KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT PROPOSAL ON
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUBMITTED TO:
ER. SUDIP BAJGAIN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
CIEG (I/II), GROUP: G3
SANDESH GHORASAINNE - 22
BHESRAJ JOSHI - 24
SHRADDHA KADEL- 25
ANISH POKHAREL-41
RUSTAM PRADHANAGA-42
ASHISH SHRESTHA-61
NOVEMBER, 2019
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Concrete Recipe.............................................................................................................10
Figure 2: Concrete recipe with fiber glass mixture.......................................................................10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................5
1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................5
1.2 SCOPE..............................................................................................................................5
1.3 NEED OF STUDY................................................................................................................5
1.4 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................8
Concrete.......................................................................................................................................8
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC)..................................................................................................8
Fiber glass....................................................................................................................................8
Glass-fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC).....................................................................................8
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................9
3.1 PRIMARY STUDY.............................................................................................................10
3.1.1 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS...............................................................................10
3.1.2 CONTROL MIX DESIGN...........................................................................................11
3.2 SECONDARY STUDY.......................................................................................................12
3.2.1 TESTING OF CONCRETE.........................................................................................12
EXPECTED OUTCOMES............................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
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CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Concrete is one of the most widely used building elements. Glass is a super cooled liquid.
Glasses have widespread practical, technological, and decorative uses in, for example,
window panes, tableware, optics, etc. For the last three decades, glasses have been molded
into fine fiber-like structure and are being used as construction material. Glass fiber contains
silica which is an essential element for construction material as it increases the tensile and
impact strength of the material.
1.2 SCOPE
Glasses are the second most waste products after plastic in the present scenario, and take
longer time than plastic to degrade. The solid waste glasses have been causing land pollution
and water pollution too. In the present context of Nepal, 32.49% (highest) of glass waste was
produced in 2010 and in the context of the world 3M tons of glass waste was produced in
2015. 10.2 million tons or 4.4% by weight of glass containers are generated as solid wastes of
which 2.76 million tons, 25.3% is recycled. (“Municipal Solid Waste in the United States:
2005 Facts and Figures”, www.epa.gov/osw).
1
1.3 NEED OF STUDY
Concrete has many desirable characteristics like high compressive strength, stiffness and
durability under usual environmental factors but it has two main deficiencies, low tensile
strength and a low strain at fracture. These shortcomings are generally overcome by
reinforcing concrete. Normally reinforcement consists of continuous deformed steel bars or
pre-stressing tendons. In modern times, a wide range of engineering materials (including
ceramics, plastics, cement, and gypsum products) incorporate fibers to enhance composite
properties. The enhanced properties include tensile strength, compressive strength, elastic
modulus, crack resistance, crack control, durability, fatigue life, resistance to impact and
abrasion, shrinkage, expansion, thermal characteristics, and fire resistance. Glass fiber
provides toughness to the concrete, decreasing the need for additional reinforcements and
also increases its resistance to fire.
Glass fiber is the oldest and the most used fiber as it is more favorable than metal due to its
weight, bulk properties and cost. Also glass fibers show higher temperature resistance than
plastic fiber. Plastic fibers have high resin content than glass fiber that can cause corrosion
effect on concrete. Glass fiber is more favorable than organic matters because organic matters
also contain resins that are easily degradable when in contact with water.
M20 concrete is generally used for load bearing section of a construction site. When glass
fiber is introduced into the M20 ratio of the concrete, its tensile strength, compressive
strength, durability, fire resistance and toughness of the concrete is increased. In addition to
it, introducing glass fiber is also eco-friendly and economic.
2
1.4 OBJECTIVES
To compare mechanical properties of concrete with fiber reinforced glass concrete of
different ratios.
To learn about the mixing procedure of glass fiber and concrete.
3
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Concrete:
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Concrete is a tension
weak building material, which is often crack ridden connected to plastic and hardened states,
drying shrinkage, and the like. Moreover, concrete suffers from low tensile strength, limited
ductility and little resistance to cracking.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC):
Fiber reinforced concrete is the concrete in which small and discontinuous fibers are
dispersed uniformly. The fibers used in FRC may be of different materials like steel, G.I.,
carbon, glass, aramid, asbestos, polypropylene, jute, etc. which may solve issues related to
only concrete consisting only cement, sand and aggregate.
