Introduction

Advances in technology are bringing rapid changes in the ways we

produce and deliver goods and services (Skripak and Poff, 2020).

The world constantly paves its way to progress. It is undeniably true that

technology is one of the driving factors in attaining progress. Technology is being

defined in different perspectives. Mascus (2003) broadened the concept of technology

as ‘the information necessary to achieve a certain production outcome from a particular

means of combining or processing selected inputs which include production processes,

intra-firm organizational structures, management techniques, and means of finance,

marketing methods or any of its combination’.

Lan and Young (1996) further explicate that technology is always linked to

achieving a particular result, solving a particular problem, completing a particular task

while utilizing a specific skill set, utilizing knowledge, and taking advantage of

resources. The term "technology" refers to both the technology itself and the

knowledge or information about how it is used, applied, and created. It is not just limited

to the technology a product contains (Lovell, 1998; Bozeman, 2000). As a result,

technology is an effective instrument for connecting people, solving problems of various

scales and affects, and, ultimately, making our daily lives easier (Stalling, 2018).

Technology is developing at an ever-increasing pace and dramatically changes

business models in the food industry. Technology is also embodied in people,

materials, cognitive and physical processes, facilities, machines and tools (Lin, 2003).

Technology provides the life-blood in the food industry; we need to learn about this
rapidly changing environment to understand exactly where we are going in the future.

The food business is being transformed by food tech, utilizing technology to control

production, distribution, and consumption.

Conversely, MacMillan and Thompson (2008) highlighted the fundamental role of

entrepreneur’s in bringing new technologies to market. Technologies are often

configurable to serve a variety of different markets, it is possible for entrepreneurs to

identify multiple market opportunities prior to the first market entry of their emerging

firms, and if they elect to do so, to therefore have a choice of which market to enter first

(MacMillan & Thompson, 2008). Notably, because technological competences may

create benefits for end users in multiple market domains by identifying more than one

market opportunity, entrepreneurs might be able to select the most favorable market

conditions for new firm creation (MacMillan & Thompson, 2008).

In point of fact, technological expertise can be considered as the backbone of a

country's development. It is also one of the key characteristics on which progress is

built. According to a survey conducted by Entrepreneurship Sub-ranking for the 2021

Best Countries report published by U.S. News and World Report in May 2021, 78

countries were ranked on 76 categories that were evaluated based on perceptions of

which countries were technologically advanced (US. News and World Report, 2021).

According to the findings of the survey, Japan is a technologically sophisticated country.

Furthermore, Japan is one of the world's leading manufacturers of automobiles,

electrical equipment, and steel. In terms of GDP and employment, the service sector

accounts for the largest share of the economy. Japan is determined to be the first

country to demonstrate that it is possible to grow through innovation even as its

promote various actors, including start-ups and "hidden gems" among small and

medium-sized businesses, to come up with brand-new and unique ideas in order to

bring solutions to the globe (Japan Gov., n.d.).

Additionally, due to the difficulties of sorting a broad and wide range of

commodities efficiently, their installation has been particularly tough in the distribution

and logistics industry (Japan Gov, n.d.). Japan's technology has infiltrated every aspect

of society, in which these new technologies are sparking social transformations that

their country is now reaping the benefits of.

In the Philippines, on the other hand, is ranked 51st out of 132 economies in the

Global Innovation Index Report for 2021. The World Intellectual Property Organization

(WIPO), a UN specialized agency, publishes the Global Innovation Index (GII) every

year. The Philippines' GlI score for 2021 is a notch lower than its 2020 ranking (WIPO,

2021).

However, the Philippines' strong innovation performance earned them a spot on

a list of five countries around the world that have achieved substantial development in

the GII over time, with China, Turkey, Vietnam, and India (DOST, 2021). "The

Philippines continues to set an example for other developing countries by making

innovation a national priority," Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Secretary Fortunato T. de la Peña said.

Secretary de la Peña further stated that the Filipino people are looking for

solutions to their problems in science, technology, and innovation. The former

addressing many of their problems which is the difficulties in doing business in the

Philippines. In May 2018, President Duterte signed Republic Act (RA) No. 11032, also

known as the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act, to

improve the business climate and support the country's digital transformation efforts

(International Trade Administration, 2021).

Calbayog City is surrounded by several natural features such as diving places,

lush woods, and rivers, making it a popular tourist destination for both local and

international visitors. This has the potential to boost the city's business rating. In

addition, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) of Eastern Visayas

Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 considers it to be one of the regions more

progressive and fast-growing areas (NEDA). Furthermore, the city's growing number of

different enterprises is very evident. These companies have a direct impact on the city's

economic development. However, it is still apparent that just a small percentage of

organizations use technology in their day-to-day operations. Data from Business

Permits and Licensing Office (BPLO) revealed that as of 2021 there are about 99

establishments under food industry.

With the increasing number of food businesses in the area, the researchers

decided to pursue their study entitled “Factors Establishing Technology-Based

Enterprises in Calbayog City”. The researchers want to determine as to whether or not

the factors identified in the anchored theory of the study are really influencing the

establishment of technology-based enterprises in Calbayog City. It is observed from the

review of the published research that there were many and diverse environmental
factors influencing these driving forces (the entrepreneur, market opportunity,

technology availability, access to capital risk, and local infrastructure). Some of these

factors seem to be clearly enhancing, while others seem to be just facilitators. From the

research done in this field, it is difficult to conclude the real contribution made by each

factor, and at which level one factor may be substituted by another in order to achieve

the same effect on the corresponding driving force, or whether this factor is really

necessary.

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