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CIBSE Guide B
Combined index
Combined index 1
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 Combined index
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

CIBSE Guide B: 2016

The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

222 Balham High Road, London, SW12 9BS
 How to use this index
CIBSE Guide B was published in 2016 in five separate chapters:
—— Chapter B0: Applications and activities focuses on how different types of building and
different activities within buildings influence the choice of system. This chapter is not
available in printed form, but can be downloaded from the CIBSE website. For many
activities and types of building, more detailed design information is available in specialist
guidance.

Chapters B1 to B4 address issues relating to specific services. There are usually several possible
design solutions to any situation, and the Guide does not attempt to be prescriptive but rather to
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different options.

—— B1: Heating, including hot water systems and an appendix on hydronic systems, which is
also applicable to chilled water systems
—— B2: Ventilation, including ductwork
—— B3: Air conditioning and refrigeration
—— B4: Noise and vibration control for building services systems (applicable to all systems)

Each chapter has an individual index, but to facilitate cross-referencing, this combined index
allows for navigation of topics across the complete Guide.

Page references are indicated by a prefix defining the chapter, and a suffix referring to the page
number. For instance, 1-22 represents chapter 1, page 22.

All chapters of CIBSE Guide B can be downloaded or purchased from www.cibse.org/GuideB.

 Combined index 1

Index air conditioning 3-4 to 3-53

application areas
2-140, 3-31
noise generation 4-17 to 4-18, 4-74
commercial kitchens 0-8 air heater batteries 3-57 to 3-58
Note: page numbers in italics refer to data centres 0-18 air infiltration 2-3, 2-73
figures; page numbers in bold refer to dealing rooms 0-5 design rates 1-14 to 1-15
tables healthcare premises 0-14 heat losses 1-22, 1-32, 1-34, 1-35, 1-39
hotels 0-9 highly insulated buildings 1-22
A retail premises 0-6 see also airtightness
absorption chillers 3-93 to 3-96, 3-96, 3-108 sports centres 0-17 air intakes 2-94 to 2-96, 3-52 to 3-54
capacity controls 3-111 capacity controls 3-110 to 3-111 commercial kitchens 0-8
heat dissipation ratios 3-96 classification of systems 3-18 free cooling 3-19
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refrigerants 3-95, 3-96 and comfort cooling 3-4 ground air cooling systems 3-46
safety devices 3-112 equipment 3-52 to 3-65 minimising re-entry 2-96, 3-53
acceleration 4-70, 4-104 with free air cooling 3-81 noise 4-18, 4-19, 4-59
accelerometers 4-104, 4-105 to 4-106 heating combined with 1-114 to 1-116 positioning 2-83, 2-94 to 2-95, 3-53 to 3-54
access doors and panels 2-112 to 2-113, 2-115, and mechanical ventilation 2-19 pre-cooling 3-19, 3-45
2-118, 2-119 noise generation 4-13 to 4-14 pressure loss 2-134, 2-137 to 2-138, 2-140
acid corrosion 1-84 split systems 3-10, 3-39 to 3-40, 3-92, 4-13 transportation buildings 0-23
acid dew-point 1-84 to 4-14 air jet flow 2-59 to 2-62
acid smuts 1-81 strategies 3-4 to 3-21 air leakage 2-84 to 2-87, 3-56
acoustic concepts 4-90 to 4-96 system assessment criteria 3-7 calculation 2-141, 2-142
acoustic dampers 2-109, 2-110 system effectiveness 3-7 detection 2-76
acoustic design see noise control system types 0-4, 3-6, 3-21 to 3-52 limits 2-37 to 2-38, 2-38, 2-84 to 2-85, 2-85,
acoustic enclosures 3-75 through-the-wall units 3-40, 3-91 to 3-92 2-132
acoustic linings 4-36, 4-37 to 4-38, 4-39, 4-46, see also humidity control as a percentage of total air volume 2-85
4-60 air control units 2-92 to 2-93 in relation to air pressure 2-84, 2-86
acoustic louvres 4-20 to 4-21 see also fans; volume controllers testing 2-37, 2-76 to 2-77, 2-85 to 2-86
acoustic screening 4-59 air cooled condensers 3-80 air permeability 1-14 to 1-15, 1-17, 1-34
acoustic ventilators 2-108, 4-59, 4-60 air cooler batteries 3-58 to 3-59 air pollution control see pollution control
active attenuators 4-45 to 4-46 air curtains 0-20 air quality see airborne contaminants; indoor air
active beams 1-30 air diffusion see airflow; room air diffusion quality; outdoor air pollution
control of 1-105 air discharge 2-94 to 2-96, 3-52 to 3-54 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA ) 1-69
convective and radiative heat output 3-33 commercial kitchens 0-7 air recirculation 2-3, 3-54
heat transfer rate 1-103 heat recovery 1-72, 1-114 commercial kitchens 0-8
noise generation 4-23 to 4-24 minimising re-entry 2-96, 3-53 constant air volume systems 3-22, 3-23
ventilated 1-116 pollution control 2-96 mixed-mode ventilation 3-19
actuators 2-49, 2-50 positioning 2-83, 2-95, 3-53 to 3-54 mixing ventilation 3-14
adsorption filters 2-27, 2-29 see also discharge stacks see also mixing boxes
aerofoil blades 2-88, 2-89 air distribution methods 2-11 to 2-12, 3-8 air source heat pumps (ASHP) 1-27, 1-72, 3-103
aesthetic considerations 2-36, 2-39 to 2-40, air entrainment 2-60, 2-98, 2-99, 3-8, 3-10 to air springs 4-79
3-44, 3-78 3-11 air supply grilles 4-32
air bricks 2-108 air exhaust outlet grilles 4-18 see also air terminal devices
air change rates air extract ductwork 4-8 air systems see warm air systems
applications air filtration systems 2-25 to 2-30 air terminal devices 3-5, 3-64
bus and railway terminals 0-23 access panels 2-113 access provision 2-130, 2-131
car parks 0-24 application and selection 2-27 to 2-28 airflow measurements 2-78 to 2-79
cleanrooms 0-21 classification 2-25 to 2-27, 2-26, 2-27, 2-29 airflow patterns 3-8, 3-9, 3-11
commercial kitchens 0-7, 0-8 cleanrooms 0-21 connections to ductwork 3-11
domestic 2-22 commercial kitchens 0-7, 0-8 displacement ventilation 3-13
factories and workshops 0-19 data centres 0-18 duct and plenum connections 2-47 to 2-48
hotel bedrooms 0-9 fan coil units (FCUs) 3-32 fan-assisted 3-25, 3-26
assessment 3-118 gas and vapour removal 2-27 flow phenomena 2-59
calculation 2-73 installation 2-30 interaction between jets 3-11
definition 2-3 maintenance 2-28, 2-30, 2-39, 2-119, 2-120 large building ‘balanced’ mechanical
and draughts 2-60 particulates removal 2-25 to 2-27, 2-28 ventilation 2-19
ductwork sizing 2-36, 2-67 pressure drops 2-30, 2-31, 2-32 location and layout 2-60 to 2-61, 2-62, 2-63,
and infiltration rates 1-14 to 1-15, 1-34 2-94
specification data 2-30
maximum for comfort 3-10, 3-10 maximum air change rates 2-61
terms and definitions 2-25
measurement 2-76 to 2-77 noise 4-8 to 4-11
testing 2-25 to 2-27
natural ventilation 2-55, 2-56 casing breakout noise 4-8 to 4-9
air flow see airflow
typical for types of terminal unit 2-61 dual duct units 4-9
air handling luminaires 3-12, 3-64
air cleaners see filtration systems extract applications 4-8
air handling units (AHUs) 2-135, 2-139 to
fan assemblies 4-19
 2 Combined index

inlet sound power levels 4-8 AQMA (Air Quality Management Areas) 1-69 blow-through central plant 3-21
manufacturers’ data 4-9, 4-10 aquifer water cooling 3-38 to 3-39 ‘blue flame’ technology 1-64
outlet sound power levels 4-8 architectural considerations see building design boiler horse power 1-66
position 4-55 considerations boilers 1-60 to 1-67
variable air volume (VAV) units 4-9 ash extraction and disposal 1-56 balanced flue 0-13
obstructions 3-11 assembly halls and auditoria 0-11 to 0-12 combining different heat sources 1-97
positioning 3-8, 3-10, 3-65 assessment techniques 2-145 to 2-146, 3-118 to corrosion prevention 1-85, 1-92
3-119
spacing 3-11, 3-12 hydronic systems 1-26
atmospheric burners 1-63
turndown limits 3-12 noise generation 4-21, 4-22, 4-30
atomising burners 1-63
types 2-94, 2-95, 3-64 operating temperatures 1-85
atrium ventilation 2-15 to 2-17
variable air volume (VAV) systems 3-25, rooftop air handling units 4-18
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3-26 to 3-27 attenuators see noise attenuators

seasonal efficiency 1-17
see also diffusers; volume controllers audible warnings and announcements 4-25
selection of 1-60 to 1-61
air vents 1-108, 1-108, 1-162 auditoria 0-11 to 0-12
shut-down 1-84
noise generation 4-57, 4-59, 4-60 Australia, regulations 1-8
types 1-61
air volume control see volume airflow rate axial-flow fans 2-39, 2-87, 2-88
vibration isolation 4-74
control close coupled circular attenuators 4-43, 4-44
see also steam boilers
airborne contaminants 2-25, 2-119, 3-8 connections to ductwork 2-104, 2-104
boreholes 3-47 to 3-48
calculation of concentrations 2-73 noise spectrum 4-7, 4-43
branches in ductwork 2-100 to 2-101, 2-102
control 0-12, 2-8 to 2-9 rooftop air handling units 4-17 to 4-18
noise generation 4-39, 4-96
air-cooled condensers 3-99 to 3-100, 3-104 to vibration isolation 4-74
pressure loss 2-134 to 2-135, 2-135 to 2-136,
3-105
2-138, 2-139
airflow B brazed joints 1-146
around buildings 2-55, 2-79 back-end corrosion 1-85 brazed/welded-plate heat exchangers 3-104
calculations 2-72, 2-72 to 2-75, 2-145 to backup systems 3-71 BREEAM 1-19, 1-20, 1-74, 2-52 to 2-53, 3-72,
2-146
backwards-curved blades 2-88, 2-89 4-61
control 3-13, 3-63 to 3-65
bacterial growth prevention see microbial brick flues/chimneys 1-84
distribution in a space 2-77 to 2-78 control brine cooling medium 3-58, 3-92, 3-103
in ducts 2-42 to 2-44, 2-78 to 2-79 balanced draught systems 1-83 broad band noise 4-90
entrainment, mixing and boundaries 3-8 balanced/room sealed flues 1-83 buffer vessels 1-95, 1-99, 1-100
measurements 2-77 to 2-79, 2-113 balancing branched duckwork 2-70, 2-121 building design considerations 1-7, 2-36, 2-41,
test holes 2-115 to 2-116 balancing dampers 2-114, 4-9, 4-13, 4-18 2-66
modelling 2-146, 3-118 to 3-119 balancing of rotating machinery 4-73 building fabric 2-6, 2-7, 2-54, 2-63 to 2-64,
noise 2-48, 2-71, 2-80 to 2-81, 4-29 to 4-35, basements 2-83 3-16, 3-67
4-31, 4-96 to 4-98 building layout 3-78
bathrooms 0-9
patterns 3-8, 3-9, 3-11 building location 2-6
bedrooms 0-9, 0-15
rates for evaporative cooling 3-27, 3-97 building orientation 2-6, 2-54
bends in ductwork 2-100, 2-101, 2-102
requirements 3-118 to 3-119 building shading 2-54
noise generation 4-31, 4-36, 4-39, 4-39, 4-96
through openings 2-73, 2-74 building spacing 2-54
pressure loss 2-135, 2-136, 2-137, 2-138,
through terminal units 2-78 to 2-79 2-139 building structure and form 0-2, 2-6, 2-36,
throughout a building 2-72 bifurcated fans 2-89 2-41, 2-54, 3-69, 3-78
velocity 1-11, 1-12, 3-7, 4-30 to 4-31, 4-32 biocides 2-27, 3-101, 3-102 depth of plan 3-21
see also air change rates; room air diffusion; biogas 1-23, 1-42, 1-75, 1-76 effect on radiator performance 1-101
volume airflow rate control fabric energy efficiency standard (FEES)
biological fouling 1-162 to 1-163
airport terminals 0-22 1-18, 1-19
biomass 1-23 to 1-24
air-quality sensors 2-50 fabric thermal standards 1-17, 1-19
carbon emission factors 1-25
airtightness 1-7, 1-14, 1-16, 1-22, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, floating floors 4-70, 4-79 to 4-80, 4-86 to
combined heat and power (CHP) 1-75
2-55, 3-68 4-87
combustion 1-68
classification of doors and windows 2-105, heating to protect fabric 1-6
2-106, 2-106 fuel specification 1-58
pressure distribution and airflow around
definition 2-3 handling and storage 1-58 to 1-59 buildings 2-79
domestic mechanical ventilation 2-22 biomass boilers 1-17, 1-64 to 1-65 structural bearings 4-80
ductwork 2-76 combined with conventional heat sources thermal inertia 1-13
1-97, 1-100 to 1-101
estimating air infiltration rate 2-73 thermal mass 3-42, 3-43
pollution control 1-69
testing 2-75, 2-76, 2-86 to 2-87 vibration avoidance 4-70
regulations 1-69
see also air infiltration; air leakage vibration isolation 4-75
bio-methane see biogas
ammonia refrigerant 1-71, 3-77, 3-86, 3-87, building emissions rate (BER) 1-16, 1-17
3-95, 3-96 bio-oils 1-23, 1-75, 1-76
building information modelling (BIM) 4-108
compressor suitability 3-105 bird mesh 2-134 to 4-109
safety considerations 3-88 to 3-90 blade frequency increments (BFI) 4-6, 4-7 building location 0-2
anemometry 2-78 blending (temperature control) 2-50, 2-93, 3-63 building log books 1-16, 1-18, 1-134, 2-114,
animal houses/rooms 0-21 to 0-22, 1-6, 1-13, blinds 2-106 to 2-107 3-14, 3-113, 3-114
1-14 see also solar shading building management systems (BMS) 0-10,
Approved Documents 1-15 blower doors 2-3, 2-75, 2-76, 2-87 3-111
 Combined index 3