Fiber glass:
Glass wool, commonly known as fiber glass was invented in 1938 by Russel Games Slayter
of Owens-Corning as a material for insulation. Yet far from its discovery the fiber glass has
now gained its popularity in various fields including in the field of construction. The present
trend in concrete technology is towards increasing the strength and durability of concrete to
meet the demands of the modern construction world at lower cost. The study there has been a
significant increase in the use of fibers in concrete for improving its properties such as tensile
strength and ductility. The fiber concrete is also used in retrofitting existing concrete
structures. Among many different types of fibers available today, glass fiber is a recent
introduction in the field of concrete technology.
Glass-fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC):
Glass-fiber reinforced concrete is a material made of a cementitious matrix composed of
cement, sand, water and admixtures, in which short length glass fibers are dispersed.
4
CHAPTER 3
3 METHODOLOGY
Primarily references regarding the glass fiber reinforced concrete were gathered by referring
to different research papers. The method of our experimental study is as follows:
Collection of materials
Determination of proportion of glass fiber in concrete and aspect ratio
Mixing and casting of block
Testing of concrete
Result and comparison
5
3.1 PRIMARY STUDY
3.1.1 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
Following materials will be collected for the making of glass fiber concrete:-
1. Cement
NS 49:2041 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) will be used in the preparation of
concrete blocks as it is readily available in the local market. The cement used in the
project work has been tested for various preparations as IS: 269-1976.
2. Aggregate
There are two types of aggregate according to NBC 102-94: Unit weight of
Materials that revises the Indian standard codes for the building material codes.
Fine aggregate:
Locally available clean and dry river sand conforming to grading zone 2 of IS:
383-1970 will be used. Sand passing through IS 4.75mm sieve will be used for
casting all the specimens.
Coarse aggregate:
Crushed annular granite metal from a local source will be used as coarse
aggregate. The specific gravity of the coarse aggregate used in the project
work of 60% of 20mm aggregate and 40% of 10mm aggregate is 2.7.
3. Glass fiber
It is the material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is a light weight,
extremely strong and robust material. There are distinctive sorts of fibers, however we
have taken *-glass fiber to show better resistance and a very good insulation to
electricity.
The glass fibers used are in the aspect ratio of __. The aspect ratio was calculated by
the following formula:
Aspect Ratio= Length of glass fiber /diameter of glass fiber
6
3.1.2 CONTROL MIX DESIGN
Figure 1: Concrete Recipe
Source: https://cdn4.explainthatstuff.com/concrete-ingredients.png
The normal concrete mix used in our daily life construction works is primarily M20
which achieves 20 Newton per mm2 compressive strength after 28 days of curing. The
cement, sand and aggregate is in the ratio of 1:1.5:3.
Figure 2: Concrete recipe with fiber glass mixture
Source: http://catink.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/basic-concrete-mixes-also-read-what-is-
the-of-fresh-concrete-basic-ready-mix-concrete-basic-concrete-mix-sdn-bhd.jpg
The glass fiber going to be used during the project work will be 1% by weight of the
concrete. From aspect ratio of glass fiber going to be used is 150 which shall be used in three
different proportions of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% to test the strength at these different ratios to find
out the best ratio for future refrences.
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3.2 SECONDARY STUDY
3.2.1 TESTING OF CONCRETE
3.2.1.1PROPERTY TEST OF CONCRETE
Two types of tests will be conducted, i.e. fresh mortar and hardened mortar test.
TEST FOR FRESH MORTAR
The fresh test that includes the slump test and unit weight test will be conducted in fresh
mortar after the concrete mixing.
Slump test
The objective of slump test is to know the slump measurement for the degree of workability
of the concrete after mixing.
