E number

E numbers ("E" stands for "Europe") are codes for substances used as
food additives, including those found naturally in many foods such as
vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU)[1]: 2 7  and European
Free Trade Association (EFTA).[2] Commonly found on food labels, their
safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food
Safety Authority (EFSA).[3] The fact that an additive has an E number
implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the
European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed
today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962
with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added, A solution of E101 riboflavin
in 1970 antioxidants were added, in 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners (also known as vitamin B2)
and gelling agents were added as well.[4]

Contents
Numbering schemes
Colloquial use
Classification by numeric range
Full list
Crystals of E621 monosodium
E100–E199 (colours) glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer
E200–E299 (preservatives)
E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)
E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers)
E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)
E600–E699 (flavour enhancer)
E700–E799 (antibiotics)
E900–E999 (glazing agents, gases and sweeteners)
E1000–E1599 (additional additives)
See also
References
External links

Numbering schemes
The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the
Codex Alimentarius committee,[5] though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the
European Union as food additives. Outside the European continent plus Russia, E numbers are also
encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Cooperation Council for the Arab States
of the Gulf, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand,[6] Malaysia, Hong Kong,[7] and India. They are
increasingly, though still rarely, found on North American packaging,[8] especially on imported European
food products.

Colloquial use
In some European countries, the "E number" is used informally as a derogatory term for artificial food
additives. For example, in the UK, food companies are required to include the ‘E Number(s)’ in the
ingredients that are added as part of the manufacturing process. Many components of naturally occurring
healthy foods and vitamins have assigned E numbers (and the number is a synonym for the chemical
component), e.g. vitamin C (E300) and lycopene (E160d), found in carrots.

Classification by numeric range

 E number range Subranges Description
100–109 yellows
110–119 oranges
120–129 reds
100–199 (full list)
130–139 blues and violets
Colours
140–149 greens
150–159 browns and blacks
160–199 gold and others
200–209 sorbates
210–219 benzoates
220–229 sulfites
230–239 phenols and formates (methanoates)
200–299 (full list)
240–259 nitrates
Preservatives
260–269 acetates (ethanoates)
270–279 lactates
280–289 propionates (propanoates)
290–299 others
300–305 ascorbates (vitamin C)
306–309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)
310–319 gallates and erythorbates
320–329 lactates
300–399 (full list)
Antioxidants and acidity 330–339 citrates and tartrates
regulators
340–349 phosphates
350–359 malates and adipates
360–369 succinates and fumarates
370–399 others
400–409 alginates
410–419 natural gums
420–429 other natural agents
430–439 polyoxyethene compounds
400–499 (full list)
Thickeners, stabilisers and 440–449 natural emulsifiers
emulsifiers
450–459 phosphates
460–469 cellulose compounds
470–489 fatty acids and compounds
490–499 others
500–599 (full list) 500–509 mineral acids and bases
pH regulators and anti-caking
agents 510–519 chlorides and sulfates
520–529 sulfates and hydroxides
 530–549 alkali metal compounds
550–559 silicates
570–579 stearates and gluconates
580–599 others
620–629 glutamates and guanylates
600–699 (full list)
630–639 inosinates
Flavour enhancers
640–649 others
700–799 (full list)
700–713
Antibiotics
900–909 waxes
910–919 synthetic glazes
900–999 (full list) 920–929 improving agents
Glazing agents, gases and
sweeteners 930–949 packaging gases
950–969 sweeteners
990–999 foaming agents
1100–1599 (full list) New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification
1100–1599
Additional additives schemes

NB: Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range. Moreover, many chemicals, particularly
in the E400–499 range, have a variety of purposes.

Full list
The list shows all components that have an E-number assigned, even those no longer allowed in the EU.