Building Regulations centrifugal compressors 3-99, 3-106 to 3-107, energy sources 1-23
Approved Documents 1-15, 1-15 3-108, 3-111, 4-21, 4-30 fuel choice 1-40
future requirements 1-10 centrifugal fans 2-38 to 2-39, 2-87, 2-88, 2-89 heat pumps 1-27, 1-74
Part B 2-34, 2-81, 2-83 connections to ductwork 2-103, 2-104 Part L2A requirements 1-16
Part C 2-11 noise generation 4-6, 4-7, 4-18, 4-43, 4-74 rate for regulated services 1-16
Part E 4-56 centrifugal pumps 1-148 CO2 refrigerant 1-71, 3-86, 3-87, 3-92, 3-106
Part F 1-5, 2-10, 2-20, 2-22, 2-108, 2-112 CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) 3-76, 3-76, 3-86, CO2 sensing control 2-52, 3-14
3-87
Part G 1-122, 1-123, 1-124, 1-125 CO2 sensors 2-49, 2-50
chain grate stokers 1-64
Part J 1-5, 1-68 to 1-69, 2-21, 2-40, 2-81 CO2 transcritical cycle 1-71
changing rooms 0-17
Part L 1-5, 1-15 to 1-18, 1-16, 1-21, 1-25, coal 1-43, 1-55 to 1-56
1-34, 1-37, 1-77, 1-114, 1-123, 1-127, chilled ceilings/beams 3-32 to 3-35, 3-81
Coanda effect 2-61, 3-10
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1-134, 1-151, 2-3, 2-34, 2-38, 2-41, 2-51, acoustic design 3-34 to 3-35
coefficient of performance (CoP) 1-17, 1-27,
2-70, 2-76, 2-84, 2-112, 2-140, 3-1, 3-97 combination with displacement ventilation 1-70, 1-71, 3-72
buoyancy-driven ventilation see stack-driven 3-33 to 3-34
absorption chillers 3-93, 3-96, 3-96
ventilation condensation risk 3-34
condenser types 3-99
bus terminals 0-23 control strategies 3-34
refrigerant migration chillers 3-83
butane 1-41 to 1-42 convective and radiative heat output 3-33
unitary heat pumps 3-36
gas pressure 1-48, 1-48 cooling load 3-69
coefficient of system performance (CoSP) 3-72
physical properties 1-41 cooling performance 3-33
coil type steam generators 1-65 to 1-66
refrigerant 1-71 layout and spatial requirements 3-35
coiled collectors 3-48
butt welded joints 1-144 noise generation 4-22 to 4-24
coking stokers 1-64
by-passes 1-161 types 3-32 to 3-33
cold-deck/hot-deck systems 3-50 to 3-51
boiler corrosion prevention 1-85 chilled-water free cooling 3-81 to 3-82
combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP)
compensated flow temperature control 1-89 chilled-water heat recovery 3-82 to 3-83 3-93, 3-109
flushing 1-89, 1-163 chilled-water loops 0-6 combined heat and power (CHP) 1-26 to 1-27,
chillers 4-21, 4-30, 4-74 1-74 to 1-78
C chimney-driven ventilation see stack-driven applications to buildings 1-77
cabinet heaters 1-115, 1-117 ventilation CO2 emissions 1-77
calcium chloride refrigerant 3-92, 3-92 chimneys 1-78 to 1-84 combined with conventional heat sources
calorific values 1-41, 1-41, 1-42, 1-42 construction 1-83 to 1-84 1-97, 1-98, 1-99 to 1-100
Canada, regulations 1-8 heat loss 1-81 to 1-82 domestic hot water 1-32
canopy extracts 0-8, 2-96, 2-97, 2-99 insulation 1-78, 1-81, 1-83 to 1-84 efficiency 1-75, 1-76 to 1-77
capillary tubes 3-107 linings 1-83, 1-84 operating temperatures 1-75, 1-87
capillary washers 3-60, 3-61, 3-120 minimum height 1-79 Quality Assurance scheme (CHPQA) 1-77
capital allowances 2-3 see also flues with thermal storage 1-99 to 1-100
car parks 0-23, 2-83 China, regulations 1-8 types 1-74 to 1-75, 1-75
carbon dioxide see CO2 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 3-76, 3-76, 3-86, combustion of fuels 1-67 to 1-69
carbon emission factors 1-25, 1-25 to 1-26 3-87 combustion products 1-67 to 1-68
community heating 1-131 CHP see combined heat and power (CHP) combustion side corrosion 1-85
gaseous fuels 1-41 churches 0-12 comfort cooling 2-54, 2-145, 3-4, 3-6, 3-18 to
grid electricity 1-25, 1-44 CIBSE publications 1-4 3-21, 3-19
carbon intensity factors 1-9 cinemas 0-12 commercial catalogue data see manufacturers’
circular ductwork 2-99 data
carbon monoxide (CO) 1-67
noise generation 4-47 to 4-48, 4-49, 4-51 commercial kitchens 0-7 to 0-8
casing breakout noise
openings 2-118 commissioning
axial flow fans 4-17
recommended sizes 2-129 air conditioning systems 3-77 to 3-78
centrifugal fans 4-6, 4-7
classrooms 0-11 heating systems 1-133, 1-163 to 1-164
control valves 4-8 to 4-9
Clean Air Act 1993 1-5, 1-69, 1-79, 1-83 refrigeration and heat rejection systems
fan coil units 4-11
3-112 to 3-113
cast iron sectional boilers 1-61 clean rooms 1-14
ventilation systems 2-111 to 2-116
cavitation 4-27 cleaning 2-113, 2-114 to 2-121
communal heating 0-12 to 0-13, 1-24, 1-131 to
CE marking 1-62, 2-81 cleanliness 1-147, 1-163, 3-110
1-133
ceiling height 3-17 quality classification 2-119, 2-120
see also heat networks
for active beams 1-103 cleanrooms 0-20 to 0-21, 3-10
compensated flow temperature control 1-89,
heating choice 1-22, 1-29 Climate Change Levy 1-10, 1-77, 2-3, 3-1 1-105, 1-160
ceiling voids 3-12 climate change scenarios 1-10 competency 3-77
ceiling-mounted air terminal units 3-9, 3-12, climate variability 2-57 compressed air humidifiers 3-60, 3-60
3-14, 3-64 close coupled circular attenuators 4-43, 4-44 compressed natural gas (CNG) 1-41
diffusers 2-60, 2-61, 2-61 to 2-62, 2-63 close coupled secondary attenuators 4-8 compression ignition (CI) engine CHP 1-76
space allowances 2-130, 2-131 CO (carbon monoxide) 1-67 compression joints 1-146
cellular offices 0-3 CO2, metabolic 2-9 compressors 3-105 to 3-107
centralised all-air systems 3-21 to 3-30 CO2 emissions 1-1, 2-3, 3-1, 3-65, 3-99 capacity controls 3-110
centralised heating systems 1-21, 1-32, 1-124 to benchmarks 1-19, 1-20 coefficient of performance (CoP) 3-99
1-125, 1-126 combined heat and power (CHP) 1-77 noise generation 4-21, 4-30, 4-74
 4 Combined index

refrigerant suitability 3-105 to 3-106 constant air volume systems 3-22 to 3-23 see also refrigeration systems
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 2-74 to displacement ventilation 2-51, 3-13 cooling temperature differentials 2-60, 2-61,
2-75, 2-79, 2-145 to 2-146, 3-119 energy efficiency 2-51 to 2-52, 3-14 3-10, 3-10
computer room air conditioning units (CRACs) evaporative cooling 3-28 cooling towers 3-19, 3-80, 3-82
0-18 commissioning 3-113
fire dampers 2-52, 2-82, 2-84
computer room air handlers (CRAH) 0-18 maintenance 3-78
flow water temperatures 1-89, 1-159 to 1-160
computing equipment 0-5, 0-18 noise generation 4-17, 4-22, 4-23, 4-30
heat emitters 1-88, 1-105, 1-115 to 1-116,
concert halls 0-12 1-119 site selection 3-101
concrete chimneys 1-84 heat generators 1-62, 1-89 vibration isolation 4-74, 4-84 to 4-86
condensate drainage 3-32, 3-54, 3-58 heat recovery devices 3-31, 3-56 water treatment 3-101
condensate traps 2-22 hydronic systems 1-88 to 1-89, 1-91 to 1-92, CoP see coefficient of performance (CoP)
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corrosion prevention 1-84 to 1-85 1-95 copper pipes 1-143, 1-145, 1-147
steam systems 1-106, 1-107, 1-110 to 1-111 multiple heat generators 1-90 to 1-91 corrosion inhibitors 3-77
condensate pumping 1-111 two- and three-port control 1-88, 1-92, corrosion mechanism 1-84
condensate return mains 1-111 1-112
corrosion prevention 1-84 to 1-85
condensation control mixed-mode ventilation 2-50 to 2-51, 2-65,
air cooler batteries 3-58
3-17
chilled ceilings/chilled beams 3-20, 3-34 air heater batteries 3-57
natural ventilation 2-50, 2-57
cooled surfaces (floors and slabs) 3-37 condensing boilers 1-61
night cooling 3-44
ductwork 2-103, 2-120 evaporative cooling systems 3-28
noise considerations 3-75
dwellings 0-12, 0-13 flues 1-80 to 1-81
operational 3-111 to 3-112
heating for 1-6, 1-13 heat generators 1-92
Part L2 requirements 1-16, 1-18
induction units 3-52 lithium bromide absorption chillers 3-95,
pumps 1-89, 1-151
underfloor cooling systems 3-47 3-96
recuperators 3-55
vapour barriers 2-44, 2-46 sea/river/lake/aquifer water cooling 3-39
refrigeration systems 3-110 to 3-112
ventilation 2-10 to 2-11 corrosion products 1-162
split and variable refrigerant flow systems
condensers 3-99 cost considerations
3-40
maintenance 3-78 choice of energy sources 1-23
steam systems 1-111
noise generation 4-17 desiccant cooling systems 3-30
temperature control 2-50
reduced water temperature 3-112 financial incentives 1-9 to 1-10
underfloor heating 1-105
types 3-104 to 3-105 heat emitters compared 1-28
unitary heat pumps 3-36 to 3-37
condenser-water heat recovery 3-82 to 3-83 heat generators compared 1-25
unitary heating systems 1-119 to 1-120
condensing boilers 1-61, 1-67 heat networks 1-131, 1-132
variable air volume (VAV) systems 3-24 to
combined with different heat sources 1-97 3-27 heat recovery systems 3-55
corrosion prevention 1-85 ventilation 2-48 to 2-52 heating systems 1-1, 1-9 to 1-10
efficiency/load characteristic 1-90 volume airflow rate 2-49 to 2-50, 2-92 to integration of renewable/low carbon heat
high and low temperature return 1-95 2-93, 2-114 generators 1-96
operating temperatures 1-87 warm air systems 1-116 pipework 1-148
condensing gas-fired cabinet heaters 1-117 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 refrigeration systems 3-71 to 3-72
condition-based maintenance 2-28 4-27 to 4-28 ventilation systems 2-3, 2-41, 2-47, 2-48
constant flow regulators 1-159, 1-161 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health whole-life costs 0-1, 3-2, 3-71 to 3-72
constant pressure drop 2-67 to 2-68 (COSHH) Regulations 1999 1-5, 3-73, 3-75 CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme 3-1
constant temperature systems 1-160 control valves 1-89, 1-158 to 1-159 cross-flow fans 2-88, 2-89
constant volume (CV) 4-8 hydronic systems 1-88, 1-89 cross-flow ventilation 2-17, 2-18, 2-53, 2-107
Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) noise generation 4-8 to 4-9, 4-26 to 4-27 cross-talk 4-57 to 4-58
Regulations 1-5, 1-133 to 1-134, 3-73, 3-74, steam systems 1-108, 1-112 cylinder unloading 3-110
3-77, 3-78, 3-114 convective heating
contaminant removal efficiency 2-3 application areas 0-4, 0-12, 0-16, 0-19 D
contaminants see airborne contaminants characteristics 1-119 dampered openings 2-109
contractions in ducts 2-102, 2-103, 2-135, 2-136 electric 1-117 dampers
noise generation 4-31, 4-96 to 4-97 and heat loss from room 1-28 to 1-29 air conditioning 3-19, 3-22, 3-63
control methods/systems heat transfer rate 1-101 to 1-102 fan volume flow control 2-49, 2-93
air conditioning 3-19 to 3-20 infrequently occupied buildings 1-22 flues 1-82
application areas occupant comfort 1-28 to 1-29 inspection covers 2-113
commercial kitchens 0-8 cooker hoods 2-21 natural ventilation openings 2-50, 2-109
healthcare buildings 0-15 cooled surfaces (floors and slabs) 3-37 to 3-38 noise generation 4-33
hotel bedrooms 0-9 cooling coils 4-8 pressure loss 2-134, 2-135, 2-138, 2-139
school buildings 0-10 to 0-11 cooling loads 2-12, 2-54, 2-145, 3-4, 3-69, 3-71, provision and siting of 2-114 to 2-115
sports centres 0-16 3-118 see also fire dampers
capacity 3-110 to 3-111 cooling strategy 0-3 damping, vibration 4-71 to 4-72, 4-72
chilled ceilings/chilled beams 3-34 cooling systems data centres 0-18 to 0-19
compensated flow temperature control 1-89, evaporative cooling 3-27 to 3-28, 3-80, 3-97 daylighting 3-44, 3-68
1-105, 1-160 free cooling 3-79 to 3-83 dBA 4-61
compressors 3-110 to 3-112 types 3-79, 3-79 to 3-80
 Combined index 5

