Topic:

Solution of Non-Homogeneous LDE with Constant coefficients.

Learning Outcomes:

To use Method of Variation of Parameters to solve Non-Homogeneous LDE with

constant coefficients.
Method of Variation of Parameters:
Let us consider 2nd order Non-homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients as:
𝑎𝑦 << + 𝑏𝑦 < + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) (1)
Let two solutions of C.F. 𝑎𝐷 F + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 = 0 be 𝑦H and 𝑦F
i.e. 𝑦I = 𝑐H𝑦H + 𝑐F𝑦F
𝑦H 𝑦F
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F<
H

NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ R 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ R 𝑑𝑥

General solution is: 𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 << + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 << + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 (1)
F [
S.F. : 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
[Q
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 F + 1 and 𝑟 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷F + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 F = −1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑖, −𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦I = 𝑒 iQ 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦I = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Comparing 𝑦I with 𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑦H + 𝑐F 𝑦F
Here 𝑦H = cos 𝑥, 𝑦F = sin 𝑥
 𝑦H 𝑦F cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F < = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 F 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛F 𝑥 = 1
H − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. is given by: 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ 𝑑𝑥
R R

mno Q(mpq Q) qrm Q(mpq Q)

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
H H

H
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
qrm Q

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥(− log cos 𝑥 ) + sin 𝑥(𝑥)

∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥(log cos 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Answer.

 Polling Question:
The Wronskian of 𝑦 << + 5𝑦 < + 4𝑦 = 18𝑒 FQ is:
(A) 3𝑒 vQ
(B) -3𝑒 wvQ
(C) 3𝑒 wvQ
Problem 2. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 << + 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 << + 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 (1)
F [
S.F. : 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
[Q
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 F + 1 and 𝑟 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷F + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 F = −1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑖, −𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦I = 𝑒 iQ 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦I = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Comparing 𝑦I with 𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑦H + 𝑐F 𝑦F
Here 𝑦H = cos 𝑥, 𝑦F = sin 𝑥
 𝑦H 𝑦F cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F < = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 F 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛F 𝑥 = 1
H − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. is given by: 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ 𝑑𝑥
R R

mno Q(qrmpq Q) qrm Q(qrmpq Q)

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
H H

H
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
mno Q

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 log sin 𝑥

∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥(log sin 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 Answer.

Problem 3. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 << + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 << + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 (1)
F [
S.F. : 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
[Q
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 F + 1 and 𝑟 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷F + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 F = −1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑖, −𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦I = 𝑒 iQ 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦I = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Comparing 𝑦I with 𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑦H + 𝑐F 𝑦F
Here 𝑦H = cos 𝑥, 𝑦F = sin 𝑥
 𝑦H 𝑦F cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F < = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 F 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛F 𝑥 = 1
H − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. is given by: 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ 𝑑𝑥
R R
mno Q(xyo Q) qrm Q(xyo Q)
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
H H

z{|O Q mno Q
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
qrm Q qrm Q
HwI~z O Q
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥(− cos 𝑥)
qrm Q

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ sec 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 log sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.
i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥(log sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ) Answer.
Problem 4. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 << + 𝑦 = cot 𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 << + 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 (1)
F [
S.F. : 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
[Q
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷F + 1 and 𝑟 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷F + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 F = −1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑖, −𝑖
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦I = 𝑒 iQ 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦I = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Comparing 𝑦I with 𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑦H + 𝑐F 𝑦F
Here 𝑦H = cos 𝑥, 𝑦F = sin 𝑥
 𝑦H 𝑦F cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F < = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 F 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛F 𝑥 = 1
H − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. is given by: 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ 𝑑𝑥
R R
mno Q(qrx Q) qrm Q(qrx Q)
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
H H

I~z O Q qrm Q
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
mno Q mno Q
Hwz{|O Q
⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
mno Q

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑦K = − cos 𝑥(sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 − log 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + sin 𝑥(cos 𝑥)
∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.
i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐H cos 𝑥 + 𝑐F sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥(log cosec 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 ) Answer.
 Polling Question:
The Wronskian of 𝑦 << + 9𝑦 = cos 3𝑥 is:
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) -3
Problem 5. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 << − 2𝑦 < − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 Q
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 << − 2𝑦 < − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 Q (1)
F Q [
S.F. : 𝐷 − 2𝐷 − 3 𝑦 = 𝑒 where 𝐷 ≡
[Q
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷 F − 2𝐷 − 3 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 Q
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 F − 2𝐷 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷−3 𝐷+1 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = 3, −1 (real and distinct roots)
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑒 •Q + 𝑐F 𝑒 wHQ
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Comparing 𝑦I with 𝑦I = 𝑐H 𝑦H + 𝑐F 𝑦F
Here 𝑦H = 𝑒 •Q , 𝑦F = 𝑒 wQ
 𝑦H 𝑦F 𝑒 •Q
𝑒 wQ = −𝑒 •Q 𝑒 wQ − 3𝑒 •Q 𝑒 wQ = −4𝑒 FQ
Wronskian, 𝑊 = 𝑦 < 𝑦F < = 3𝑒 •Q
H −𝑒 wQ
NO P Q NT P Q
P.I. is given by: 𝑦K = −𝑦H ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦F ∫ 𝑑𝑥
R R

•Q ‚ ƒ„ (‚ „ ) wQ ‚ †„ (‚ „ )
⇒ 𝑦K = − 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
w…‚ O„ w…‚ O„

‚ †„ wFQ ‚ ƒ„
⇒ 𝑦K =
…
∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 −
…
∫ 𝑒 FQ 𝑑𝑥

‚ †„ ‚ ƒO„ ‚ ƒ„ ‚ O„ H
⇒ 𝑦K = − = − 𝑒Q
… wF … F …

∴ General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦I + 𝑦K
H
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐H 𝑒 •Q + 𝑐F 𝑒 wHQ − 𝑒 Q Answer.
…