E100–E199 (colours)
Code Name(s) Colour Status

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E100 Curcumin (from turmeric) Yellow-orange
in the US.[10]

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E101 Yellow-orange
lactoflavin in the US.[10]

E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate Yellow-orange Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E102 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) Yellow
in the US.[10]

E103 Alkannin[11] Red-brown

Dull or greenish Restricted use approved in the

E104 Quinoline Yellow WS
yellow EU.[9][12]
E105 Fast Yellow AB Yellow
E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate Yellow
E107 Yellow 2G Yellow
Restricted use approved in the
EU.[9][12] Banned in Norway.[13]
Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, Products in the EU require
E110 Yellow-orange
FD&C Yellow 6) warnings and its use is being
phased out.[12] Approved in the
US.[10]
E111 Orange GGN Orange

Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E120 Crimson
Red 4) in the US.[10]
Approved in the United States
E121 Citrus Red 2 Dark red only for use in colouring the skin
of oranges.[14]

Approved in the EU.[9] Undergoing

a voluntary phase-out in the UK.
E122 Carmoisine (azorubine) Red to maroon Currently banned in Canada,
Japan, Norway, USA . EU
currently evaluating health risks.

Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in

E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) Red
the United States.[15]

Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Restricted use approved in the

E124 Red
Scarlet 4R) EU.[9][12]
Only permitted for externally
E125 Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN Red applied drugs and cosmetics in
the US.[16][17][18]
E126 Ponceau 6R Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E127 Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) Red in the US except for lake
variant.[10]

E128 Red 2G Red or pink Not approved in the EU.[12]

Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in

Switzerland. Undergoing a
E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) Red
voluntary phase out in the UK.
Approved in the US.[10]
E130 Indanthrene blue RS Blue

E131 Patent Blue V Dark blue Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E132 Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) Indigo
in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E133 Brilliant blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) Reddish blue
in the US.[10]
Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i)
E140 Green Approved in the EU.[9]
Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins
Copper complexes of chlorophylls and
chlorophyllins (i) Copper complexes of Approved in the EU.[9] Approved
E141 Green
chlorophylls (ii) Copper complexes of in the US.[10]
chlorophyllins

E142 Green S Green Approved in the EU.[9]

Approved in the US. Banned in
E143 Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) Green
the EU.

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E150a Plain caramel Brown
in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E150b Caustic sulfite caramel Brown
in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E150c Ammonia caramel Brown
in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E150d Sulfite ammonia caramel Brown
in the US.[10]

E151 Black PN, Brilliant Black BN Black Approved in the EU.[9]

E152 Carbon black (hydrocarbon) Black

E153 Vegetable carbon Black Approved in the EU.[9]

Previously approved in the EU for
E154 Brown FK (kipper brown) Brown dyeing kippers only: approval
withdrawn November 2011.[12]

E155 Brown HT (chocolate brown HT) Brown Approved in the EU.[9]

Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gamma- Yellow-orange to
E160a Approved in the EU.[9]
carotene brown

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin Orange
in the US.[10]

Paprika oleoresin: (i) capsanthin, (ii) Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E160c Red
capsorubin in the US.[10]
Restricted use approved in the
E160d Lycopene Bright to deep red
EU.[9][12] Approved in the US.[10]

Orange-red to Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30)
yellow in the US.[10]
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C Orange-red to
E160f Not approved in the EU.[12]
30) yellow
Golden-yellow and
E161a Flavoxanthin
brownish
E161b Lutein Orange-red to Approved in the EU.[9]
 yellow
E161c Cryptoxanthin Orange-red
E161d Rubixanthin Orange-red
E161e Violaxanthin Orange
E161f Rhodoxanthin Purple

Not approved in the EU.[12]

E161g Canthaxanthin Violet
Approved in the US.[10]
E161h Zeaxanthin Orange-red
E161i Citranaxanthin Deep violet
E161j Astaxanthin Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E162 Beetroot Red, Betanin Red
in the US.[10]
pH dependent(Red,
E163 Anthocyanins green and purple Approved in the EU.[9]
ranges)

E164 Saffron Orange-red[colour?] Approved in the US.[10]

E170 Calcium carbonate, Chalk White Approved in the EU.[9]

No longer approved in the EU as
of June 2022,[19] due to the
E171 Titanium dioxide White identification of potential
carcinogenic effects.[20] Approved
in the US.[10]

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved

E172 Iron oxides and iron hydroxides Brown
in the US for sausage casings.[10]

E173 Aluminium Silver to grey Approved in the EU.[9]

E174 Silver Silver Approved in the EU.[9]

E175 Gold Gold Approved in the EU.[9]

E180 Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK Red Approved in the EU.[9]

E181 Tannin Brown
E182 Orcein, Orchil Purple

E200–E299 (preservatives)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status

