Chemical and Petrochemical Eng Dept.

Equipment Design

3.8 Special Cases for Rectification Using McCabe-Thiele Method

a) Stripping-Column Distillation
In some cases the feed to be distilled is not supplied to an intermediate point in a column but is added
to the top of the stripping column as shown in Figure below. The feed is usually a saturated liquid at the
boiling point or subcooled and the overhead product VD is the vapor rising from the top plate, which
goes to a condenser with no reflux or liquid returned back to the tower. A very pure bottoms product can
be obtained but the vapor distillate will not be pure.
Assuming constant molar flow rates, a material balance of the more volatile component A around the
dashed line in figure below gives, on rearrangement,

Lm W xw
ym+1 = xm −
Vm+1 Vm+1

b) Enriching-Column Distillation
Enriching towers are also sometimes used, where the feed enters the bottom of the tower as a
superheated vapor or a saturated vapor. The overhead distillate is produced in the same manner as in a
complete fractionating tower and is usually quite rich in the more volatile component A ( very pure) but
the bottoms will not be very pure.

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 1

Note:Striping columns and enriching columns are used when a pure distillate or a pure bottoms,
respectively, is not needed.
Example 3.9: An enriching tower is fed 100 kg mol/h of a saturated vapor feed containing 40 mol %
benzene (A) and 60 mol % toluene (E) at 101.32 kPa abs. The distillate is to contain 90 mol % benzene.
The reflux ratio is set at 4.0 :1. Calculate the kg mol/h distillate D and bottoms Wand their compositions.
Also, calculate the number of theoretical plates required.
Solution

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 2

Example 3.10: A liquid feed at the boiling point of 400 kg mol/h containing 70 mol % benzene (A) and
30 mol % toluene (B) is fed to a stripping tower at 101.3 kPa pressure. The bottoms product flow is to
be 60 kg mol/h containing only 10 mol % A and the rest B. Calculate the kg mol/h overhead vapor, its
composition, and the number of theoretical steps required.
Solution

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 3

For a saturated liquid, the q line is vertical and is plotted in Fig. 11.4-15. The operating line is plotted
through the point y = xw = 0.1 and the intersection of yD = 0.806 with the q line. Stepping off the trays
from the top, 5.3 theoretical steps or 4.3 theoretical trays plus a reboiler are needed.

c) Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is a separation process in which live steam is blown through a liquid containing a

component A (usually having a low volatility and low solubility in water) when A vaporizes slowly

(depending upon its vapour pressure at the operating temperature) and leaves with the steam.

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 4

When an aqueous solution of more volatile A and water B is being distilled, the heat required may

be provided by the use of open steam injected directly at the bottom of the tower. The reboiler exchanger

is then not needed. The steam is injected as small bubbles into the liquid in the tower bottom, as shown

in Figure below. The vapor leaving the liquid is then in equilibrium with the liquid if sufficient contact

is obtained. Making an overall balance on the tower and a balance on A,

F+S=D+W

F xf + S ys = D xD + W xW

where S = mol/h of steam and ys = 0 = mole fraction of A in steam. The enriching operating-line

equation is the same as for indirect steam.For the stripping-line equation, an overall balance and a

balance on component A are asfollows:

Lm + S = Vm+1 + W

Lm xm + S (0) = Vm+1 ym+1 + W xW

Solving for ym+1

Lm W xW
ym+1 = xm −
Vm+1 Vm+1

For saturated steam entering, S = Vm+1 and henc, Lm = W. Substituting into above equation, the

stripping operating line is

W W
ym+1 = xm − x
S S W

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 5

Example 3.11: A liquid feed at the boiling point contains 3.3 mol % ethanol and 96.7 mol % water

and enters the top tray of a stripping tower. Saturated steam is injected directly into liquid in the

bottom of the tower. The overhead vapor which is withdrawn contains 99% of the alcohol in the feed.

Assume equimolar overflow for this problem. Equilibrium data for mole fraction of alcohol arc as

follows at 10 1.32 kPa abs pressure (1 atm abs).

(a) For an infinite number of theoretical steps, calculate the minimum moles of steam needed per mole

of feed.

(b) Using twice the minimum moles of steam, calculate the number of theoretical steps needed, the

composition of the overhead vapor, and the bottoms composition.

Solution.

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 6

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 7

M.Sc. Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah 8