dBC 4-61 air terminal devices 3-13 calculation 2-141, 2-142

de-aeration 1-162 airflow 3-12 to 3-13 limits 2-37 to 2-38, 2-38, 2-84 to 2-85,
dealing rooms 0-5 control of 3-13 2-85, 2-132
decentralised heating systems 1-21, 1-32 humidity control 3-9 as a percentage of total air volume 2-85
decibel scale 4-91, 4-91 to 4-92, 4-95, 4-96 less effective situations 3-13 in relation to air pressure 2-84, 2-86
decommissioning 3-77 to 3-78 occupied zone 3-7 testing 2-37, 2-76 to 2-77, 2-85 to 2-86
degrees of freedom 4-80 vertical temperature gradient 3-12 to 3-13 airflow 2-42 to 2-44, 2-78 to 2-79
dehumidification see humidity control dissipative attenuators see passive attenuators airflow measurements 2-78 to 2-79
demand-controlled ventilation 2-92 to 2-93 distribution losses see heat distribution losses airflow noise 2-48, 2-71, 2-80 to 2-81, 4-29 to
4-35, 4-31, 4-96 to 4-98
dementia care 0-15 district heating (DH) 1-59 to 1-60, 1-97, 1-131
to 1-133 airflow velocities 2-41 to 2-42, 2-42, 2-48,
depth of plan 2-17 to 2-18, 2-37, 2-53, 3-21
4-30 to 4-31, 4-32
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

desiccant cooling systems 3-28 to 3-30 see also heat networks

anti-microbial coatings 2-27
design calculation techniques 2-71 to 2-75 disturbing frequency 4-71
basements 2-83
design criteria diversity factor 0-9, 1-32
bend and duct fitting components 2-99 to
air conditioning 3-7 domestic appliances 4-27
2-102
heating systems 1-10 to 1-15, 1-20 to 1-32 domestic heating systems 0-12 to 0-13
bends 2-100, 2-101, 2-101, 4-31, 4-36,
noise control 4-61 domestic hot water systems 1-6, 1-120 to 1-131 4-39, 4-39, 4-96
refrigeration systems 3-71 to 3-78 centralised 1-21, 1-32, 1-124 to 1-125 branches 2-100, 2-102, 4-39, 4-96
ventilation systems 2-4 to 2-12 choice of system 1-31 to 1-32, 1-125, 1-127, contractions 2-102, 2-103, 2-135, 2-136
1-128
design flexibility 2-57, 2-64 expansions 2-101
classification 1-120, 1-120
design margins 1-38 building design considerations 2-36, 2-41,
decentralised 1-21 2-66
design options
distribution pipework 1-125 car parks 2-83
air conditioning 3-6, 3-6
energy consumption 1-123, 1-127 to 1-128, circular 4-47 to 4-48, 4-49, 4-51
refrigeration systems 3-69, 3-70
1-128
ventilation systems 2-53, 2-64 to 2-65 classification 2-34 to 2-35, 2-35
flow water temperatures 1-87
design outdoor temperatures 1-6, 1-13 cleaning 2-113, 2-114 to 2-121
heat generators 1-17
design process cleanliness 2-116
heating load 1-37
air conditioning 3-5 commissioning 2-111 to 2-112, 2-114, 2-116
instantaneous 1-129
heating systems 1-2 condensation and vapour barriers 2-44 to
maximum temperature 1-122 2-47
ventilation systems 2-53 to 2-54
point-of-use 1-31, 1-32, 1-123 to 1-124 connections 2-103 to 2-106
design room temperature see operative
pumped secondary return 1-125 cost considerations 2-41
temperature
regulations and codes 1-121, 1-122 to 1-123 design criteria 2-41 to 2-42
Design Summer Years (DSYs) 1-10
sizing 1-129 to 1-130 design issues 2-34 to 2-41
design uncertainties 1-38 to 1-39, 1-39
solar thermal 1-27, 1-78, 1-127, 1-128 distribution losses 1-37 to 1-38
desk terminals 3-7, 3-9, 3-12
storage systems 1-32, 1-124 to 1-125, 1-130 domestic mechanical ventilation 2-22
de-stratification 0-11, 0-19, 1-116
to 1-131
dew-point systems 3-24 duct and plenum design 2-47 to 2-48
storage temperatures 1-87
diesel engines 4-30 duct length effect 4-46 to 4-47, 4-48
thermal expansion provision 1-122 to 1-123
differential pressure control valves (DPCVs) duct pressure and air velocity 2-34 to 2-35,
unvented 1-123, 1-124 2-35
1-89, 1-159, 1-161
water consumption 1-123, 1-129 duct rumble 4-32, 4-34
diffusers 1-114, 2-19, 3-8, 3-64, 3-64 to 3-65
doors ducted feeds through the roof slab 4-19
ceiling mounted 2-60, 2-61, 2-61 to 2-62,
2-63 classification by air permeability 2-105 end reflection loss 4-39 to 4-40, 4-40
near-zone 3-13 clearance beneath 2-22 energy efficiency 2-47, 2-48
noise generation 4-9, 4-11, 4-35, 4-98, 4-98 see also openings in escape routes 2-82, 2-84
pressure loss 2-137 DOP (di-octylphthalates) 2-27 fire protection 2-40, 2-81, 2-82 to 2-84
spacing 3-11 double façade natural ventilation 2-17, 2-56 fire resisting 2-40, 2-81, 2-82, 2-84, 2-103,
types 2-94, 2-95, 3-13 double indirect cooling systems 3-79 2-132
dilution ventilation 2-3, 2-11, 3-8 double regulating valves 1-158 fittings 2-102
direct cooling systems 3-79, 3-79, 3-121 draught rating (DR) 2-11 flexible connectors 4-79
direct electric heaters 1-117 to 1-118 draughts 1-12, 1-31, 2-11, 2-18, 2-60, 2-62 hangers 4-79
direct expansion (DX) cooling 0-4, 0-11 to 0-12 reduction 2-54, 2-106, 2-108 health and safety 2-42
direct expansion (DX) evaporators 3-91 to 3-92, see also room air diffusion heat gains and losses 2-43 to 2-44, 2-45,
3-103 drawings 2-114 2-141 to 2-142, 2-142, 2-143
direct gas-fired heaters 1-113, 1-117 drop (air diffusion) 3-8 industrial extract equipment 2-98
directivity factor 4-93 to 4-94 dry air coolers 3-80, 3-81, 3-101 to 3-102, 4-17 inlet sound power levels 4-8
directivity index 4-94 dual duct systems 1-115, 3-49 to 3-51 installation 2-116
dirt separators 1-163 dual fuel burners 1-62 instrument connections 2-115
discharge air see air discharge ducted DX units 3-92 insulation 2-44 to 2-46, 2-45, 2-46, 2-84,
discharge cowls 2-105, 2-106 ductwork 2-34 to 2-48, 2-130, 3-11 to 3-12, 3-17 2-103, 2-142 to 2-143
discharge stacks 0-7, 1-69, 2-96, 2-98, 3-54 access doors and panels 2-112 to 2-113, kitchen extract systems 0-7, 0-8, 2-82
displacement ventilation 2-3, 2-11 to 2-12, 2-19, 2-118, 2-119 lagging/cladding 4-50 to 4-51, 4-51
2-51 air leakage 2-84 to 2-86 layout and spatial requirements 2-35 to
 6 Combined index

2-36, 2-65 to 2-66, 2-130 water heaters 1-123 to 1-124 energy-efficiency ratio (EER) 3-73
location 4-49, 4-49 electric motors 4-26, 4-26 Enhanced Capital Allowance scheme 1-10,
maintenance 2-39, 2-114 to 2-121 electric steam humidification 3-19 1-77, 2-3, 3-1, 3-72
materials 4-36 electrical power supply 3-112 entrainment see air entrainment
natural ventilation 2-55, 2-109 electricity 1-43 to 1-44 entrance areas 0-5
noise control 4-36 to 4-51 carbon emission factor 1-25 Environment Act 1995 1-69
acoustic lining 4-36, 4-37 to 4-38, 4-39, cost considerations 1-40 environmental considerations 0-2
4-46, 4-60 environmental considerations 1-40, 1-44 air conditioning 3-3 to 3-4, 3-65, 3-75 to
break-in noise 4-48 to 4-51, 4-50, 4-51, 3-76, 3-95
see also grid electricity
4-67 choice of energy sources 1-23, 1-23, 1-40
electrofusion joints 1-146
breakout noise 4-29, 4-46 to 4-48, 4-66 electricity 1-40, 1-44
electronic expansion valves 3-107
to 4-67
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

fuel combustion 1-68

electrostatic air cleaners 2-29
in-duct attenuators 4-8, 4-20, 4-29, 4-31, heat pumps 1-73 to 1-74
4-32, 4-32, 4-35, 4-40 elevators see lifts
see also CO2 emissions; pollution control
plate dampers 4-34 to 4-35 employees performance 2-4
environmental free cooling 3-81, 3-102
noise prediction 4-65 to 4-66 end-user requirements see user requirements
environmental performance assessment 1-15,
noise transmission 2-39, 2-48, 2-71, 2-79 to energy consumption
1-19 to 1-20
2-81 domestic hot water systems 1-123, 1-127 to
environmental performance targets 1-9, 1-15
outlet sound power levels 4-8 1-128, 1-128
Environmental Protection Act 1990 1-69
oval or ‘flattened’ circular 4-47 pumps 1-92 to 1-93
ErP (Ecodesign of Energy-related Products)
performance requirements 2-41 energy efficiency 2-3
Directive 2-91
pressure loss 2-67 to 2-71, 2-133 to 2-137, benchmarks 1-19, 1-20, 3-3
escalators 4-25 to 4-26
2-138, 2-139, 4-96 boilers 1-17
escape routes 2-82, 2-84
pressurisation systems 2-83 combined heat and power (CHP) 1-75
ethylene glycol refrigerant 3-92, 3-92
rectangular sheet metal 4-46 to 4-47, 4-48, control systems 2-51 to 2-52, 3-14, 3-111 to
European Union regulations 1-8
4-50 3-112
evaporative condensers 3-78, 3-102
section types 2-98 to 2-99 cooling and humidification 3-19
evaporative cooling 3-27 to 3-28, 3-80, 3-97
sizing 2-36, 2-67 to 2-71, 2-128 to 2-129, design measures 3-14
2-133 to 2-137 evaporator fan coil units (FCUs) 3-104
domestic hot water systems 1-123, 1-127 to
sound power and pressure levels 4-94 1-128 evaporator temperature 2-60
support and fixing 2-102 to 2-103, 2-132 ductwork 2-38, 2-39, 2-47, 2-48 evaporator/condenser arrangements 3-108,
3-109
system attenuation requirements 4-65 to fans 3-63
4-66, 4-66 evaporators 3-103 to 3-104, 3-110
financial incentives 1-9 to 1-10
terminations 4-39 to 4-40, 4-98 exempted buildings 1-21
government schemes 3-1
test holes 2-115 to 2-116, 2-117 exhaust air see air discharge
heat emitters 1-28 to 1-29
turbulence-induced noise 4-31 to 4-35 exhaust hoods 2-21, 2-96 to 2-98, 2-97, 2-99
heat recovery systems 2-31, 2-31 to 2-32,
vibration isolation 4-86 3-55 exhaust sound power levels 4-8
visual inspection 2-120 heat rejection systems 3-65 exhaust stacks 0-7, 1-69, 2-96, 2-98, 3-54
warm air systems 1-37 to 1-38, 1-114 humidity control 3-19, 3-62 to 3-63 exhaust terminals 2-62
dust collectors 2-28 minimum acceptable 1-17 existing buildings 1-18, 1-19
dust deposition 2-119 mixed-mode ventilation 2-65, 3-17 expansion devices 3-107 to 3-108
dusts see particulates Part L2 requirements 1-16, 1-18 expansions in ducts 2-101, 2-103, 2-134
dwellings 0-12 to 0-13 partially centralised air/water systems 3-30 exposed soffits 3-44
DX (direct expansion) cooling 0-4, 0-11 to 0-12 pumps 1-93, 1-149 to 1-150, 1-150 to 1-151 exposure limits 2-9
refrigeration 3-65 to 3-67, 3-72 to 3-73 external design conditions 1-6, 1-12 to 1-13
E refurbished buildings 1-18, 1-18 external louvres 2-106, 2-109, 2-134
Eco-Design of Energy Related Products regulations 1-1, 1-5, 1-8 to 1-9, 1-16 external noise 2-55, 2-57, 2-79 to 2-80, 4-59 to
Directive 1-8 4-60
targets 3-3 to 3-4
economic considerations see cost considerations external pollution 2-6, 2-8 to 2-9, 2-18, 2-119
Energy Labelling Directive 2-91
economisers 1-66, 3-106 extract canopies 0-8, 2-96, 2-97, 2-99
energy management 1-134
EC-type motors 2-93 extract grilles 3-13, 4-32
energy metering 1-16, 1-18, 1-129
elastomeric materials 4-76 to 4-77 extract ventilation see mechanical extract
Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) 1-1,
ventilation
elastomer-in-shear 4-78, 4-82 1-16, 1-18
elderly care 0-15 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(EPBD) 1-1, 1-8, 1-18, 2-3, 2-92, 3-1, 3-112 F
electric air curtains 1-117
energy sources 1-39 to 1-59 fabric energy efficiency standard (FEES) 1-18,
electric heat pumps 1-40
1-19
electric heater batteries 3-57 availability 1-40
fabric heat loss 1-33 to 1-34
electric heating systems 1-27 choice 1-23 to 1-25
fabric thermal standards 1-17, 1-19
electric convectors 1-117 cost considerations 1-40
face-and-bypass control 3-19 to 3-20, 3-22
electric heating coils 1-113 fuel handling and storage 1-45 to 1-59
factories 0-19 to 0-20
electric radiant heaters 1-118 gaseous fuels 1-41 to 1-42
false ceilings see suspended ceilings
electric radiators 1-117 global warming potential (GWP) 1-40
fan coil units (FCUs) 0-4, 1-30, 1-103, 1-115 to
storage heaters 1-118 liquid fuels 1-42 to 1-43
1-116, 3-30 to 3-32
underfloor heating 1-30, 1-118 see also fuels
noise generation 4-11 to 4-12
 Combined index 7