Unit weight test
The unit weight test for all mixes will be carried out on fresh concrete and calculated by the
following equation:
DF = (Mc – Mm)/V
Where, DF = fresh unit weight of concrete (kg/m^3)
Mc = mass of the mould filled with concrete (kg)
Mm = mass of empty mould (kg)
V = volume of the mould (m^3)
TEST FOR HARDENED MORTAR
Two types of tests for hardened concrete can be conducted i.e. destructive and non-
destructive tests. The destructive tests consist of compressive strength tests, splitting tensile
test, modulus of elasticity test and flexural strength test. And under non-destructive tests
water absorption test, dry density test, alkali-silica reaction test.
Compressive Strength
Concrete mix are designed to provide the wide range of mechanical and durability properties,
compressive strength is one of them. It is measured by breaking cubical concrete specimens
in compression testing machine after 14 and 28 days of casting. The formula to calculate
compressive strength is:
8
Flexural Strength Test
Flexural strength (or the modulus of rupture) is the amount of force an object can take
without breaking or permanently deforming. Flexural strength test is carried out in
specimens of size 500mm*150mm*150mm (Length*Breadth*Height) to calculate tensile
strength of concrete. Centre point loading and two point loading are use in calculating
flexural strength of concrete.
Depending upon condition there are two ways to calculate flexural strength of concrete.
Fig 1: Center point loading Fig 2: Two point loading
Where,
b = width of the beam in millimeter
d = failure point depth in millimeter
l = supported length in millimeter
p = maximum load applied to the beam in kilograms
Water Absorption Test
In this test concrete is first weighted in dry condition and then immersed in water for 24
hours. After that they are taken out from water and difference between the dry and wet
concrete block percentage are calculated.
Where, W’=Weight of the block after keeping it in water for 24 hours
W=dry weight of the block
9
Splitting tensile strength test:
The test for splitting tensile strength test will be conducted at ages of 14 and 28 days. The
splitting tensile strength of the specimens is calculated by the following equation:
T = (2*P) / (pi*D*L)
Where,
T = splitting tensile strength (MPa)
P = the maximum applied load indicated by the machine at failure (N)
D = diameter of cylinder (mm)
L = length of cylinder (mm)
10
CHAPTER 4
4 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The objective of this experimental study is to learn about the effect of using glass fiber as
reinforcement in concrete. The expected outcomes of this project are:
We shall learn about the effect in mechanical properties of concrete due to the
mixture of glass fiber in different ratios.
We shall be able to conduct tests for different properties of concrete.
We shall be able to identify the best ratio of fiber glass and concrete that produces
the best result during property tests.
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REFERENCES
ACI Committee 544. 1982. State-of-the-Report on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, (ACI 544.1R-
82), Concrete International: Design and Construction. 4(5): 9-30, American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
"Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete". The Concrete Network. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Ferreira, J P J G; Branco, F A B (2007). "The Use of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material". Experimental Techniques. 31 (May/June 2007): 64–73.
Design Guide: Glassfibre Reinforced Cement,Pilkington BrothersLtd., Second Edition,
Seel House Press, Liverpool, England, Jan. 1979.
Chandramouli K., S. R. (2010, APRIL). STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBRE
CONCRETE. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 4.
Experimental Studies on Glass Fiber Concrete J.D.Chaitanya kumar1, G.V.S. Abhilash2,
P.Khasim Khan3, G.Manikanta sai4, V.Taraka ram 5. 1 -Assistant professor, 2, 3, 4, 5 - B.
Tech Students, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Green fields,
Vaddeswaram-522502, Guntur (D. t), A. P, India
Ferreira, J P J G; Branco, F A B (2007). "The Use of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material". Experimental Techniques. 31 (May/June 2007): 64–73.
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936
Volume-5, Issue-5, pp-100-104 www.ajer.org
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ANNEX 1
PROPOSED WORK SCHEDULE
Months Nov. December January
Week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Work
Literature review
Consultation
Proposal
submission
Proposal defense
Material
collection and
purchase
Casting of block
Testing of block
Result and
comparison
Midterm
presentation
Final report
submission and
presentation
INDEX: Completed Work
Remaining Work
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ANNEX 2
BUDGET ESTIMATION
Rate
S.N. Item Description Quantity Amount(RS)
(Per run Rs)
1 Cement
2 Sand
3 Coarse
Aggregate
4 Glass Fiber
5 Rubber Gloves
6 Surgical Mask
7 Stationary
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