CHAPTER#01

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 COURSE AND REFERENCE BOOKS

• Text Book
✓ S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach, 3rd Edition
✓ Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and
TensorFlow,1st Addition by Aurélien Géron .
• Reference Books
✓ “Artificial Intelligence” by George F. Luger

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 MARKS DISTRIBUTION (TENTATIVE)

• Mid-Term Exam – 30 %
• Final Exam – 50 %
• Assignment - 10 %
• Quiz - 10 %

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
 INTELLIGENCE

• Intelligent behavior exhibit some or all of the

following characteristics:
– Problem Solving
– Reasoning
– Planning
– Decision making
– Inference
– Learning
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WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

◼ AI is a branch of computer science which

is concerned with the study and creation
of computer systems that exhibit some
form of intelligence or those
characteristics which we associate with
intelligence in human behavior
Behaviors Thought process
WHAT IS AI?
WHAT IS AI?
ACTING HUMANLY
 TURING TEST

• One or more human judges interview

computers and human foils using terminals
(so that the judges won't be prejudiced
against the computers for lacking a human
appearance).
• The nature of the dialog between the human
judges and the candidates (i.e., the
computers and the human foils) is similar to
an online chat using instant messaging.
• The computers as well as the human foils try
to convince the human judges of their
humanness. If the human judges are unable
to reliably unmask the computers (as
imposter humans) then the computer is
considered to have demonstrated human-
level intelligence 29
TURING TEST

To pass the Turing test computer would need to possess the

following capabilities:
 natural language processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English (or some other human language);
 knowledge representation to store information provided before
or during the interrogation;
 automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer
questions and to draw new conclusions;
 machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect
and extrapolate patterns.
THINKING HUMANLY

2. Thinking Humanly (The Cognitive modeling approach).

• Think like human.

• Cognitive Science: Study of human thought process and
mind.
• AI: Copying that thought process to machine.
• Not able to figure out how our brain works because it’s too
complex.
• Huge gap between human brain and computer system
ACTING RATIONALLY

Acting Rationally (The rational agent approach)

Rational: behaving rightly and capable of reasoning.

Agent: Something that Acts

Rational Agent: Acts to achieve beat outcomes, if in

uncertainty the best expected output is achieved.
ACTING RATIONALLY

Acting Rationally (The rational agent approach):

Conclusion:

• Behave in right manner

• Give maximum performance
• Optimal solution
THINKING RATIONALLY

Thinking Rationally (“The Law of Thought” approach)

Right Thinking i.e. undeniable reasoning process.

The “thinking rationally” approach to AI uses symbolic logic to

capture the laws of rational thought as symbols that can be
manipulated.

Example: Tim is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Tim is a

mortal.
 STRONG VS.WEAKAI

• Strong AI refers to the field of research that is

interested in making computers think at a level
equal to humans

• Weak AI represents the wider domain of AI

technologies. Weak AI features can be added to
systems to give them intelligent qualities.

• The course focuses on weak AI.

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 STRONG VS.WEAKAI

• The followers of strong AI believe that by giving a

computer program sufficient processing power, and by
providing it with enough intelligence, one can create a
computer that can literally think and is conscious in the
same way that a human is conscious.
• Many philosophers and Artificial Intelligence
researchers consider this view to be false, and even
ludicrous.
• Weak AI, in contrast, is simply the view that
intelligent behavior can be modeled and used by
computers to solve complex problems.
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 FOUNDATION OF AI

 Philosophy
• Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning,
language, rationality.

 Mathematics
• Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability,
(in)tractability, probability.

 Economics
• Utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

 Neuroscience
• Neurons as information processing units.
 FOUNDATION OF AI

 Psychology
• How do people behave, perceive, process Cognitive Science information,
represent knowledge.

 Computer engineering
• Building fast computers

 Linguistics
• Knowledge representation, grammar
 GOALS OF AI

 To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit

intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice
its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines −
Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave
like humans.
AI Competitions
 BIG MILESTONES

• On May 11, 1997, an IBM

computer called IBM ® Deep
Blue ® beat the world chess
champion after a six-game
match: two wins for IBM, one
for the champion and three
draws. The match lasted several
days and received massive
media coverage around the
world. It was the classic plot
line of man vs. machine.
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 BIG MILESTONES

• DARPA Urban Challenge

• The DARPA Grand Challenge is a
prize competition for driverless cars.
• The 2007 Challenge was held in California.
– 96 KM course
– 6 hours time duration
– Rules included obeying all traffic regulations
while negotiating with other traffic and
obstacles and merging into traffic.
– The $2 million winner was Tartan Racing, a
collaborative effort by CMU and GM.