E200 Sorbic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E201 Sodium sorbate preservative

E202 Potassium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E203 Calcium sorbate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E209 Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate preservative

E210 Benzoic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E211 Sodium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E212 Potassium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E213 Calcium benzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E214 Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

Propylparaben (propyl para-
E216 preservative
hydroxybenzoate)
E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
Methylparaben (methyl para-
E218 preservative Approved in the EU.[9]
hydroxybenzoate)

E219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E220 Sulfur dioxide preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E221 Sodium sulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E222 Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E223 Sodium metabisulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E224 Potassium metabisulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E225 Potassium sulfite preservative

E226 Calcium sulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E227 Calcium hydrogen sulfite (preservative) firming agent Approved in the EU.[9]

E228 Potassium hydrogen sulfite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E230 Biphenyl, diphenyl preservative Not approved in the EU.
E231 Orthophenyl phenol preservative Not approved in the EU.
E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol preservative Not approved in the EU.
E233 Thiabendazole preservative Not approved in the EU.

E234 Nisin preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E236 Formic acid preservative
E237 Sodium formate preservative
E238 Calcium formate preservative

E239 Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E240 Formaldehyde preservative

E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E249 Potassium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E250 Sodium nitrite preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E251 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E261 Potassium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii)
preservative, acidity
E262 Sodium diacetate (sodium hydrogen
regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
acetate)

E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

Approved in Australia and New
E264 Ammonium acetate preservative
Zealand[22]
E265 Dehydroacetic acid preservative
E266 Sodium dehydroacetate preservative

E270 Lactic acid (preservative) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[21]

E280 Propionic acid preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E281 Sodium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E282 Calcium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E283 Potassium propionate preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E284 Boric acid preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E285 Sodium tetraborate (borax) preservative Approved in the EU.[9]

E290 Carbon dioxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E296 Malic acid (acid) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E297 Fumaric acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status

E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant
Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (Ascorbyl
E304 antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]
palmitate)
E305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant

E306 Tocopherols (Vitamin E, natural) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E307 Alpha-Tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E308 Gamma-Tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E309 Delta-Tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E310 Propyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant
E314 Guaiac resin antioxidant

E315 Erythorbic acid antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E316 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E317 Erythorbin acid antioxidant
E318 Sodium erythorbin antioxidant

E319 tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E322 Lecithin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E323 Anoxomer antioxidant
E324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant

E325 Sodium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E326 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E327 Calcium lactate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E328 Ammonium lactate acidity regulator
E329 Magnesium lactate acidity regulator
acid, acidity
E330 Citric acid Approved in the EU.[21]
regulator
Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii)
E331 Disodium citrate (iii) Sodium citrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
(trisodium citrate)
E332 Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
citrate (ii) Potassium citrate (tripotassium
 citrate)
Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) acidity regulator,
E333 Dicalcium citrate (iii) Calcium citrate firming agent, Approved in the EU.[21]
(tricalcium citrate) sequestrant

E334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) (acid) Approved in the EU.[21]

Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate
E335 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
(ii), Disodium tartrate
Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium
E336 tartrate (cream of tartar) (ii) Dipotassium acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
tartrate

E337 Sodium potassium tartrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E338 Phosphoric acid acid Approved in the EU.[21]

Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium
E339 phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate (iii) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[21]
Trisodium phosphate
Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium
E340 phosphate (ii) Dipotassium phosphate (iii) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[21]
Tripotassium phosphate
Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium
anti-caking agent,
E341 phosphate (ii) Dicalcium phosphate (iii)
firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]
Tricalcium phosphate
Ammonium phosphates: (i)
E342 monoammonium phosphate (ii)
diammonium phosphate

Approved in the EU.[21] This

Magnesium phosphates (i) additive is under discussion and
E343 monomagnesium phosphate (ii) anti-caking agent may be included in a future
Dimagnesium phosphate amendment to the Directive on
miscellaneous additives.
E344 Lecithin citrate acidity regulator
E345 Magnesium citrate acidity regulator
E349 Ammonium malate acidity regulator
Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii)
E350 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
Sodium hydrogen malate

E351 Potassium malate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii)
E352 acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
Calcium hydrogen malate

E353 Metatartaric acid emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]