through-the-wall air conditioning units flexible-use spaces 0-10, 0-12 combustion 1-67 to 1-69
3-91 to 3-92 floating floors 4-70, 4-79 to 4-80, 4-86 to 4-87 comparison 1-25
fan convectors 1-30 float-valve regulators 3-107 to 3-108 electricity generation 1-44
fan dilution systems 1-82, 1-83 flooded refrigerant evaporators 3-104 gaseous fuels 1-41 to 1-42
fan tile units see underfloor air conditioning floor slabs 4-75 handling and storage 1-23, 1-45 to 1-59
systems
floor surface temperature liquid fuels 1-42 to 1-43
fan-assisted terminal units 3-25, 4-14, 4-15,
beneath boiler 1-61 see also carbon emission factors; energy
4-16
underfloor heating 1-30, 1-103 sources
fan/motor efficiency grades (FMEG) 2-91
floor-mounted air terminal devices 3-9, 3-12, future proofing 3-72
fans 2-87 to 2-92
3-14
blade frequency increments (BFI) 4-6, 4-7
floor-to-ceiling height ratio 2-54 G
combined supply/extract 3-21
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

flow hoods 2-79 gas boosters 1-45, 1-62

connections to ductwork 2-103 to 2-104
flow regulation 1-87 to 1-88 gas coolers 1-71
efficiency 2-38 to 2-39, 2-91, 2-92
flow setting 1-159, 1-164 gas distribution pipework 1-47 to 1-48
energy efficiency 3-63
flow straighteners 4-31 to 4-32 gas engine vapour compression heat pumps
fan laws 2-91 1-71
flow water temperatures
fire rating 2-82, 2-83 gas fired tubular heaters 1-29
active beams 1-103
industrial extract equipment 2-98 Gas Safe Register 1-49
combining of different types of heat
installation categories 2-91 generator 1-97 Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations
mechanical extract ventilation 2-20 to 2-21 comparison for heat generators 1-25, 1-60 (GSIUR) 1-47, 1-49, 1-49
mechanical supply ventilation 2-21 to 2-22 control 1-89, 1-159 to 1-160 gas sensors 2-49
noise generation 4-6 to 4-8, 4-19, 4-30 domestic hot water systems 1-87 gas spark ignition (GSI) engine CHP 1-75
outlet pressure 2-90 heat networks 1-131 gas turbine CHP 1-76
performance 2-89 to 2-91 LTHW hydronic systems 1-86, 1-87 gas turbine noise 4-74
position 3-20 to 3-21 outdoor temperature compensation 1-88, gas utilisation efficiency (GUE) 1-71
sizing 2-139 to 2-140 1-89, 1-105, 1-160 gaseous fuels 1-41, 1-41 to 1-42
specific fan power (SFP) 2-38 to 2-39, 2-70, flue draught 1-80, 1-82 combustion 1-68
2-140 to 2-141 flue gases 1-67 to 1-68 regulations 1-49, 1-49
terms and definitions 2-89 to 2-91 see also greenhouse gas emissions; pollution see also liquefied petroleum gases (LPG);
types and components 2-87 to 2-89, 2-88 control natural gas
vibration isolation 4-74, 4-82 flues 1-78, 1-79 gas-fired absorption heat pumps 1-71, 1-72,
farms 0-22 acid smuts 1-80 1-74
fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis 4-102, corrosion 1-80 to 1-81 gas-fired boilers 1-61, 1-62 to 1-63, 4-18
4-103, 4-106 draught production 1-82 to 1-83 gas-fired heat pumps 1-27, 1-71
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 1-43 draught stabilisers 1-82 gas-fired heating 3-57
feed-in tariffs 1-10 efflux velocities 1-79 to 1-80 gas-fired radiant heaters 1-117, 1-118
feedwater equipment 1-106, 1-108 flow resistance 1-80, 1-82 gas-fired warm air heaters 1-113 to 1-114
FEES (fabric energy efficiency standard) 1-18, heat loss 1-81 to 1-82 gasketed-plate heat exchangers 3-104, 3-105
1-19 gauge glasses 1-67
sizing 1-80
fibrous sound absorbing materials 2-42, 4-46 GAX absorption chillers 3-94 to 3-95
see also chimneys
filtration systems see air filtration systems generator absorber heat exchanger (GAX) 3-94
flume models 2-78
financial incentives 1-9 to 1-10 to 3-95
fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFC) 1-71, 1-74
fire dampers 2-22, 2-40, 2-66, 2-81, 2-82, 2-83 to glazing 2-6, 3-68, 4-57
flushing 1-163
2-84, 2-132 see also openable windows; windows
FMEG (fan/motor efficiency grades) 2-91
access panels 2-112 to 2-113, 2-130, 2-131 glazing ratios 2-54
forced convection 1-102, 1-104
control systems 2-52, 2-82, 2-84 global warming potential (GWP) 1-40
forced draught burners 1-62, 1-82
in escape routes 2-82 gaseous fuels 1-41
forward-curved centrifugal fans 2-88, 2-89
pressure loss 2-136 refrigerants 1-74
fouling 1-162 to 1-163
fire doors 2-40 glycol cooling medium 3-58, 3-92, 3-103
fragility levels 4-70, 4-76
fire protection gravity oil supply 1-54 to 1-55
free cooling 3-19, 3-69, 3-79 to 3-83
heating systems 1-46, 1-47, 1-53, 1-59 grease filtration 0-7
frequency analysis 4-3, 4-102
ventilation systems 2-40, 2-57, 2-81 to 2-84, greenhouse gas emissions 1-40, 3-65, 3-76 to
2-118, 2-120, 2-132 fresh air supply rates 2-9 to 2-10, 2-10
3-77
fire-resisting ductwork 2-40, 2-81, 2-82, 2-103, fresh-air free cooling 3-80, 3-81
see also CO2 emissions; pollution control
2-132 see also night cooling / ventilation
grid electricity 1-25, 1-44
fire-resisting enclosures 2-132 friction loss method 2-67 to 2-68, 2-70
grilles 4-9, 4-11, 4-32, 4-35, 4-36
fire-tube boilers 1-65 fridge compressor units 4-18
grooved end joints 1-146
fitness suites 0-16 frost protection 1-6, 1-13, 1-27, 1-72, 3-19, 3-54,
gross calorific value (GCV) 1-17
fixed orifice double regulating valves 1-158 3-58
ground air cooling systems 3-45 to 3-46
fixed orifice flow measurement devices 1-158 fuel cells 1-27, 1-76
ground source heat pumps (GSHP) 1-27, 1-72,
flanged joints 1-144 fuel oil see petroleum fuel oils
3-103
flat oval ducting 2-99 fuels
ground water cooling systems 3-46 to 3-47,
flexible circular duct attenuators 4-43, 4-45 calorific values 1-41, 1-41, 1-42, 1-42 3-81, 3-102
flexible pipe connectors 4-79 choice 1-23 to 1-25 closed-loop systems 3-47 to 3-48, 3-81
 8 Combined index

maintenance 3-49 see also convective heating; radiant heating advantages and disadvantages 2-33
open-loop systems 3-47 systems; secondary circuits comparison of 3-55
space requirements 3-48 to 3-49 heat exchangers 1-25 condensate drainage 3-54
GSI (gas spark ignition) engine CHP 1-75 heat gains 0-3 definition 2-3
GSIUR (Gas Safety (Installation and Use) building design features 2-54, 2-54 desiccant cooling 3-30
Regulations) 1-47, 1-49, 1-49 ductwork 2-43 to 2-44, 2-45 domestic hot water 1-129
GUE (gas utilisation efficiency) 1-71 internal 1-7, 1-35, 2-7 domestic mechanical ventilation 2-22, 2-23
guide vanes 2-39, 2-87 pipework 1-151 to 1-152 economisers 1-66
heat generators 1-17, 1-26 to 1-27, 1-59 to 1-67 efficiency (effectiveness) 1-37, 2-31, 2-31 to
H choice of number and duties 1-39 2-32, 3-54, 3-55
hand holes in ductwork 2-113 combining different heat sources 1-97 energy efficiency 3-55
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

handover 2-116, 2-119 comparison 1-25, 1-59 to 1-60, 1-60 mechanical extract ventilation 2-21, 2-23
hangers 2-102, 2-132, 4-79, 4-86 control methods/systems 1-62, 1-89, 1-90 pressure drop 3-54, 3-55
hazardous areas 2-83 to 1-91 types 2-31, 2-32 to 2-33
hazardous substances 2-120, 3-67, 3-75 to 3-77 corrosion prevention 1-92 ventilation heat load calculation 1-37
HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorcarbons) 3-75 to 3-76, heat output rate 1-89 for warm air systems 1-114
3-76, 3-86, 3-87 thermal stress 1-92 heat regenerators 2-31, 2-33, 3-55, 3-57
HCs (hydrocarbons) 3-86, 3-87, 3-90, 3-106 see also boilers; primary circuits heat rejection systems 3-99
HDR (heat dissipation ratio) 3-96, 3-96 heat interface units (HIU) 1-132, 1-133, 1-161 components 3-103 to 3-109
headers (hydronic systems) 1-93 to 1-95 heat losses design criteria 3-71 to 3-78
health and safety air infiltration 1-14 to 1-15, 1-34, 1-35 energy efficiency 3-65
absorption chillers 3-95 to 3-96 calculation 1-32 to 1-36 health and safety 3-73 to 3-77
domestic hot water 1-6, 1-122 distribution losses 1-37 to 1-38 noise generation 4-22
ductwork 2-42, 2-119 ductwork 2-43 to 2-44, 2-45, 2-141 to 2-142, river, lake and seawater cooling 3-81
evaporative cooling systems 3-28 2-142, 2-143
strategic design 3-67 to 3-71
fuel handling and storage 1-46, 1-55 to 1-56, fabric 1-33 to 1-34
system types 3-80
1-59 heat networks 1-131, 1-131
heat storage see thermal storage
humidification systems 3-62 pipework 1-37 to 1-38, 1-151 to 1-152
heat transfer 1-101 to 1-102
indoor air quality 2-119 radiant versus convective heating 1-28 to
heated floors see underfloor heating
refrigerants 3-85 to 3-91 1-29
heating load
refrigeration and heat rejection systems ventilation 1-32 to 1-33, 1-34, 1-37
calculation 1-32 to 1-36, 1-37, 1-38
3-72, 3-73 to 3-77 heat metering 1-65, 1-92
demand measurement 1-91 to 1-92
surface temperatures 1-29 heat networks 1-131 to 1-133
distribution losses 1-37 to 1-38
Health and Safety at Work Act 1-5 heat pipes 2-31, 2-33, 3-55, 3-56
effect of load diversity 1-38
health and safety file 3-74 heat pumps 1-17, 1-27, 1-69 to 1-74, 3-35 to
3-37, 3-57, 3-102 to 3-112 peak generator 1-38
healthcare premises 0-13 to 0-15
air to air arrangement 1-73 pre-heat 1-36
heat dissipation ratio (HDR) 3-96, 3-96
buffer vessels 1-99 heating oils see petroleum fuel oils
heat distribution losses 1-37 to 1-38
carbon emissions 1-27 heating systems
heat distribution media 1-31, 1-31
categories 1-73 choice of system 1-20 to 1-31
heat emitters
coefficient of performance (CoP) 1-17, 1-27, classification 1-21
architectural considerations 1-28
1-70, 1-71, 3-36 design criteria 1-10 to 1-19
choice of 1-28 to 1-31
combined with conventional heat sources operation, maintenance and energy
convective versus radiant 1-28 to 1-29,
1-97, 1-97 to 1-99 management 1-133 to 1-134
1-35 to 1-36
control strategy 3-36 to 3-37 strategic design 0-2 to 0-3, 1-1 to 1-10
high thermal mass buildings 1-22
cooling 1-27, 1-72 see also domestic hot water systems; energy
highly insulated buildings 1-22
emissions 1-74 sources; hydronic systems; steam
rooms with high ceilings 1-22, 1-29 systems; unitary heating systems;
environmental considerations 1-73 to 1-74
comparison 1-28 warm air systems
heat collection 3-103
control methods/systems 1-88, 1-105, 1-115 helical springs 4-78, 4-82
to 1-116, 1-119 heat sources 1-72
hermetic compressors 3-105, 3-108
control valves 1-89, 1-105 operating temperatures 1-70, 1-71, 1-87,
HFC (fluorinated hydrocarbons) 1-71, 1-74
1-99
heat output rate 1-28, 1-101 to 1-105 HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) 3-86 to 3-87, 3-105
refrigerants 1-71, 1-74
variation with flow rate 1-104 to 3-106
reversible 1-70
variation with system water temperature HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins) 3-86, 3-87
1-104 sizing 1-98
high rise buildings 0-12, 1-48, 1-62, 2-13
location 1-31 stand-alone 1-118
high temperature hot water (HTHW) 1-31,
noise 1-29 supplementary heat sources 1-98 to 1-99 1-86, 1-95 to 1-96
and room surface temperatures 1-12 ‘through the wall’ arrangement 1-73 historic buildings 1-18, 1-22
sizing 1-22, 1-87 types 1-70 to 1-71, 3-102 to 3-103 HIU (heat interface units) 1-132, 1-133, 1-161
space considerations 1-28 for warm air systems 1-113 hoods see exhaust hoods
speed of response 1-28, 1-29 waste heat 1-25 horizontal ductwork 2-102
steam systems 1-108 heat recovery systems 2-30 to 2-34, 3-53, 3-54 horizontal pivot windows 2-107
to 3-57
surface temperatures 1-29 horizontal sliding windows 2-107
access panels 2-113
 Combined index 9