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The Dream
We proposed that the ultimate goal of the RoboCup
Initiative to be stated as follows:
“By mid-21st century, a team of fully autonomous
humanoid robot soccer players shall win the soccer
game, comply with the official rule of the FIFA, against
the winner of the most recent World Cup.”
Few research areas are:
- Agent architecture in general
-- Computer Vision
– Combining reactive approaches and modeling/planning approaches
– Real-time recognition, planning, and reasoning
– Reasoning and action in a dynamic environment
– Sensor fusion
– Multi-agent systems in general
– Behavior learning for complex tasks
– Strategy acquisition
– Cognitive modeling in general

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 MS PAC-MAN COMPETITION

• The aim of this competition is to provide the

best software controller for the game of Ms
Pac-Man. This is a great challenge for
computational intelligence, machine learning,
and AI in general.
• The mode of interaction is as follows: about 15
times per second your program will be sent a
pixel map of the Ms. Pac-Man window, and it
then responds with an integer indicating the
direction of the joystick.
• http://www.grappa.univ-
lille3.fr/~loth/pacman.mpeg
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 MORE AI COMPETITIONS

• PAKDD Datamining competition

• Angry Birds competition
• Google AI Challenge
• ….
• And many more

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 HISTORY OF AI

• 1950s – The Birth of AI

– 1950: Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."
– 1956: John McCarthy coins the term, "Artificial Intelligence" at a Dartmouth
computer conference.
– 1958: John McCarthy invents the Lisp language, an AI programming language,
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
• 1960s – The Rise of AI
– 1965: Joseph Weizenbaum builds ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on
a dialogue in English on any topic (MIT).
– Arthur’s Clark book titled “2001: A Space Odyssey” – HAL, an intelligent
computer onboard a Jupiter-bound spacecraft, murdered most of the crew
out of paranoia over its own survival.
– Knowledge representation was a strong theme during the 1960s, as strong AI
continued to be a primary theme in AI research.
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 HISTORY OF AI

• Overwhelming Optimism
– I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to program
computers…to make them play the imitation game so well that an
average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of
making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.

– — Alan Turing, Computing machinery and intelligence, 1950.

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 HISTORY OF AI

• Overwhelming Optimism(Cont’d)

– Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of

doing any work a man can do
• Herbert Simon,1956

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 HISTORY OF AI

• 1970s – The Fall of AI

– The 1970s represented the fall of AI after an inability
to meet irrational expectations.

• 1990s to Today – AI Rises Again

– Advancement in probabilistic reasoning, machine
learning, intelligence agents, and computational
intelligence systems.
– 1997: IBM computer Deep Blue beats world champion
Garry Kasparov in chess match.
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APPLICATIONS OF AI
APPLICATIONS – SEARCH/PLANNING

Fleet Management

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 APPLICATIONS - PREDICTION

• Medical Diagnosis
• Fraud Detection
• Recommendation Systems
• Loan Defaulter
• Intrusion Detection
• Stock Prediction

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 APPLICATIONS – COMPUTERVISION

• Check reading:automatic tellers widespread

• Face detection/recognition: widespread on digital
cameras
• Object recognition:10 million labeled images,
100,000 object categories
• Scene understanding: partition image and label
regions with building, sky,road,etc.
• Activity recognition: infer high level concept from
low level data (UIUC)
• Kinect based applications
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 ROBOTICS

• Disaster areas: after earthquakes, surveillance

robots check for survivors and structural
integrity
• Household chores
• Robotic surgery: less invasive, can perform some
actions better than humans
• Autonomous vehicles(e.g.,Google Car)

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 APPLICATIONS - NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING

• Spam filtering
• Information retrieval: rank web pages based
on relevance to query
• Machine translation: Google Translate handles
64 languages
• Speech recognition: personal assistants (Siri,
Google Now)
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 SUMMARY

• Intelligence is difficult to define, and as a result Artificial

Intelligence is also hard to define.
• One definition of Artificial Intelligence is:
Artificial intelligence is the study of systems that act in a way that to any
observer would appear to be intelligent.
• We are looking into the practical aspects of AI that focuses on
getting inspirations from natural processes to solve real-life
complex problems.

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