E354 Calcium tartrate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]

E355 Adipic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E356 Sodium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E357 Potassium adipate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E359 Ammonium adipate acidity regulator

E363 Succinic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E365 Monosodium fumarate acidity regulator
E366 Potassium fumarate acidity regulator
E367 Calcium fumarate acidity regulator
E368 Ammonium fumarate acidity regulator
E370 1,4-Heptonolactone acidity regulator
E375 Niacin acidity regulator

E380 Triammonium citrate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E381 Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator
E383 Calcium glycerylphosphate acidity regulator
E384 Isopropyl citrate acidity regulator
Calcium disodium ethylene diamine
E385 sequestrant Approved in the EU.[21]
tetraacetate, (Calcium disodium EDTA)
Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate
E386 sequestrant
(Disodium EDTA)
E387 Oxystearin stabiliser
E388 Thiodipropionic acid
E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate
E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate
E391 Phytic acid

E392 Extracts of rosemary Approved in 2010[25]

E399 Calcium lactobionate

E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
Alginic acid (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling
E400 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
agent)
Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)
E401 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(gelling agent)
Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)
E402 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(gelling agent)

E403 Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser)
E404 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(gelling agent)
Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol
E405 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
alginate) (thickener) (stabiliser)

E406 Agar (thickener) (gelling agent) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[24]

Carrageenan (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling
E407 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
agent)
Processed eucheuma seaweed (thickener)
E407a emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(stabiliser) (gelling agent)
E408 Bakers yeast glycan
E409 Arabinogalactan
Locust bean gum (Carob gum) (thickener)
E410 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(stabiliser) (gelling agent)
E411 Oat gum (thickener) stabiliser

E412 Guar gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[24]

E413 Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

Acacia gum (gum arabic) (thickener)
E414 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(stabiliser)

E415 Xanthan gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[24]

E416 Karaya gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E417 Tara gum (thickener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[24]

E418 Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E419 Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup
E420 humectant Approved in the EU.[26]
(emulsifier) (sweetener)

E421 Mannitol (anti-caking agent) sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E422 Glycerol (emulsifier) sweetener Approved in the EU.[21]

E424 Curdlan gelling agent

Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac Approved in the EU.[24] May not
E425 emulsifier be used in confectionery owing to
glucomannane
choking risk.

E426 Soybean hemicellulose Approved in the EU.[24]

E427 Cassia gum Approved in 2010[25]

E429 Peptones
E430 Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) stabiliser

E431 Polyoxyethene (40) stearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]

Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
E432 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(polysorbate 20)
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate
E433 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(polysorbate 80)
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate
E434 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(polysorbate 40)
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate
E435 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(polysorbate 60)
Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate
E436 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(polysorbate 65)

E440 Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
E441 Gelatine (emulsifier) gelling agent

E442 Ammonium phosphatides emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E443 Brominated vegetable oil emulsifier
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate emulsifier

E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E446 Succistearin
Diphosphates (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii)
Trisodium diphosphate (iii) Tetrasodium
diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate
E450 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]
(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate (vi)
Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium
dihydrogen diphosphate
Triphosphates (i) Sodium triphosphate
E451 (pentasodium triphosphate) (ii) emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]
Pentapotassium triphosphate
Polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphates
(ii) Potassium polyphosphates (iii) Sodium
E452 calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]
polyphosphates (v) Ammonium
polyphosphate

E459 Beta-cyclodextrin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]

Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii)
E460 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
Powdered cellulose

E461 Methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E462 Ethyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

Hypromellose (hydroxypropyl
E464 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
methylcellulose)

E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium
E466 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
carboxymethyl cellulose
E467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
E468 Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24] This
 cellulose (Croscarmellose) additive is under discussion and
may be included in a future
amendment to the Directive on
miscellaneous additives
Enzymically hydrolysed
E469 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
carboxymethylcellulose
Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of
E470a anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[24]
fatty acids (emulsifier)

E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[24]
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
E471 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
(glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate)
Acetic acid esters of mono- and
E472a emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
diglycerides of fatty acids
Lactic acid esters of mono- and
E472b emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
diglycerides of fatty acids
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides
E472c emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
of fatty acids
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and
E472d emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
diglycerides of fatty acids
Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of
E472e emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of
E472f emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
E472g Succinylated monoglycerides emulsifier