horticultural buildings 1-14 LTHW systems 1-87 to 1-88 2-46, 2-45, 2-46, 2-84, 2-103, 2-142 to
hospitals 0-13 to 0-14 MTHW and HTHW systems 1-95 to 1-96 2-143
hot gas bypass 3-110, 3-111 operating temperatures 1-21, 1-21, 1-86 to heat emitters for highly insulated buildings
1-87, 1-87 1-22
hot water coils 1-112, 1-113
pipe and pump sizing 1-147 to 1-151 heat emitters for poorly insulated buildings
hot water storage vessels 1-125, 1-161
1-22
hot wire anemometry 2-78 pipe materials and jointing methods 1-143
to 1-147 highly insulated buildings 1-22
hot-deck/cold-deck systems 3-50 to 3-51
pipework movement 1-152 to 1-155 noise attenuation 4-50 to 4-51, 4-51
hotels 0-8 to 0-10
pressurisation 1-87, 1-95, 1-155 to 1-158 pipework 1-37 to 1-38, 1-151
HTHW (high temperature hot water) 1-31,
primary circuit 1-89 to 1-93 intake air see air intakes
1-86, 1-95 to 1-96
secondary circuits 1-89 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
human comfort see thermal comfort
system 1-69
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

human response to sound 4-92, 4-101 valve types 1-158 to 1-159

intermittent operation 1-7, 1-36
human response to vibration 4-73, 4-105 variable flow systems 1-87 to 1-88, 1-160
intermittently occupied buildings 1-21 to 1-22,
humidifiers 3-59 to 3-63 1-29
energy efficiency 3-62 to 3-63 I
internal combustion engines 4-30, 4-74
health hazards 3-62 ice slurries 3-92
internal design conditions 1-10 to 1-11
positioning 3-62 ice storage systems 3-98 to 3-99
internal environment 0-1
scale formation 3-62 ICT equipment 0-5, 0-18
internal heat gains 0-2, 0-3, 0-5, 0-19, 1-7, 1-35,
types 3-59 to 3-62 ICT rooms 0-11 2-7, 3-68 to 3-69
humidity control 2-10, 2-21, 2-60, 3-20 impeller power 2-90 internal walls 4-57
acceptable levels 3-20 impellers (fans) 2-87 interotex absorption chillers 3-99
avoiding reheat 3-22 India, regulations 1-8 interstitial condensation 2-10 to 2-11
‘close’ control 3-4, 3-20 indirect cooling systems 3-79, 3-79, 3-121 isolation hangers 4-79
constant air volume systems 3-22 to 3-23 indirect fired warm air heating 1-113 to 1-114 isolation rooms 0-13 to 0-14
energy efficiency 3-19 indirect gas- and oil-fired heaters 1-116 to isolator rails 4-84 to 4-86
1-117
fan coil units 3-32 IT equipment 0-5, 0-18
indoor air quality 0-1, 0-10, 2-119, 3-12
induction units 3-52
see also airborne contaminants
psychrometric process 3-120 to 3-121 J
indoor design temperature see room air
and temperature differential 3-9 Japan, regulations 1-8
temperatures
humidity controlled vents 2-108 jet-assisted hoods 2-98
indoor environment 0-1
humidity levels 1-12
induced draught systems 1-82 to 1-83
humidity sensing control 2-52, 3-14 K
induced jet warm air heating 1-112, 1-114
humidity sensors 2-49, 2-50, 3-20 kitchen extract systems 2-82, 2-84
induction unit noise 4-12 to 4-13
hybrid ventilation see mixed-mode ventilation kitchens 0-7 to 0-8
induction-type diffusers 2-94, 3-13, 3-25, 3-27,
hydraulic separators 3-60, 3-60 3-51 to 3-52
hydrocarbons (HCs) 3-86, 3-87, 3-90, 3-106 industrial extract equipment 2-96 to 2-98, 3-54 L
hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs) 3-75 to 3-76, industrial premises 0-19 to 0-20, 1-6, 1-12, 1-14 laboratories 1-14
3-76, 3-86, 3-87 LACORS (Local Authority Coordinators of
inertia bases 4-78 to 4-79
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 3-86 to 3-87, 3-105 Regulatory Services) 1-69
infection control 0-13
to 3-106 lagging/cladding
infrared evaporators 3-62
hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) 3-86, 3-87 noise attenuation 4-50 to 4-51, 4-51
inlet guide vanes 2-51, 2-87
hydrogen fuel 1-42 lake water cooling 3-38 to 3-39, 3-81, 3-102
inlet sound power levels 4-8
combined heat and power (CHP) 1-76 landfill gas 1-42
inlet volume flow rate 2-90, 2-91, 2-92
regulations 1-51 latent heat recovery 2-3, 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 3-54
insertion losses
transportation and storage 1-48 to 1-49 lateral exhausts 2-96, 2-98
close-coupled axial fan attenuators 4-44
hydronic systems 1-85 to 1-105 LEED 1-20
in-duct attenuators 4-40, 4-41, 4-43, 4-45
air and dirt removal 1-162 to 1-163 legacy systems 3-49 to 3-52
lagging/cladding materials 4-51
buffer vessels 1-95, 1-99, 1-100 Legionella 1-32, 1-71, 1-122, 1-125, 3-62, 3-74,
plenums 4-43
by-passes 1-161 3-101, 3-102
inspection for cleaning 2-120
categorisation by temperature 1-86 legislation
inspection panels 2-112 to 2-113
commissioning 1-163 to 1-164 fuel combustion 1-68
instantaneous hot water 1-31, 1-32, 1-123 to
domestic hot water 1-161 to 1-162 gas industry 1-49
1-124
flow rates 1-87 to 1-88 pollution control 2-96, 3-54
centralised 1-125, 1-126
flow temperature control 1-159 to 1-160 ventilation systems 2-42, 2-112, 2-117 to
heating load 1-37
heat output rate of heat emitters 1-101 to 2-118
Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers
1-105 see also regulations
(IGEM) standards 1-49, 1-50
heat transfer to and from pipes 1-151 to life cycle costs see whole-life costs
instrumentation
1-152 lifts 4-24 to 4-25
connections 2-115
integration of renewable/low carbon heat lighting
generators 1-96 to 1-101 noise measurement 4-100 to 4-103
and cooling load 3-68 to 3-69
interface between primary and secondary vibration measurement 4-104 to 4-106
and thermal mass 3-44
circuits 1-93 to 1-95 insulation
and ventilation 2-7 to 2-8
layout 1-161 ductwork 1-37 to 1-38, 1-114, 2-6, 2-44 to
linen-handling spaces 0-9 to 0-10
 10 Combined index

liquefied natural gas (LNG) 1-41 hydronic systems 1-85 Microgeneration Certification Scheme 1-27
liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) 1-41 to 1-42 steam systems 1-108 mists 2-28
carbon emission factor 1-25 Management of Health and Safety at Work mitred elbows 2-100, 2-101
gas distribution pipework 1-47 to 1-48 Regulations 1999 3-73 mixed flow fans 2-88, 2-89, 4-43
gas pressure 1-41 manual control 2-49, 2-57 mixed-mode ventilation 2-23 to 2-25, 2-63 to
handling and storage 1-45 to 1-48 manufacturers’ data 4-2, 4-5, 4-99 2-65
physical properties 1-41 manufacturing buildings 0-19 combining effectively 3-16
regulations 1-51 masonry walls 4-57 contingency designs 3-15, 3-17
liquid fuels 1-42 to 1-43, 1-68 maximum penetration depth 2-17 to 2-18 control systems 2-50 to 2-51, 2-65
see also bio-oils; petroleum fuel oils measurement techniques definition 2-1
listed buildings 1-18, 1-22 noise measurement 4-100 to 4-103 energy efficiency 2-65
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

lithium bromide 3-77, 3-96 uncertainties 4-107 energy efficient operation 3-17
lithium bromide/water absorption chillers 3-93, ventilation systems 2-55, 2-75 to 2-79 flexibility 3-17
3-95 vibration measurement 4-104 to 4-106 operating modes 3-15 to 3-16
LNG (liquefied natural gas) 1-41 mechanical draught cooling towers 3-100, performance assessment 2-65, 3-17 to 3-18
load diversity 1-38, 1-129 3-100 to 3-101 room air temperatures 3-15
log books 1-16, 1-18, 1-134, 2-114, 3-14, 3-113, mechanical extract ventilation 2-20 to 2-21 selection options 3-15
3-114 fire prevention 2-82, 2-84 zoned systems 3-16
louvres (ventilation) 2-106, 2-109, 2-134 noise 4-8, 4-19 mixing boxes 2-94, 3-40, 3-50 to 3-51, 3-55, 4-9
see also acoustic louvres mechanical separators 3-60, 3-61 mixing ventilation 2-3, 2-11, 3-14
low and zero carbon technology mechanical supply ventilation 2-21 to 2-23 modelling techniques 2-146, 3-118 to 3-119
benchmarks 1-19 mechanical ventilation 2-18 to 2-23, 3-13 to modular boilers 1-62
electricity generation 1-44 3-14, 3-41
modulating burners 1-64
‘nearly zero energy’ fabric performance 1-18 advantages and disadvantages 2-19 to 2-20
modulating control 1-89, 1-116
low carbon energy sources 1-9, 1-91 application areas
moisture 2-120
integration of heat generators 1-96 to 1-101 animal houses/rooms 0-22
see also condensation control
Part L2A requirements 1-16 commercial kitchens 0-8
moisture transfer 3-54, 3-55
low carbon steel sectional boilers 1-61 data centres 0-18
monitoring systems 2-52, 3-14, 3-114
low loss headers 1-93 to 1-95 dwellings 0-13
Montreal Protocol 3-76
low surface temperature radiators 0-14, 0-15 healthcare premises 0-13, 0-14
most penetrating particle size (MPPS) 2-26
low temperature hot water (LTHW) 1-86, 1-87 industrial premises 0-19, 0-20
motor input power 2-90
to 1-88 offices 0-4 to 0-5
motor output power 2-90
low water content boilers 1-62, 1-65 to 1-66, places of assembly 0-11, 0-12
motorised dampers 2-114 to 2-115
1-92 schools 0-10, 0-11
motors, electric see electric motors
LPG see liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) sports centres 0-17
mounts
LTHW (low temperature hot water) 1-86, 1-87 transportation buildings 0-23, 0-24
to 1-88 load determination 4-82 to 4-83
definition 2-1
number and location 4-80 to 4-81
displacement systems 2-19
M types 4-82
domestic ‘balanced’ 2-22
magnetic separators 1-163 MPPS (most penetrating particle size) 2-26
heat losses 1-37
mains water connections 3-101 MTHW (medium temperature hot water) 1-31,
large building ‘balanced’ 2-19 1-86, 1-95 to 1-96
maintenance
room air distribution design 2-58 to 2-62 multilayer pipes 1-143, 1-145
access doors and panels 2-112 to 2-113,
sizing 2-58 multiple chillers 3-71, 3-72, 3-108 to 3-109,
2-115, 2-118, 2-119
strategies 0-2, 2-18 to 2-19 3-112
biomass boilers 1-65
system design 2-58 to 2-63 multiple compressors 3-110
cleanliness 1-163
see also mechanical extract ventilation; multiple heat generators 1-17, 1-39, 1-62, 1-88,
desiccant cooling systems 3-30
mixed-mode ventilation 1-89 to 1-91
ductwork 2-39, 2-114 to 2-121
mechanical ventilation with heat recovery multiple heating circuits 1-89
evaporative cooling systems 3-28 (MVHR) 0-5, 0-13 multiple occupied spaces 2-57
filtration systems 2-28, 2-30, 2-39, 2-119, mechanical volume controllers 2-49 to 2-50, see also zoned systems
2-120 2-93, 2-114, 3-63
multi-purpose sports halls 0-16
and fuel choice 1-41 medium temperature hot water (MTHW) 1-31,
multi-split DX units 3-92
ground water cooling systems 3-49 1-86, 1-95 to 1-96
multi-vane centrifugal fans 2-88, 2-89
heat emitters compared 1-28 mental health buildings 0-14 to 0-15
multi-zone reheat systems 3-22, 3-23 to 3-24
heat recovery systems 2-32 metabolic carbon dioxide 2-9
heating systems 1-133 to 1-134 metering see energy metering; heat metering
N
refrigeration systems 3-74 to 3-75, 3-77 to methane 1-41, 1-41, 1-42
3-78, 3-113 to 3-114 National Calculation Methodology (NCM)
Micro Generation Certification Scheme 1-9
1-25, 1-77, 1-127
split and variable refrigerant flow systems microbial control
3-40 natural convectors 1-30
healthcare premises 0-13
underfloor air conditioning systems 3-41 control of 1-105
heating systems 1-122, 1-125, 1-162 to 1-163
ventilation systems 2-116 to 2-121 heat transfer rate 1-101 to 1-102, 1-104
refrigeration systems 3-101, 3-102
make-up air 0-6, 0-8 natural draught burners 1-63
ventilation systems 2-27, 2-119, 2-120
make-up water natural draught flues 1-82
 Combined index 11

