Geomorphic Process * The process responsible for the formation and alteration of the earth's surface. * The physical and chemical interactions between the earth's surface and the natural forces acting upon it to produce landforms. ¢ The processes are determined by such natural environmental variables as geology, climate, vegetation and base level, to say nothing of human interference.Geomorphic Process (Cont...) Definition: The geomorphic processes are all those physical and chemical changes which effect a modification of the earth’s surgical form [W. D. Thornbury (1968): Principles of Geomorphology, pp. 34]. A process by which the earth’s land forms are changed or maintained [Jim Gardner (1979): Physical Geology].Agent, Process & products Agents of Geomorphic Processes > River -Humid Geomorphic Environment > Wind - Arid Environment > Glacier/ice - Polar Environments > Wave - Coastal EnvironmentAgent, Process & products Process Process includes three types of activities Erosion U Transportation v DepositionAgent, Process & products Products of Geomorphic Processes Process Erosion » Products Erosional landform features v Transportation u Deposition v Transportation Y Depositional landform featuresWES cletiyieissGEOMORPHIC PROCESSES Terrestrial Processes Exogenetic Processes Endogenetic Processes Weathering i. Faulting and Folding Erosion/Degradation ii. Volcanism Transportation iii. Earthquake iv. Deposition/Aggradation iv. Landslide Mass movement v. Diastrophism vi. Metamorphism Extra-terrestrial Processes Physical Weathering *Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering 34Types of Geomorphic Processes ) Geomorphic Processes A. Terrestrial processes B. Extra-terrestrial processes, e.g. fall of meteorite (mass/rock from outer space). Terrestrial processes 1. Exogenetic / Exogenous Processes 2. Endogenetic / Endogenous ProcessesExtra-terrestrial processes, e.g. fall of meteoriteTypes of Geomorphic Processes (Cont...) Exogenetic/Exogenous Processes Outer geomorphological processes = exogenetic processes (solar radiation, wind, temperature changes, water) create relief sculptures, surface features. Exogenetic ProcessesTypes of Geomorphic Processes (Cont...) Endogenetic Processes Inner geomorphological processes = endogenetic processes (earthquakes, volcanoes, folding and faulting) create rough features of the Earth’s relief. e.g. oceanic basins, mountain ranges, oceanic ridges and trenches, rift valleys, folds, faults Exogenetic and volcanoes, etc. Processes Endogenetic bd Kenny nyBasic difference between the two process * Processes that are caused by forces from within the Earth are endogenous processes. * By contrast, exogenous processes come from forces on or above the Earth's surface. Endogenic Processes Exogenic Processes Originate in the interior of the earth. Originate on the surface of the earth. Causes sudden or rapid movements Causes slow movements. Eg: Earthquake, faulting, diastrophism Eg: Erosional and DepositionalTypes of Exogenetic / Exogenous Processes iii. iv. Vv. Weathering Erosion/ Degradation Transportation Deposition/Aggradation Mass movementDenudation It means to make the things exposed. The processes by which the rocks on the earth’s surface are broken into pieces through the application of external physical forces and the debris are transported elsewhere is known as denudation. This denudation work is performed through three processes such as weathering, erosion and transportation. Denudation= Weathering + Erosion + TransportationWeathering * The weathering is a process by which the rocks on the surface of the earth is broken mechanically into pieces due to snow or frost, the variation of temperature and pressure or due to chemical (dissolution) action on the materials. * Even the rocks are dislodged by the animals. But the rocks weathered this way, are not transported elsewhere. Water-filled Freezesto Breaks crack ice RockErosion ‘Source: atonal Programme on Combat Deserticton ¢ Erosion and transportation are accomplished together. * The process by which the rocks of the earth’s crust are eroded by the river, wind, glacier, ocean currents etc. are transported elsewhere is known as erosion. uD °é é ®® Detachment Transport ~ Set ~~ Se DepositionDegradation * Degradation is the lowering of a bottomland surface through the process of erosion; * Conceptually it is the opposite of the vertical component of aggradation and is most frequently applied to sediment removed from a channel bed or other low-lying parts of a stream channel. 5 — 30000000Deposition Deposition is the constructive process of accumulation into beds or irregular masses of loose sediment or other rock material by any natural agent; DEPOSITIONAggradation ¢ Aggradation is the raising or elevating of a bottomland surface through the process of alluvial deposition; * Conceptually it is the vertical component of accretion and _is most frequently applied to sediment deposition on a channel bed, bar or other near-channel surfaces, flood plain, or, less often, low-lying alluvial terrace. Concase —. $pepeene? —Sedimentation * Sedimentation is the process by which sediment is mechanically deposited from suspension within a fluid, generally water, or ice, thereby accumulating as layers of sediment that are segregated owing to differences in size, shape, and composition of the sediment particles.Mass movement/Mass Wasting * Mass movement is any downslope transfer, through gravitational and generally water-facilitated (viscous) processes, of near-surface soil and rock material; * Rates of mass movement range from very slow creep to nearly instantaneous slope failure.GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES Terrestrial Processes Exogenetic Processes Weathering i. Faulting and Folding Erosion/Degradation ii. Volcanism Transportation iii. Earthquake Deposition/Aggradation iv. Landslide Mass movement . Diastrophism Metamorphism Extra-terrestrial Processes Endogenetic Processes Physical Weathering *Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering 49Faulting * Fault is a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture. faulting the block fault. Note that the well the gray layer completely.Folding * Fold is an undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of the earth’s crust. ¢ A fold occurs when one or a mass of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation. anticline synclineVolcanism * Volcanism is the phenomenon of (magma) onto the surface of the earth, where lava and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. * Eruption of the volcanoes or the magma is the main on the surface of the earth.Earthquake * An earthquake is a vibration or oscillation of the surface of the earth caused by sudden release of enormous pressure.Landslide ¢ A landslide, also known as a landslip, which includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock fall, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.Diastrophism > Diastrophism is also called tectonism, large-scale deformation of earth’s crust by natural processes, which leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins, mountain systems, plateaus, rift valleys, and other features by mechanisms such as plate movement, volcanic loading, or folding. > Internal forces active hereMetamorphism * Metamorphism is the change in rock structure, minerals or geologic structure. * tis a process of change in the physical structure of rock as a result of long-term heat, pressure and introduction of chemically active fluids, especially a change that increases the rock's hardness and crystalline structure. ¢ The change occurs primarily due to heat, p introduction of chemically active fluids.Geomorphological Processes at a glance Landforming Processes Slow changes | | Slow and sudden changes | [Sudden change: Diastrophism Transportation