E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E474 Sucroglycerides emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids,
E477 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
propylene glycol esters of fatty acids
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and
E478 emulsifier
propane-1
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted
E479b emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]
with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
E480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate emulsifier

E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E483 Stearyl tartrate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E484 Stearyl citrate emulsifier
E485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate emulsifier
E487 Sodium laurylsulfate emulsifier
E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides emulsifier
E489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester emulsifier
E490 Propane-1,2-diol

E491 Sorbitan monostearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E492 Sorbitan tristearate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E493 Sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E494 Sorbitan monooleate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate emulsifier Approved in the EU.[24]

E496 Sorbitan trioleate emulsifier
Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene
E497
polymers
Partial polyglycerol esters of
E498
polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil

E499 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Approved in the EU.[24]

E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
Sodium carbonates: (i) Sodium carbonate
(ii) Sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen
E500 raising agent Approved in the EU.[21]
carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate
(acidity regulator)
Potassium carbonates: (i) Potassium
E501 carbonate (ii) Potassium bicarbonate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
(Potassium hydrogen carbonate)
Ammonium carbonates: (i) Ammonium
E503 carbonate (ii) Ammonium bicarbonate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]
(Ammonium hydrogen carbonate)
Magnesium carbonates: (i) Magnesium
acidity regulator,
E504 carbonate (ii) Magnesium bicarbonate
anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]
Magnesium hydrogen carbonate
E505 Ferrous carbonate acidity regulator

E507 Hydrochloric acid acid Approved in the EU.[21]

E508 Potassium chloride (gelling agent) seasoning Approved in the EU.[21]

E509 Calcium chloride (sequestrant) firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution
E510 improving agent
(acidity regulator)

E511 Magnesium chloride firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E512 Stannous chloride antioxidant Approved in the EU.[21]

E513 Sulfuric acid acid Approved in the EU.[21]

Sodium sulfates (i) Sodium sulfate (ii)
E514 acid Approved in the EU.[21]
sodium bisulfate
Potassium sulfates (i) potassium sulfate (ii)
E515 Approved in the EU.[21]
potassium bisulfate

E516 Calcium sulfate Approved in the EU.[21]

E517 Ammonium sulfate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), (acidity
E518 firming agent
regulator)
E519 Copper(II) sulfate preservative

E520 Aluminium sulfate firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E521 Aluminium sodium sulfate firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E522 Aluminium potassium sulfate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E523 Aluminium ammonium sulfate acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E524 Sodium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E525 Potassium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E526 Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E527 Ammonium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E528 Magnesium hydroxide acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E529 Calcium oxide (acidity regulator) improving agent Approved in the EU.[21]
E530 Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E535 Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E536 Potassium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate anti-caking agent

E538 Calcium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E539 Sodium thiosulfate antioxidant
E540 Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator) emulsifier
Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii)
E541 emulsifier Approved in the EU.[21]
Basic
Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium
E542 anti-caking agent
Phosphate, Tribasic)
E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate emulsifier
E544 Calcium polyphosphate emulsifier
E545 Ammonium polyphosphate emulsifier
Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii)
E550 anti-caking agent
Sodium metasilicate

E551 Silicon dioxide (Silica) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E552 Calcium silicate anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

(i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium
E553a anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]
trisilicate

E553b Talc anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

removed from list per Commission
Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium
E554 anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
silicate)
May 2012
removed from list per Commission
E555 Potassium aluminium silicate anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
May 2012
removed from list per Commission
Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium
E556 anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
silicate)
May 2012
removed from list per Commission
E557 Zinc silicate anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
May 2012
removed from list per Commission
E558 Bentonite anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
May 2012
removed from list per Commission
E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) anti-caking agent Regulation (EU) No 380/2012 of 3
May 2012
E560 Potassium silicate anti-caking agent
E561 Vermiculite
E562 Sepiolite
E563 Sepiolitic clay
E565 Lignosulfonates
E566 Natrolite-phonolite
E570 Fatty acids anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]
Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate
E572 anti-caking agent
(emulsifier)

E574 Gluconic acid acidity regulator Approved in the EU.[21]

