DRYER Regain is the hygroscopic moisture content of a substance expressed as a

percentage of the bone-dry weight of the material.

Drying
The removal of relative small amounts of water or other liquid from the solid
material to reduce the content of the residual liquid to an acceptably low value.

Note:
Moisture Content = is expressed as a percentage of the gross weight of the
Drying medium maybe the product of combustion from oil, gas, or coal fired
body, and may refer to both hygroscopic and purely surface moisture.
furnaces or waste gases from plant boiler houses, or it may be air or other gas
heated by indirect steam heaters or indirect coal-fired heaters.

Modes of Drying:
1. Material could be either be direct or indirect contact with the heating
medium.
2. Processing of materials could either be in batch or continuos supply.
3. The flow of material with respect to drying medium could either be
concurrent or counterflow.

Three Methods of Drying System Based On Heat Treansfer:

1. Direct or convection drying
2. Indirect drying TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRYING
3. Infrared or radiant heat drying Humid Air

Types of Dryers based On Movement of Materials: 3

1. Continuous dryer
2. Batch dryer Steam 4

Drying m4
Types of Dryers Based On Heat Source Fresh Air 2
Chamber Bdw4
1. Steam heated Wet
2. Oil fired, coal fired ma 1 Heated Air Feed
3. Electric kg/s
Heater m5 5
Classification of Dryer: Bdw5
1. Rotary Dryer (granular, materials, cement)
2. Tray Dryer (granular materials-sand) Dried
3. Conveyor Dryer (papers, textiles) Product
4. Tower Dryer (copra, palay, flour)
5. Drum or Roller Drier (variety of fluids or suspension)
6. Spray Drier (solution and suspensions)
7. Hearth Dryer Dry Bulb Temperature
8. Centrifugal Dryer
9. Infrared Ray Dryer
Isothermal Dryer
Adiabatic Dryer
HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS: 3 Non-adiabatic Dryer
3

Hygroscopic Materials are substances which are particularly variable in the 3

moisture content which they can posses at different times.
1 2
Bone Dry Weight (Btw) or dry weight is the final constant weight reached by a
hygroscopic substance after being dried out. Dry Bulb Temperature

DRYER 164 DRYER 165

 SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Moisture removed from materials = Moisture absorbed by air 1. 3287 kg of moisture per hour is being removed from a material by adrier and the
= ma (W 3 - W 2) kg/s air leaving it has a humidity ratio of 0.02343 kg moisture per kg of dry air. The outside
= m4 m5 kg/s air is initially at 15ºC dry bulb and has a relative humidity of 50%. The air is heated to
a temperature of 69.1ºC by steam coils and between the heater and the drier air inlet
2. Bone dry weight of wet feed = Bone dry weight of dried product a drop of 9.1ºC occurs in the air temperature. How much steam is required in kg/s if
Bdw4 = Bdw5 the steam supplied is at 135 kPa and 0.98 quality?
A. 1.55 B. 1.26
3. Heat Supplied in Heater = ma (h1 h2) C. 1.02 D. 1.66
Solution:
4. Efficiency of Dryer = Heat absorbed by materials Humid Air
Heat Suppplied Steam (135 kPa) W4 = 0.02343
0.98 quality 3

ms hs hf Heated 4
Outside Air
Air 2 Drying m4
Chamber Bdw4
69.1ºC 60ºC Wet
m 1
15ºC db Fee
50% RH Heater
m5 5
Bdw5

Dried
Product

3
W3

1 W1 = W2
2

(The values of the air and steam properties should have been given in the problem)

From Psychrometric Chart, at 15ºC db and 50% RH:

W1 = W 2 = 0.0054 kJ/kg
h1 = 28.5 kJ/kg dry air

From steam table, at 69.1ºC: hg = 2625.3 kJ/kg

Where: h2 = Cpt + Whg
= 1.0(69.1) + 0.0054(2625.3)
= 83.3 kJ/kg

From steam table, at 135 kPa:

hf = 453.83 hfg = 2235.0 hg = 2688.8
where: hs = hf + xhfg
= 453.83 + 0.98(2235)
= 2644.1 kJ/kg

Solving for the mass flow flow rate of air, ma:

DRYER 166 DRYER 167

 Moisture removed from materials = Moisture by air
= ma(W3 W 2)
3287 = ma(0.02343 0.0054)
ma = 182,307 kg/hr
= 50.64 kg/s

By heat balance in the heater:

Heat absorbed by air = Heat rejected by steam
ma(h2 h1) = ms (hs hf)
50.64(83.3 28.5) = ms(2644.1 453.83)
ms = 1.267 kg/s

2. Copra enters a dryer containing 60% water and 40% of solids and leaves with 5%
water and 95% solids. Find the weight of water removed based on each:
a. pound of original product
b. pound of final product
c. pound of bone-dry material

Solution:
a. Consider 1 lb of original product or wet feed
Bone-dry weight (Bdw) = Gross weight (1-Moisture Content)
Bdw = GW x (1-MC) = GW x (Solid Part)
Bdw1 = Bdw2
(1) 0.40 = m2 (0.95)
m2 = 0.421 lb (gross weight of dried products)
Weight of water removed = m1 m2
= 1 0.42 = 0.579 lb of water removed

b. Weight of water removed per lb of final product

Bdw1 = Bdw2
m1 (0.40) = (1) 0.95
m1 = 2.375 lb (gross weight of original product)
Weight of water removed = m 1 = m2
= 2.375-1 = 1.375 lb of water removed

c. Weight of water removed per lb of bone-dry material

Bdw1 = Bdw2 = 1 lb
m1(0.40) = 1
m1 = 2.5 lb (gross weight of original product)
Bdw1 = Bdw2
1 = m2 (0.95)
m2 = 1.053 lb (gross weight of final product)
weight of water removed = m1 m2
= 2.5 1.053 = 1.447 lb of water removed

DRYER 168