shrinkage taking age at transfer 15 days. Consider
losses as 15% and initial tensile stress 1200 MPa.
g) Internal upward UDL developed by load balancing method.
49) A prestress concrete beam having size 350 mm x 500 mm x 12000 mm is
prestressed with straight tendon at a position of 100 mm from the soffit (e=150
mm). The prestress force is 1000 kN. The permissible stresses in concrete are 12
MPa in compression and 1 MPa in tension. Determine the live load carrying
capacity. Take losses as 15%.
50) A post-tensioned beam with unbounded tendons is of rectangular section 400
mm wide with an effective depth of 800 mm. The cross-sectional area of the
prestressing steel is 2840 mm2. The effective prestress in the steel after all losses is
900 N/mm2. The effective span of the beam is 16m. If fck = 40 N/mm2, estimate the
ultimate moment of resistance of the section using IS:1343 code recommendations.
51) A rectangular concrete box-section has an overall depth of 1200mm and an
overall width of 900mm. The concrete walls are 150mm thick on both horizontal
and vertical parts of the box.
a) Determine the maximum permissible torque if the section is uniformly
prestressed by a force of 450 kN. The maximum permissible diagonal
tensile stress in concrete is 0.63 N/mm2.
b) Determine also the amount of non-prestressed reinforcement required
for the box-section if the torsional resistance moment of the section is
to be increased to 345 kNm. The permissible tensile stress in steel is
230 N/mm2. Allow for 50 mm cover.
52) A post-tensioned bonded prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section, 350
mm wide by 700 mm deep is prestressed by an effective force of 180 kN acting at
an eccentricity of 190 mm. At service-load conditions, a section of the beam is
subjected to a bending moment of 250 kNm, a torsional moment of 100 kNm and a
transverse shear force of 100kN. If fck = 40 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2 and fp = 1600
N/mm2, design suitable longitudinal and transverse reinforcements in the section
using IS:1343-1980 code recommendations.
53) A post-tensioned bonded prestressed concrete beam of rectangular cross-
section 400 mm wide by 550 mm deep is subjected to a service-load bending
moment of 166.6 kN, torsional moment of 46.6 kNm and shear force of 66.6 kN.
The section has an effective prestressing force determined from service load
requirements of magnitude 500 kN at an eccentricity of 150 mm provided by 5
numbers of 12.5 mm stress-relieved strands of cross-sectional area 506 mm2 with
an ultimate tensile strength of 1820 N/mm2. If the cube strength of concrete is 40
N/mm2, design suitable longitudinal and transverse reinforcements in the beam
using IS:1343-1980 code recommendations based on the skew bending approach.