natural frequency 4-71, 4-76 ventilation systems 2-57, 2-80, 2-80 benchmarks 1-19
natural gas 1-41 see also noise attenuators; noise sources biomass boilers 1-64
calorific value 1-41 noise conversion efficiency 4-3 combined heat and power (CHP) 1-75, 1-76
carbon emission factor 1-25 noise criteria 4-60 to 4-62 energy sources 1-23
combined heat and power (CHP) 1-75, 1-76 noise emission data 4-2 heat pumps 1-74
gas distribution pipework 1-47 to 1-48 noise exposure levels 4-28 nuclear power 1-44
gas pressure 1-45, 1-48, 1-48 noise generation mechanisms 4-1
main supply 1-45 noise induced hearing loss 4-27 to 4-28 O
physical properties 1-41 noise levels prediction 4-63 to 4-69 occupancy and heating 1-7, 1-12
natural light see daylighting airflow noise 4-63 to 4-69 occupancy categories 3-86, 3-89
natural ventilation 2-13 to 2-18 breakout/break-in noise 4-66 to 4-67 occupancy controlled ventilation 2-92 to 2-93
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

advantages and limitations 2-18 duct system 4-65 to 4-66, 4-66 occupancy detectors 0-9, 0-16
application areas noise propagation to outdoors 4-67 to 4-69, occupancy heat gains 2-7
car parks 0-24 4-69 occupancy levels 0-9, 0-11, 0-12, 0-16, 0-22
commercial kitchens 0-7 to 0-8 room effect 4-63 to 4-64, 4-64, 4-65 occupancy sensing control 2-52, 3-14
dwellings 0-13 software 4-108 occupancy sensors 2-50
factories and workshops 0-19 uncertainties 4-107 occupant activities 0-2
offices 0-3 to 0-4 noise measurement 4-100 to 4-103 occupant comfort
places of assembly 0-11 noise propagation to outside 4-59 to 4-60 privacy and cross talk 3-34 to 3-35, 4-57 to
schools 0-10 plant rooms 4-28 to 4-29 4-58
sports centres 0-16 prediction 4-67 to 4-69, 4-69 vibration control 4-73, 4-75
transportation buildings 0-23 rooftop units 4-20 see also thermal comfort
control systems 2-50, 2-57 split air conditioning units 4-13 to 4-14 occupant controls 2-8, 2-51, 2-57, 3-118
cooling load 2-145 noise quality 4-61 occupant performance 2-4
definition 2-1 noise ratings (NR values) 4-25, 4-61 to 4-62 occupied zone 3-7
design process 2-53 to 2-54 building types 2-42 octave analysis 4-3, 4-102, 4-103
distribution routes 2-55, 2-64 ductwork 4-32 odour control 0-5, 0-7, 0-8, 0-23
equipment 2-106 to 2-111 grilles and diffusers 4-35, 4-36 office equipment heat gains 2-7, 3-69
external noise penetration 4-59 to 4-60 noise sources 4-3, 4-5 to 4-27 offices 0-3 to 0-5
heat loss 1-33, 1-34 to 1-35 air conditioning units 4-13 to 4-14 oil pressure jet burners 1-64
night cooling 2-57 air handling units 4-17 to 4-20 oil storage tanks 1-51 to 1-53
noise issues 2-55, 2-57, 2-80 air terminal units 2-50, 4-8 to 4-9 oil-fired boilers 1-61, 1-63 to 1-64, 4-18
options and maximum recommended depths airflow noise 2-48, 2-71, 2-80 to 2-81, 4-29 to oil-fired warm air heaters 1-113 to 1-114
2-18 4-35, 4-31, 4-96 to 4-98 open hydronic systems 1-155
sizing of openings 2-55, 2-56 boilers 4-21 to 4-22 open plan offices 0-3
smoke ventilators 2-82 chilled ceilings/chilled beams 3-34 to 3-35, openable windows
4-22 to 4-24
system design 2-52 to 2-57 adjustability 2-106
chillers and compressors 4-21
ventilation rates 2-55, 2-56 design 2-6, 2-106 to 2-108
cooling towers 4-22
see also mixed-mode ventilation; openable external noise penetration 2-57, 2-80, 4-59
windows; stack-driven ventilation electric motors 4-26
height of 2-54
NC levels 4-62 escalators 4-25 to 4-26
integration with solar control 2-106 to 2-107
NCM (National Calculation Methodology) external 2-55, 2-57, 2-79 to 2-80, 4-59 to 4-60
required area 2-52 to 2-53
1-25, 1-77, 1-127 fan coil units (FCUs) 3-32, 4-11 to 4-12
security considerations 2-57, 2-106
‘nearly zero energy’ fabric performance 1-18 fan-assisted terminal units 4-14
sizing 2-55, 2-56
neoprene pads 4-77 fans 4-6 to 4-8
types 2-107 to 2-108
net calorific value (NCV) 1-17 grilles and diffusers 4-9
ventilation capacity 2-106
network (zonal) models 2-73 to 2-74 heat emitters 1-29
open-drive compressors 3-105, 3-108
night cooling / ventilation 0-4, 2-57, 3-41 to heat rejection systems 4-22
openings
3-45 induction-type diffusers 4-12 to 4-13
flow rate calculations 2-73, 2-74
noise attenuators lifts 4-24 to 4-25
sizing for natural ventilation 2-55, 2-56
active 4-45 to 4-46 pipework 1-147
operating costs 0-1
air handling units 4-18 pumps 4-21
operating pressures (OP) 1-21
axial flow fans 4-43, 4-44 refrigeration and heat rejection plant 3-75
gaseous fuels 1-41, 1-45, 1-48, 1-48, 1-50
in-duct attenuators 4-8, 4-20, 4-29, 4-31, rooftop units 4-17 to 4-20
4-32, 4-35, 4-40 hydronic systems 1-21, 1-87, 1-145
ventilation systems 2-12, 2-79 to 2-81
noise break-in 4-51 to 4-52, 4-52 operating temperatures 1-60
water flow noise 4-26 to 4-27
self-generated noise 1-32 heat networks 1-131, 1-132
noise spectrum 4-90
noise control hydronic systems 1-21, 1-21, 1-145, 1-155
noise terminology 4-109 to 4-112
airflow noise 4-36 to 4-46 steam systems 1-21
noise transmission paths 4-3 to 4-5
general guidance 4-5, 4-88 see also flow water temperatures; return
non-steady state response 1-36 water temperatures
plant rooms 4-27 to 4-29
Notification of Cooling Towers and Evaporative operating theatres 0-13
refrigeration and heat rejection plant 3-75 Condensers Regulations 1992 3-73
operation and maintenance manuals 1-134
thermal mass systems 3-44 NOx emissions 1-19, 1-24, 1-26, 1-44, 1-68
 12 Combined index

operation and maintenance (O&M) 1-133 to performance requirements evaporators 3-104

1-134, 3-74 to 3-75, 3-113 to 3-114 air conditioning 3-2, 3-2 to 3-3, 3-2 to 3-4 heat recovery systems 2-32, 3-55
operational controls 3-111 to 3-112 fabric thermal performance 1-19 heating networks 1-133
operative temperature 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-35 ventilation systems 2-5, 2-5 to 2-7 indirect cooling towers 3-82
orifice plates and nozzles 2-78 to 2-79 perimeter heating 1-103, 3-25 steam systems 1-108, 1-109
outdoor air pollution 2-6, 2-8 to 2-9, 2-18, 2-119 perpendicular jets 3-8, 3-10, 3-65 plenums 2-47 to 2-48, 3-11 to 3-12, 3-25, 3-55
see also pollution control petroleum fuel oils 1-42, 1-42 to 1-43 noise generation 4-43 to 4-44
outdoor air supply see air intakes calorific values 1-42 PMV (predicted mean vote) 2-3
outdoor noise 2-55, 2-57, 2-79 to 2-80, 4-59 to carbon emission factor 1-25 point-of-use water heaters 1-31, 1-32, 1-123 to
4-60 1-124
handling and storage 1-51 to 1-55, 1-57 to
outdoor temperature compensation 1-88, 1-89, 1-58 pollutant controlled vents 2-108
1-105, 1-160
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

physical properties 1-42 pollutants see airborne contaminants; indoor

outdoor temperatures 1-6, 1-13 air quality
pipework 1-54 to 1-55
outlet sound power levels 4-8 pollution control 1-9, 1-68 to 1-69, 2-96, 3-54
pollution avoidance 1-40
out-of-balance forces 4-73 biomass boilers 1-69
regulations 1-57 to 1-58
oval or ‘flattened’ circular ductwork 4-47 chimney heights 1-79
storage and outflow temperatures 1-53
overhead canopies see canopy extracts refrigerants 3-75 to 3-76
photo-catalytic oxidation 2-27 to 2-28
overheating risk 2-8, 2-18, 3-118 see also CO2 emissions; NOx emissions;
physical models 2-146, 3-119
see also summer cooling load particulates; SOx emissions
pipework
oversizing 1-38, 2-38, 2-92, 3-72 polychloroprene pads 4-77
air and dirt settlement 1-147
ozone-depleting substances 3-76 polydimethylsiloxane refrigerant 3-92
cooled surfaces (floors and slabs) 3-37, 3-38
power ratio 4-91
cost considerations 1-148
P power supply 3-112
domestic hot water systems 1-125
packaged fan coil units (FCUs) 3-91 to 3-92 PPD (percentage persons dissatisfied) 1-11, 2-3,
expansion and movement provision 1-152
packaged room air conditioners 3-40 2-58 to 2-59
to 1-155
pad materials 4-76 to 4-78 pre-cooling 3-19, 3-45
flexible connectors 4-79
paddle-blades 2-88, 2-89 predicted mean vote (PMV) 1-11, 1-11, 2-3
gas distribution 1-47
pan humidifiers 3-60, 3-61 predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) 3-7
hangers 4-79, 4-86
parallel condensers/evaporators 3-109 pre-heat time 1-7, 1-12, 1-21, 1-33, 1-36
heat distribution losses 1-37 to 1-38
parametric analysis 3-118 calculation 1-36
heat transfer to and from 1-151 to 1-152
parasitic loads 2-32, 2-52, 3-14 heating load 1-36
hydronic systems 1-143 to 1-147
partially centralised air/water systems 3-30 to highly insulated buildings 1-22
insulation 1-151
3-39 and plant size ratio 1-36
insulation standards 1-37 to 1-38
particulates 1-19, 1-23, 1-64 pre-heaters 1-25, 1-66, 3-23, 3-57 to 3-58, 3-61
jointing methods 1-144, 1-145, 1-146
characteristics 2-25, 2-28 see also heat recovery systems
liquid fuels 1-53, 1-54 to 1-55
particule size 2-30 pre-mix burners 1-63, 1-82
materials 1-143 to 1-144, 1-145
settling rates 2-28 press-fit joints 1-147, 1-147
MTHW and HTHW systems 1-95 to 1-96
typical amounts 2-30 pressure see operating pressures (OP)
noise 1-147, 4-27
see also filtration systems pressure controlled vents 2-108
pressure loss 1-148
partitions Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999 3-73
refrigerant 3-110, 3-113
sound reduction index 4-57 pressure independent control valves (PICVs)
sizing 1-87, 1-109, 1-147 to 1-148
part-load operation 1-89, 1-159, 1-161
steam systems 1-109
boiler efficiency 1-26, 1-90, 1-91 pressure jet burners 1-62, 1-63, 1-64, 1-68, 1-82
strainers 1-163
oil-fired burners 1-63 to 1-64 pressure loss
trace heating 1-125
passive attenuators 4-40, 4-41, 4-42 acoustic louvres 4-21
vibration isolation 4-86
passive chilled beams 3-32 to 3-33, 4-22 to 4-23 air filtration systems 2-30, 2-31, 2-32
water hammer 4-27
passive panels 4-23 calculation 2-133 to 2-137
pitot-static traverses 2-78 to 2-79
passive stack ventilation (PSV) see stack-driven control valves 1-159
places of assembly 0-11 to 0-12
ventilation dampers 4-33
places of worship 0-12
Passivhaus standard 1-19, 1-19 ductwork 2-67 to 2-71, 2-100, 2-101, 2-102,
plan depth see depth of plan 4-96
peak heating demand 1-6, 1-38
plant rooms 2-64, 3-17 fans 2-91 to 2-92
combining different heat sources 1-97
breakout noise 3-75, 4-28 to 4-29, 4-56 flue ducts 1-80
domestic hot water 1-125
noise exposure 3-75, 4-27 to 4-28 gas distribution pipework 1-48
effect of load diversity 1-38, 1-129
noise levels 4-29, 4-30 heat recovery systems 3-54 to 3-55, 3-55
integration of renewable/low carbon heat
generators 1-96 ventilation and gas detection 3-75 hydronic pipework 1-148 to 1-149
percentage persons dissatisfied (PPD) 1-11, 2-3, plant size ratio 1-22, 1-36 in-duct attenuators 4-40, 4-42
2-58 to 2-59 plaque heaters 1-29 refrigeration pipework 3-110
perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) 2-77 plastic pipes 1-143 to 1-144, 1-145, 1-146 pressure loss factor 4-96
perforated plates 4-34 to 4-35 plate dampers 4-34 to 4-35 pressure reducing valves (PRVs) 1-110, 4-8
performance assessment plate heat exchangers pressure regulating valves 2-49, 2-93, 3-63
air conditioning systems 3-17 to 3-18, 3-21 domestic hot water systems 1-31, 1-161 to pressure relief dampers 3-21
ventilation systems 2-65 1-162
pressure safety valves (PSVs) 4-27
 Combined index 13

Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 1-26, occupant comfort 1-28 to 1-29 control systems 3-75
1-46, 1-95, 3-73, 3-74, 3-78 spot and total heating 1-119 cost considerations 3-71 to 3-72
pressurisation radiant heating systems 0-4, 0-12, 0-14, 0-15, design criteria 3-71 to 3-78
hydronic systems 1-87, 1-95, 1-155 to 1-158 0-16, 0-19 design process 3-66
smoke protection 2-83 characteristics 1-118 to 1-119 energy efficiency 3-65 to 3-67, 3-72 to 3-73
pressurisation tests 2-3, 2-76, 2-87 controls 1-119 future technologies 3-99
primary care 0-15 convective component 1-102 health and safety 3-73 to 3-77
primary circuits 1-89 to 1-93 heat transfer rate 1-102 inspections 3-113
privacy 3-34 to 3-35, 4-57 to 4-58 radiant panels 1-29 to 1-30 noise generation 3-75, 4-74
process exhaust heat recovery 3-54 radiant plaque heaters 1-117, 1-118 operation and maintenance (O&M) 3-74
process exhaust hoods 2-96 to 2-98 radiant temperatures 1-12, 1-102 to 3-75
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

procurement issues 3-72 asymmetry 1-12, 1-29, 1-31 strategic design 3-67 to 3-71
propane 1-41 to 1-42 radiant tube heaters 1-115, 1-117, 1-118 system types 3-78 to 3-99, 3-79
gas pressure 1-48, 1-48 radiators 1-29 see also absorption chillers; direct expansion
handling and storage 1-45 to 1-48 electric 1-117 (DX) evaporators; evaporative cooling;
vapour-compression chillers
physical properties 1-41 heat transfer rate 1-104
refurbished buildings 1-18, 1-18
refrigerant 1-71 hydronic systems 1-102 to 1-103
regenerators 2-31, 2-33, 3-55, 3-57
propeller fans 2-88, 2-89 noise generation 4-23
regulated services 1-16
proportional balancing 1-164 radiused bends 2-100, 2-101, 2-101
regulations 1-1, 1-5, 1-7 to 1-9
propylene glycol refrigerant 3-92, 3-92 railway terminals 0-23
domestic hot water systems 1-121, 1-122 to
protected shafts 2-132 rain and openings 2-57
1-123
psychrometric processes 3-120 to 3-121 rain sensors 2-50
energy efficiency 1-8 to 1-9
pull-down time 3-71 raised floors 2-130, 2-131, 3-17
exempted buildings 1-18
pulse combustion 1-63 raked seating 0-12
fuel combustion 1-68 to 1-69
pump energy Rankine cycle turbine CHP 1-76
gas industry 1-49, 1-49
heat networks 1-131, 1-132 rebalancing branched duckwork 2-121
noise exposure 4-27 to 4-28
hydronic systems 1-92 to 1-93, 1-147 to reciprocating compressors 3-99, 3-106, 3-108,
petroleum fuel oils B1-57 to B1-58
1-148 3-110
refrigerants 1-19, 3-76
pumped ring main oil supply 1-55, 1-56 noise generation 4-18, 4-21, 4-30
refrigeration and heat rejection systems
pumps recirculation see air recirculation
3-73
cavitation 4-27 recirculation risk 3-53, 3-101
room temperatures 1-7 to 1-8
condensate 1-111 rectangular ductwork 2-98, 2-118, 2-128 to
steam systems 1-110
energy consumption 1-92 to 1-93 2-129
see also Building Regulations
energy efficiency 1-149 to 1-150, 1-150 to noise generation 4-46 to 4-47, 4-48, 4-50
reheat 2-50, 2-93
1-151 recuperators 2-31, 3-55, 3-55
reheat coils 4-8
net positive suction head 1-150 see also heat recovery systems
reheat systems 3-20, 3-63
noise generation 4-21, 4-26, 4-30 redundancy 3-71
constant air volume systems 3-22, 3-23 to
output control 1-89 refrigerant cooling coils 3-58
3-24
primary circuits 1-92 refrigerant evaporators 3-58
multi-zone 3-22, 3-23 to 3-24
rooftop air handling units 4-18 refrigerant migration chillers 3-83, 3-84, 3-102
partially centralised air/water systems 3-31
selection 1-148 to 1-151 refrigerants 3-85 to 3-91
variable air volume (VAV) systems 3-25
sizing 1-87, 1-148 to 1-149 absorption chillers 3-95
relative humidity 1-12
speed control 1-151 compressor suitability 3-105 to 3-106
renewable electricity 1-24, 1-44
types 1-148 environmental considerations 3-65, 3-75
renewable energy
variable speed 1-150 to 1-151 to 3-76
financial incentives 1-9 to 1-10
vibration isolation 4-74 greenhouse warming potential 1-74, 3-76
integration of heat generators 1-96 to 1-101
pure displacement terminals 2-94 heat pumps 1-71, 1-74
Renewable Energy Directive 1-9, 1-43, 1-44
push-fit joints 1-147, 1-147 leakage 3-67, 3-74, 3-90 to 3-91, 3-95, 3-110
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) 1-9, 1-23,
push-pull hoods 2-96, 2-98, 2-99 detection 3-90
1-27, 1-65, 1-70, 1-96
effect on CoP 3-90, 3-91
replacement parts 3-72
Q pressure–enthalpy charts 3-123 to 3-134
residential care 0-15
quality index (QI) 4-61 regulations 1-19
resilience to future changes 0-2
safety considerations 3-74, 3-85 to 3-91
restrictors 3-107
R maximum charge of refrigerant 3-88,
retail premises 0-6 to 0-7
3-89
radial type diffusers 1-114 return water temperatures
safety groups 3-88
radiant ceiling panels 3-32, 3-33 active beams 1-103
selection criteria 3-85, 3-85
radiant heaters combined heat and power (CHP) 1-75
summary data 3-122
control of 1-105 combining of different types of heat
types 3-85 to 3-87
electric 1-118 generator 1-97
refrigerated display cases 0-5, 0-6
and heat loss from room 1-28 to 1-29 condensing boilers 1-61, 1-123
refrigeration systems
infrequently occupied buildings 1-21 to corrosion prevention 1-85
1-22 commissioning 3-113
domestic hot water 1-161
minimum heights 1-118, 1-119 components 3-103 to 3-109
 14 Combined index

heat networks 1-60, 1-131, 1-132 to 1-133 SBEM (Simplified Building Energy Model) methodology 1-32
heat pumps 1-99 1-127 pipework 1-147 to 1-148
LTHW hydronic systems 1-86, 1-87 scalding prevention 1-122 pumps 1-148 to 1-149
as a proxy for heat demand 1-92 scale control 1-125, 3-62, 3-102 refrigeration and heat rejection plant 3-71,
see also operating temperatures schools 0-10 to 0-11 3-72
reverberation 4-28, 4-52 to 4-53, 4-93 Schultz method 4-54, 4-64, 4-65 skids 4-78, 4-81
reverse flame boilers 1-61 screening see acoustic screening sliding windows 2-107
risk assessments screw compressors 3-99, 3-106, 3-108, 3-111, sliding-vane compressors 3-106
4-21 small power loads 2-8, 3-69
back-draught 2-20
scroll compressors 3-99, 3-106, 3-108, 3-111 Smoke Control Areas 1-69
cooling systems reliability 3-71
sea water cooling 3-38 to 3-39, 3-81, 3-102 smoke dampers 2-82, 2-112 to 2-113
fire safety 2-40, 2-118
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

sealants 2-37, 2-84, 2-103 smoke extract systems 0-6 to 0-7, 2-82
frost protection 1-13
sealed hydronic systems 1-155, 1-157 smoke methods (leak detection) 2-76
health and safety 1-134
seasonal coefficient of performance (SCoP) smoke protection 2-40 to 2-41, 2-81 to 2-84,
indoor pollutants 2-10
1-17, 1-27, 1-70 2-83
river water cooling 3-38 to 3-39, 3-81, 3-102
seasonal CoP 3-36 smokes 2-25, 2-28
rivers, heat pumps heat source 1-72
seasonal efficiency 1-25, 1-39 socket fusion welded joints 1-146
rolling-piston compressors 3-106
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) 3-73 socket welded joints 1-144, 1-146
roof lights 2-109
seasonal performance factor (SPF) 1-70, 1-72 sodium chloride refrigerant 3-92, 3-92
roof pressure coefficients 2-109 to 2-110
seasonal performance factors (SPFS) 3-36 software 4-108
roof ventilators 2-15, 2-109
seat-back terminals 3-7, 3-9 solar chimneys 2-111
roof-mounted terminals 2-110
secondary circuits 1-89 solar energy 1-45
rooftop units 4-17 to 4-20
secondary coolants/refrigerants 3-92 solar gains 0-3, 1-16, 2-7, 2-8
room air conditioners 3-40, 3-91 to 3-92
security considerations 2-57, 2-106 solar irradiation 1-44, 1-45
noise generation 4-13 to 4-14
SEI (system efficiency index) 1-70 to 1-71 solar preheating 0-12, 0-19
room air diffusion 2-11, 2-58 to 2-62, 2-72, 2-77,
semi-hermetic compressors 3-105, 3-108 solar sensors 2-50
3-4 to 3-7
sensitivity tests 4-69 solar shading 2-6, 2-54, 2-106 to 2-107
airflow patterns 3-8, 3-9, 3-11
sensors 2-48 to 2-49, 2-50 solar water heating 1-27, 1-78
terminology 3-8
separating walls 4-57 combined with conventional heat sources
ventilation efficiency 3-7 to 3-8
separation distances 1-97, 1-128
see also draughts
LPG storage vessels 1-47 combined with heat pumps 1-99
room air temperatures 1-6, 1-12, 3-9 to 3-10,
3-15 oil storage tanks 1-53, 1-54 domestic hot water 1-127, 1-128
acceptable short term fall 1-39 series counterflow 3-109 flat plate versus evacuated tube collector
series evaporators 3-109 efficiency 1-78
regulations 1-7 to 1-8
shading 2-6, 2-54, 2-106 to 2-107 soldered joints 1-146
see also operative temperature
shaft outlets 2-109 solid adsorption systems 3-97 to 3-98
room constant 4-52
sheet metal ductwork 2-37 solid fuel boilers 1-64 to 1-65
room sound levels 4-52 to 4-58
shell and tube direct expansion (DX) solid fuel burners 1-64
acoustic considerations 4-93
evaporators 3-103 solid fuels 1-43 to 1-44
heat emitters 1-29
shell boilers 1-65 combustion 1-68
prediction 4-63 to 4-64, 4-64, 4-65
shops 0-6 to 0-7 see also wood fuel
privacy and cross talk 4-57 to 4-58
side-hung windows 2-107 solvent welded joints 1-146
sound absorption coefficients 4-53
side-wall terminals 2-61, 3-9, 3-10 sound absorbing materials 2-42, 4-36, 4-42, 4-46
sound level determination at a receiver point
4-52 to 4-54 silencers see noise attenuators sound directionality 4-93
sound transmission between rooms 4-56 to silica gel refrigerant 3-96 sound energy 4-91
4-57 Simple Model 1-32 sound frequency, wavelength and velocity 4-90
source directivity 4-55, 4-55 to 4-56 Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) to 4-91
room thermal response 1-36 1-127, 3-3 to 3-4 sound intensity 4-91
rotary absorption chillers 3-99 single duct constant air volume systems 3-21 sound intensity level 4-92
to 3-24 sound level meters 4-100 to 4-101, 4-103
rotary burners 1-63
single duct variable air volume (VAV) systems sound power levels 4-91 to 4-93
rotary vane refrigerant compressors 4-18
3-24 to 3-27
rotating-drum humidifiers 3-62 sound pressure 4-90, 4-91, 4-93
single-sided natural ventilation 2-17, 2-56
run-around coils 2-31, 2-32, 3-55, 3-56 sound pressure levels 4-92
single-split DX units 3-92
decibel scale 4-91, 4-91 to 4-92, 4-94 to 4-96,
site heating 1-131 to 1-133 4-95, 4-96
S
see also heat networks equivalent continuous 4-101 to 4-102
safety considerations see health and safety
site-related issues 1-6 to 1-7, 1-40 to 1-41 in rooms 4-92 to 4-93
safety devices 3-112, 3-112
sizing variation with distance 4-93
safety valves 1-66 to 1-67
domestic hot water systems 1-129 to 1-130 sound reduction index 4-57, 4-57
salt baths 2-146, 3-119
ductwork 2-128 to 2-129 sound transmission loss see sound reduction
SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) 1-9,
fan coil units (FCUs) 3-32 index
1-25
fans 2-139 to 2-140 SOx emissions 1-19, 1-44, 1-68
sash windows 2-107
heat emitters 1-22 biomass boilers 1-64
saturation vapour pressure 1-157
 Combined index 15

energy sources 1-23 steel pipes 1-143, 1-145, 1-147 TES (thermal exchange substations) 1-132,
flue corrosion 1-80, 1-84 steel shell and fire-tube boilers 1-61 to 1-62 1-133
heat pumps 1-74 step control 1-91 to 1-92, 1-95 test holes 2-115 to 2-116, 2-117
spa facilities 1-6 Stirling cycle 3-98 Test Reference Years (TRYs) 1-10
space allowances storage heaters 1-118 testing 2-111 to 2-116
cooling plant 3-28, 3-30 straight-radial blades 2-88, 2-89 air leakage 2-37, 2-76 to 2-77, 2-85 to 2-86
ductwork 2-35 to 2-36, 2-66, 2-130 strainers 1-163 airtightness 2-75, 2-76, 2-86 to 2-87
spare parts 3-72 strategic design 0-2 to 0-3 filtration systems 2-25 to 2-27
special educational needs (SEN) 0-11 air conditioning 3-4 to 3-21 TEV (thermostatic expansion valves) 3-107
specific fan power (SFP) 2-3, 2-38 to 2-39, 2-70, refrigeration 3-67 to 3-71 TEWI (total equivalent warming impact) 3-76
2-92, 2-140 to 2-141 straw fuel 1-43 theatres 0-12
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

