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7a. The Local Loop

The document discusses different types of computer networks: - The Local Loop refers to the last mile of analog phone line connecting a home to the central office, and various protocols like DSL, cable, and ISDN that can transmit digital data over this infrastructure. - LANs connect devices within a building using cabling standards, hardware like switches and routers, and protocols like Ethernet and TCP/IP. - MANs connect LANs within a city using local carriers and protocols like Frame Relay, ATM, and ISDN. - WANs connect LANs between cities using long distance carriers and similar protocols as MANs.

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101 views4 pages

7a. The Local Loop

The document discusses different types of computer networks: - The Local Loop refers to the last mile of analog phone line connecting a home to the central office, and various protocols like DSL, cable, and ISDN that can transmit digital data over this infrastructure. - LANs connect devices within a building using cabling standards, hardware like switches and routers, and protocols like Ethernet and TCP/IP. - MANs connect LANs within a city using local carriers and protocols like Frame Relay, ATM, and ISDN. - WANs connect LANs between cities using long distance carriers and similar protocols as MANs.

Uploaded by

0480
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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7a.

The Local Loop

The Local Loop is often called "the last mile" and it refers to the last mile of analog phone line that goes from the central office (CO) to your house. Typical local loop protocols are:

Voice lines Modem connections 56 kbps ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 2 x 64 kbps digital lines ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) up to 8 Mbps Cable Modems up to 30 Mbps

Note: Cable modems are not part of the Local Loop but do fall in the category of "the last mile" or how to get high speed digital communication to the premise (home). It would incredibly expensive to replace the existing cabling structure. All of these protocols are used to overcome the existing cabling limitations in the local loop and provide high speed digital data tranmission. The existing cabling was designed for voice communications and not digital.

7b. LANs
LANs (local area networks) are networks that connect computers and resources together in a building or buildings close together.

The components used by LANs can be divided into cabling standards, hardware and protocols. Examples of cabling standards used on LANs are:

Cat 3, 4 and 5 cables IBM Type 19 cabling standards EIA568A and 568B Ethernet cabling standards: IEEE 802.3 (10Base5), IEEE 802.3a (10Base2), IEEE 802.3i (10BaseT) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Connectors: RJ45, RJ11, Hermaphroditic connectors, RS232, DB25, BNC, TEE

7b. LANs (cont'd)


Examples of hardware devices are:

Network Interface Cards NICs Repeaters Ethernet Hubs or multiport repeaters Token Ring MultiStation Access Units (MSAUs), Control Access Units (CAUs) and Lobe Access Modules (LAMs) Bridges Brouters Routers Gateways Print servers File servers Switches

Examples of LAN protocols are:

Ethernet frame types: Ethernet_II, Ethernet_SNAP, Ethernet_802.2, Ethernet_802.3 Media Access Control layer (MAC layer) Token Ring: IBM and IEEE 802.5 Logical Link Control Layer (LLC) IEEE 802.2 TCP/IP SMB, NetBIOS and NetBeui IPX/SPX Fiber Distributed Data Interchange (FDDI) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

7c. MANs
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) are networks that connect LANs together within a city.

The main criteria for a MAN is that the connection between LANs is through a local exchange carrier (the local phone company). The protocols that are used for MANs are quite different from LANs except for ATM which can be used for both under certain conditions. Examples of MAN protocols are:

RS232, V35 X.25 (56kbps), PADs Frame Relay (up to 45 Mbps), FRADs Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PRI and BRI Dedicated T1 lines (1.544 Mbps) and Fractional T1

T3 (45 Mbps) and OC3 lines (155 Mbps) ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) up to 8 Mbps xDSL (many different types of Digital Subscriber Lines)

7d. WAN
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect LANs together between cities.

The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the WAN uses Long Distance Carriers. Otherwise the same protocols and equipment are used as a MAN.

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