E575 Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) sequestrant Approved in the EU.[21]

E576 Sodium gluconate sequestrant Approved in the EU.[21]

E577 Potassium gluconate sequestrant Approved in the EU.[21]

E578 Calcium gluconate firming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E579 Ferrous gluconate food colouring Approved in the EU.[21]

E580 Magnesium gluconate

E585 Ferrous lactate food colouring Approved in the EU.[21]

E586 4-Hexylresorcinol antioxidant Approved in the EU.[23]

E598 Synthetic calcium aluminates
E599 Perlite

E600–E699 (flavour enhancer)

 Code Name(s) Purpose Status

E620 Glutamic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E621 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E622 Monopotassium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E623 Calcium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E624 Monoammonium glutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E625 Magnesium diglutamate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E626 Guanylic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E628 Dipotassium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E629 Calcium guanylate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E630 Inosinic acid flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E631 Disodium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E632 Dipotassium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E633 Calcium inosinate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E635 Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E636 Maltol flavour enhancer
E637 Ethyl maltol flavour enhancer

E640 Glycine and its sodium salt flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E650 Zinc acetate flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[21]

E700–E799 (antibiotics)
[27]
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E701 Tetracyclines antibiotic
E702 Chlortetracycline antibiotic
E703 Oxytetracycline antibiotic
E704 Oleandomycin antibiotic
E705 Penicillin G potassium antibiotic
E706 Penicillin G sodium antibiotic
E707 Penicillin G procaine antibiotic
E708 Penicillin G benzathine antibiotic
E710 Spiramycins antibiotic
E711 Virginiamycins antibiotic
E712 Flavomycin antibiotic
E713 Tylosin antibiotic
E714 Monensin A antibiotic
E715 Avoparcin antibiotic
E716 Salinomycin antibiotic
E717 Avilamycin antibiotic

E900–E999 (glazing agents, gases and sweeteners)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status

E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) anti-caking agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E901 Beeswax, white and yellow glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E902 Candelilla wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E903 Carnauba wax glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E904 Shellac glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E905 Paraffins Approved in the EU.[21]

E905a Mineral oil anti-foaming agent
E905b Petrolatum
Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii)
E905c glazing agent
Paraffin wax
E906 Gum benzoic flavour enhancer
E907 Crystalline wax glazing agent
E908 Rice bran wax glazing agent
E909 Spermaceti wax glazing agent
E910 Wax esters glazing agent
E911 Methyl esters of fatty acids glazing agent

E912 Montanic acid esters, Montan acid esters glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]
E913 Lanolin, sheep wool grease glazing agent
Oxidized polyethylene wax, oxidized
E914 glazing agent Approved in the EU.[21]
polyethylene
E915 Esters of colophony glazing agent
E916 Calcium iodate
E917 Potassium iodate
E918 Nitrogen oxides
E919 Nitrosyl chloride

E920 L-cysteine improving agent Approved in the EU[28]

E921 L-cystine improving agent
E922 Potassium persulfate improving agent
E923 Ammonium persulfate improving agent

Banned in the EU;[29] genotoxic

E924 Potassium bromate improving agent
carcinogen[30]
E924b Calcium bromate improving agent
preservative,
E925 Chlorine bleach, improving
agent
E926 Chlorine dioxide (preservative) bleach
identified as a Substance of Very
E927a Azodicarbonamide improving agent
High Concern in EU.[31]

E927b Carbamide (urea) improving agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E928 Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent) bleach
E929 Acetone peroxide
E930 Calcium peroxide (improving agent) bleach

E938 Argon packaging gas Approved in the EU.[21]

E939 Helium packaging gas Approved in the EU.[21]

Banned in all countries, in
E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane packaging gas compliance with the Montreal
Protocol.