speed control 2-93 Strouhal number 4-97 thermal admittance 1-13

SPF (seasonal performance factor) 1-70, 1-72 structural bearings 4-80 thermal comfort 1-3, 1-11 to 1-12
split air conditioning units 3-10, 3-39 to 3-40, structural vibration control solutions 4-70, 4-75 animals 1-6
3-92 to 4-76 benchmarks 1-20
noise generation 4-13 to 4-14 Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (England and cooling needs 2-54, 2-58 to 2-59
splitter bends 2-100, 2-101, 2-101, 2-135 Wales) Regulations 1-68 design criteria 1-11
sports centres 0-15 to 0-16, 0-16, 1-14 Sulphur Content of Liquid Fuels (SCLF) humidity 2-10
spray washers 3-60, 3-61, 3-120 Directive 1-68, 1-79
radiant/convective heat split 1-28 to 1-29
sprayed coils (humidifiers) 3-60, 3-61, 3-121 summer cooling load 2-54, 2-145
underfloor heating 1-29, 1-30
sprayed cooler coils 3-58, 3-121 supermarkets 0-5 to 0-6
ventilation air flow 2-10, 2-58 to 2-59, 2-106,
spread (air diffusion) 3-8 supply air diffusion 2-58 to 2-62 3-7
spring hangers 4-79 supply air temperature 2-12, 2-51, 2-60 vertical temperature gradient 1-12, 3-13 to
spring rate 4-71, 4-75 surface heat transfer 3-37, 3-43 3-14
squash courts 0-16 to 0-17 surface temperatures thermal dynamic models 3-118
stack-driven ventilation 0-13, 2-12 to 2-15, 2-17 beneath boiler 1-61 thermal exchange substations (TES) 1-132,
and choice of heat emitter 1-12 1-133
atrium ventilation 2-12 to 2-15
health and safety 1-29, 1-87 thermal expansion provision 1-144, 1-152 to
combined with wind-driven ventilation
1-155
2-15, 2-16 of heat emitters 1-29
thermal inertia of a building 1-13
dwellings 0-13 and occupant comfort 1-29
thermal mass 1-22, 1-36, 2-6, 2-55, 2-145, 3-41
noise issues 4-60 underfloor heating 1-30, 1-103
to 3-45, 3-118
passive stack design 2-110 to 2-111 surface water cooling 3-38 to 3-39, 3-81
thermal performance of building 1-7
roof ventilators 2-109 surface water, heat pumps heat source 1-72
future requirements 1-10
ventilation rates 2-55, 2-56 suspended ceilings 2-42, 2-130, 2-131, 3-44, 4-8
minimum standard 1-18, 1-19
stacks (discharge) see discharge stacks to 4-9
Part L2 requirements 1-16, 1-18
stagnation pressure at a point 2-90 suspended unit heaters 1-115, 1-116 to 1-117
thermal piles 3-48
stainless steel chimneys 1-83 swimming pools 0-17, 1-6, 1-14
thermal response 1-36
stainless steel pipes 1-143, 1-145 swirl-type diffusers 2-94, 3-13
thermal shock 1-111
stand-alone heat pumps 1-118 system efficiency index (SEI) 1-70 to 1-71
thermal storage
standard air 2-90 system options
with biomass boilers 1-64, 1-100
Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) 1-9, air conditioning 3-6, 3-6, 3-17
with CHP 1-99
1-25 heating systems 1-20 to 1-32
domestic hot water 1-32
standby generators 4-19, 4-74 refrigeration systems 3-69, 3-70
heating load 1-37
standby refrigeration plant 3-71 ventilation systems 2-53, 2-64 to 2-65
renewable/low carbon heat generators 1-96
static deflection 4-71, 4-75
thermal stress 1-92
static regain method 2-67 T
thermal wheels 2-31, 2-32, 3-55, 3-56
statistical levels 4-102 tangential fans 2-88, 2-89
thermography 2-76
steady-state heat loss 1-32 to 1-36 tapered expansions in ducts 2-101, 2-103, 2-134
thermostatic expansion valves (TEV) 3-107
steam boilers 1-26, 1-65 to 1-67 target emissions rate (TER) 1-16, 1-17
thermostatic mixing valves (TMVs) 1-122
steam humidifiers 3-62 to 3-63, 3-120 task ventilation 2-3
thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) 1-105
steam pipework 1-109 temperature control
thermosyphon chillers see refrigerant migration
steam pressure 1-21, 1-109 air conditioning 3-4, 3-31 to 3-32, 3-63
chillers
steam systems 1-105 to 1-112 hydronic systems 1-81, 1-89, 1-159 to 1-160
threaded joints 1-144
condensate removal and return 1-110 to steam systems 1-111
three-port control 1-88, 1-92
1-111 ventilation systems 2-22, 2-50, 2-93
three-stage burners 1-64
distribution system 1-106 to 1-110 see also flow water temperatures
through-wall air conditioners see room air
operating temperatures 1-21 temperature differential 2-12, 2-58, 2-60, 3-8 conditioners
regulations, guidance and standards 1-110 to 3-9
throw (air diffusion) 3-8, 3-10
system design 1-106 temperature sensing control 2-52, 3-14
tilt and turn windows 2-107 to 2-108
warm up 1-111 to 1-112 temperature sensors 1-119, 1-120, 2-49, 2-50,
tilting top vents 2-107 to 2-108
working pressure 1-106 3-31 to 3-32, 3-45, 3-112
TMVs (thermostatic mixing valves) 1-122
steam traps 1-106, 1-107, 1-110 to 1-111 tenanted buildings 0-2
tonal components 4-90, 4-102
steel chimneys 1-83 to 1-84 TER (target emissions rate) 1-16, 1-17
 16 Combined index

top/bottom hung windows 2-107 types 3-108 vibration isolation efficiency (VIE) 4-72, 4-73,
top-up boilers 1-96 variable air volume (VAV) 1-115, 2-39, 2-51, 4-75
total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) 3-76 2-114, 3-13, 3-24 to 3-27, 3-63, 4-8 vibration isolators 4-75 to 4-76
trace heating of pipework 1-125 see also volume airflow rate control vibration measurement 4-104 to 4-106
tracer gas techniques 2-76 to 2-77, 2-79 variable chilled-water flow rate 3-112 vibration meters 4-104 to 4-105
traffic noise 4-61 variable flow control (hydronic systems) 1-88 to vibration parameters 4-104
1-89, 1-160 vibration rating of machinery 4-72 to 4-73, 4-76
transfer grilles 2-22, 2-110
variable inlet guide vanes 3-111 viscous impingement units 2-29
transportation buildings 0-22
variable occupancy levels 0-9, 0-10, 0-11, 0-12 visualisation techniques 2-77
trickle ventilators 2-108, 4-59
variable pressures 2-85 volume airflow rate control 2-49 to 2-50, 2-92
TRVs (thermostatic radiator valves) 1-105
variable refrigerant flow (VRF) 3-39 to 3-40, to 2-93, 3-63
TRYs (Test Reference Years) 1-10
3-96 to 3-97
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

see also variable air volume (VAV)

turbulent air flow 4-29 to 4-30, 4-31 to 4-35
variable refrigerant volume (VRV) 3-96 to 3-97 volume controllers 2-49 to 2-50, 2-93, 2-114,
turbulent water flow 4-26
variable set-point temperature 3-111 to 3-112 3-63
turn-down 1-89, 1-91
variable speed compressors 3-110, 3-111 volume-control dampers 3-63
turning vanes 2-100
variable speed fans 2-39, 2-51, 3-71 VRF (variable refrigerant flow) 3-39 to 3-40,
two-phase secondary coolants 3-92 3-96 to 3-97
variable speed pumps 1-150 to 1-151, 3-71,
two-pipe flow systems 1-88 3-109 VRV (variable refrigerant volume) 3-96 to 3-97
two-port control 1-88, 1-92, 1-112 variable supply air temperature 2-51, 3-13
two-stage burners 1-64 variable temperature hydronic systems 1-160 W
variable-flow pumping 3-109 to 3-110 wall-mounted natural convectors 1-30
U VAV (variable air volume) see variable air warehouses 1-12, 1-14
UCOME (used cooking oil methyl esters) 1-43 volume (VAV) warm air systems 1-21, 1-112 to 1-116
ultrasonic humidifiers 3-62, 3-63 vehicle emissions 0-23, 0-24 combined with air conditioning 1-114 to
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) 2-27, velocity method 2-67 1-116
2-119 ventilated chimneys 1-84 controls 1-116
uncertainty in measurement and prediction ventilation design calculations 2-71 to 2-75, distribution 1-114
4-107 2-133 to 2-144 ductwork 1-114
underfeed stokers 1-64 ventilation effectiveness 2-3, 2-77 heat sources 1-113 to 1-114
underfloor air conditioning systems 3-40 to ventilation efficiency 3-7 to 3-8 standards 1-114
3-41
ventilation exhaust see air discharge waste fuel 1-25, 1-43
underfloor heating 0-9, 0-12, 0-14, 0-15, 0-16,
ventilation heat losses 1-22, 1-32 to 1-33, 1-34, waste heat 1-24, 1-24 to 1-25
1-30
1-37
control of 1-105 see also heat recovery systems
ventilation heat recovery 0-5, 0-13, 0-16, 0-17,
electric 1-118 waste water installations 4-27
0-19
heat emission characteristics 1-30 water as refrigerant 3-92, 3-92
ventilation options 2-6, 2-53, 2-64 to 2-65
heat transfer rate 1-103 to 1-104 water chillers 3-108 to 3-110
ventilation purposes 2-4
supplementary heating 1-105 water consumption 1-123, 1-129
ventilation rates see air change rates
thermal comfort 1-29, 1-30 water flow noise 4-26 to 4-27
ventilation strategies 0-2 to 0-3
underfloor natural ventilation 2-55, 2-64 water flow rates 1-88 to 1-89, 1-90, 1-94 to 1-95
see also mechanical ventilation; mixed-mode
unison control 1-90 ventilation; natural ventilation effect on heat output of heat emitters 1-104
unitary heat pumps 3-35 to 3-37 ventilation towers 0-16 maximum 1-147
unitary heating systems 1-116 to 1-120 vertical ducts 2-102 to 2-103 water hammer 1-111, 1-152, 4-27
upgrading systems 1-18, 2-57, 2-64, 3-72 vertical pivot windows 2-107 water loop heat pumps 0-9
USA, regulations 1-8 vertical temperature gradient 1-12, 2-12, 2-58, water saturation pressure 1-86
use of building 0-2 2-60, 3-9 to 3-10, 3-12 to 3-13 water side corrosion 1-85, 1-163
used cooking oil methyl esters (UCOME) 1-43 vibration control 4-69 to 4-87 water source heat pumps 1-27, 1-72
user controls 2-8, 2-51, 2-57 damping 4-71 to 4-72, 4-72 water treatment 3-62, 3-71, 3-77, 3-101
user requirements 3-67, 3-68 fundamentals 4-70 to 4-71 hydronic systems 1-85
U-values 1-17, 1-19, 1-39 mechanical isolation 4-70 steam systems 1-108
UVGI (ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) 2-27, relation between vibration quantities 4-71 water tube boilers 1-65
2-119 transmissibility 4-71, 4-72 water-based distribution systems 3-17
vibration emission ratings 4-72 to 4-73, 4-76 water-cooled cooling towers 4-17
V vibration frequency analysis 4-106 water-cooled shell-and-tube condensers 3-105
valve authority 1-159 vibration instrumentation 4-104 to 4-106 water/lithium bromide (LiBr) refrigerant 3-95,
valve types 1-158 to 1-159 vibration isolation 3-96, 3-96
see also control valves criteria 4-73 to 4-76 water/silica gel refrigerant 3-96
vapour barriers 2-46 to 2-47, 2-103 equipment performance requirements 4-73 watts (W) 4-91
vapour compression heat pumps 1-70 to 1-71, to 4-75, 4-74 wavelength, frequency and velocity 4-90 to 4-91
1-74 interface with building structure 4-75 to weather compensated control 1-160
vapour injection humidifiers 3-60, 3-61 4-76 weather data 1-6, 1-10, 3-118
vapour-compression chillers 3-83 to 3-85 plant room equipment 4-28 weight training facilities 0-16
heat dissipation ratios 3-96 practical examples 4-80 to 4-87 welded steel boilers 1-61
refrigerants 3-83 to 3-85 rooftop air handling units 4-19 wet cooling towers 3-100 to 3-101
 Combined index 17

whole-life costs 1-133, 2-4, 2-8, 3-2, 3-71 to 3-72 window-mounted units see room air wood chips 1-23, 1-58, 1-59, 1-64
width/floor-to-ceiling height ratio 2-54 conditioners wood pellets 1-23, 1-58 to 1-59, 1-64
wind effects 1-6, 2-54, 2-55, 2-56, 2-95, 2-109, windows work performance 2-4
3-53 air cooling load 3-68 workshops 0-19 to 0-20
wind pressure on buildings 2-79 classification by air permeability 2-105,
wind sensors 2-50 2-106, 2-106
Z
wind towers 2-110 control options 2-50
zero energy see ‘nearly zero energy’ fabric
wind tunnel testing 2-79, 2-146, 3-119 sound reduction index 4-57 performance
‘windcatcher’ ventilators 4-60 see also openable windows zonal models 2-73 to 2-74
wind-driven natural ventilation 2-12, 2-15, wood fuel 1-43 zoned systems 1-7, 1-89, 2-24, 2-36 to 2-37,
2-107 carbon emission factors 1-25 2-58, 2-64, 2-143 to 2-144, 3-16, 3-21
Licensed copy from CIS: LEEDSM, LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY, 28/03/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.

combined with stack-driven ventilation combustion 1-68

2-15, 2-16 combustion products 1-69