E941 Nitrogen (packaging gas) propellant Approved in the EU.[21]

E942 Nitrous oxide propellant Approved in the EU.[21]

E943a Butane propellant Approved in the EU.[21]

E943b Isobutane propellant Approved in the EU.[21]

E944 Propane propellant Approved in the EU.[21]

E945 Chloropentafluoroethane propellant
E946 Octafluorocyclobutane propellant

E948 Oxygen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[21]

E949 Hydrogen packaging gas Approved in the EU.[21]

E950 Acesulfame potassium sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E951 Aspartame sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium
E952 sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]
salts, also known as Cyclamate

E953 Isomalt, Isomaltitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and
E954 sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]
calcium salts

E955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E956 Alitame sweetener

E957 Thaumatin (sweetener) flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[26]

E958 Glycyrrhizin (sweetener) flavour enhancer
Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone
E959 flavour enhancer Approved in the EU.[26]
(sweetener)

E960 Steviol glycosides sweetener Approved in the EU.[32]

E961 Neotame sweetener Approved in 2010[25]

E962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[26]

Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup
E965 humectant Approved in the EU.[26]
(sweetener) (stabiliser)

E966 Lactitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E967 Xylitol sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E968 Erythritol sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E969 Advantame sweetener Approved in the EU.[26]

E999 Quillaia extract foaming agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E1000–E1599 (additional additives)

Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E1000 Cholic acid emulsifier
E1001 Choline salts emulsifier
stabiliser, flavour
E1100 Amylase
enhancer
Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, stabiliser, flavour
E1101
(iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin) enhancer
E1102 Glucose oxidase antioxidant

E1103 Invertase stabiliser Approved in the EU.[24]

E1104 Lipases
E1105 Lysozyme preservative
stabiliser,
E1200 Polydextrose thickening agent, Approved in the EU.[21]
humectant, carrier

E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabiliser Approved in the EU.[21]

E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier) stabiliser Approved in the EU.[21]

E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol Approved in 2010[25]

E1204 Pullulan Approved in the EU.[21]

Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and
E1400 thickening agent
yellow) (stabiliser)
Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch)
E1401 thickening agent
stabiliser)
E1402 Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser) thickening agent
E1403 Bleached starch (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1404 Oxidized starch (emulsifier) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E1405 Enzyme treated starch

E1410 Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent) emulsifier
Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium
E1412 trimetasphosphate; esterified with thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser)

E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
Starch acetate esterified with acetic
E1420 thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
anhydride (stabiliser)
Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate
E1421 thickening agent
(stabiliser)

E1422 Acetylated distarch adipate (stabiliser) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol thickening agent
E1430 Distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent

E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine thickening agent
 (stabiliser)
Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate
E1442 thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
(stabiliser)
E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol
Starch sodium octenyl succinate
E1450 thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]
(emulsifier) (stabiliser)

E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier) thickening agent Approved in the EU.[21]

E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Approved in the EU.[21]

E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons
E1502 Butane-1, 3-diol
E1503 Castor oil resolving agent
E1504 Ethyl acetate flavour solvent

E1505 Triethyl citrate foam stabiliser Approved in the EU.[21]

E1510 Ethanol
E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate flavour solvent
E1517 Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin flavour solvent
humectant and
E1518 Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin Approved in the EU.[21]
flavour solvent
E1519 Benzyl alcohol
humectant and
E1520 Propylene glycol Approved in the EU.[21]
flavour solvent

E1521 Polyethylene glycol 8000[33] Approved in 2010[25]

E1525 Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent

See also
Food Chemicals Codex
List of food additives
International Numbering System for Food Additives
Clean label

References
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External links
Codex Alimentarius (http://www.codexalimentarius.org), the international foods standards,
established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 1963
See also their document "Class Names and the International Numbering System for
Food Additives (http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCFAC/ccfac31/INS_e.pdf)"
(Ref: CAC/GL #36 publ. 1989, revised 2009, amended 2011)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) publications (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20110625012302/http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/jecfa/publications/en/ind
ex.html) at the World Health Organization (WHO)
Food Additive Index (http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/index.html), JECFA, Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
E-codes and ingredients search engine with details/suggestions for Muslims (http://www.gui
dedways.com/halalfoodguide.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130710130226/
http://www.guidedways.com/halalfoodguide.php) 10 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers (http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/fAEF/add
itives/lists_authorised_fA_en.htm)
Food Additives in the European Union (http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive.htm)
Food Additives (http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/fAEF/additives/index_en.htm), Food Safety,
website of the European Union. Includes (a) Lists of authorised food additives (b) Food
 additives database
The Food Additives and Ingredients Association, FAIA website, UK. (https://www.faia.org.u
k/)

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