DJJ 51072 JIG AND FIXTURE
CHAPTER 2
SUPPORTING
AND LOCATING
TS INTAN LIYANA BINTI RAMLI
JKM
EXPLAIN THE SUPPORTING AND
01 LOCATING PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 2 02 SKETCH THE TYPES OF LOCATING.
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN
THIS CHAPTER; 03 SKETCH THE TYPES OF EJECTOR DEVICES
2.1 THE SUPPORTING AND LOCATING PRINCINPLE
(a) The conceptof referencing, repetability and interchangeability
Referencing-The work must be properly positioned with respect to the
cutter and tool to ensure precision in machining operation
Repeatability-it allows different parts to be machined consistently within
their required tolerance
Interchangeability
Locators- to position the part and making sure it is easily loaded and
unloaded
2.1 THE SUPPORTING AND LOCATING PRINCINPLE
(b) The basic rules for locating
The main function of locating is to restrict the movement of a part
(i)Positioning the Locators
Locators should contact the work
on a machined surface to ensure
repeatability of a jig or fixture
It should be spaced as far as
possible to ensure complete
contacts over the locating surface
to avoid problem from chips or
foreign matter.
The locator should be relieved like
figure below
II. PART TOLERANCE
As a general rule, the tool tolerance should be between 20 and 50
percent of the part tolerance. This is necessary to maintain the
required precision.
For example, if a hole in a part must be located within ±.010 inch, then
the tolerance of the hole in the jig must be between ±.002 inch and
±.005 inch
tolerances greater than 50 percent do not guarantee the desired
precision.
Specifying tool tolerances closer than 20 percent serves only to increase
the cost of the tool and adds little to the quality of the part.
Locators must be designed to fit the part at any size within the part
limits.
III. FOOL PROOFING
Foolproofing is a means by which the tool designer ensures that the part
will fit into the tool only in its correct position.
Example 1, The part in Figure 3–4A must be machined on the tapered end,
so the tool designer includes a pin to prevent the part from being loaded
incorrectly.
This pin foolproofs the tool
The part in Figure 3–4B shows a hole that must be drilled with
reference to the holes in the flange.
A simple pin placed in one of these holes makes it impossible to load
the tool incorrectly.
IV) DUPLICATE/ REDUNDANT LOCATION
The use of duplicate locators should always be avoided.
Locator duplication not only costs more but also could cause
inaccuracies.
Avoid using more than one parallel surface to locate a part.
the tool design must be determined which surface is to be
referenced.
C. THE PLANES OF MOVEMENT
I. 12-DOF (DEGREE OF FREEDOM)
Any rectangular body many have three axis along x-axis, y-axis and z-
axis.
It can more along any of these axes or any of its movement can be
released to these three axes.
At the same time, the body can also rotate about these axes too. So
total degree of freedom of the body along which it can move is six.
For processing the body it is required to restrain all the degree of
freedom (DOF) by arranging suitable locating points and then
clamping it in a fixed and required position.
An unrestricted object is
free to move in any of
twelve possible
directions.
Figure 3–7 shows an
object with three axes,
or planes, along which
movement may occur.
An object is free to
revolve around or move
parallel to any axis in
either direction.
To accurately locate a part in a jig or fixture, movements must be
restricted. This is done with locators and clamps.
By placing the part on a three-pin base, five directions of movement (2,
5, 1, 4, and 12) are restricted
Using pin- or button-type locators minimizes the chance of error by
limiting the area of contact and raising the part above the chips.
To restrict the
movement of the part
around the ZZ- axis
and in direction eight,
two more pin-type
locators are positioned
(Figure 3–10).
To restrict direction seven, a
single-pin locator is used
(Figure 3–11). The remaining
directions, nine, ten, and
eleven, are restricted by a
clamping device.
This three-two-one, or sixpoint,
locating method is the most
common external locator for
square or rectangular parts.
II. 3-2-1 PRINCIPLES
The 3-2-1 principle states that the six locators are sufficient to
restrict the required degree of freedom of any workpiece.
In this, motion is restricted using clamps and locators.
A three-pin base can restrict five motions and six pins restrict nine
motions.
METHODOLOGY OF 3-2-1 PRINCIPLE
[1] The workpiece is resting on three pins A, B, and C which are inserted in the
base of the fixed body.
[2] The workpiece cannot rotate about the axes XX and YY and also cannot move
downward.
[3] In this way, the five degrees of freedom 1,2,3,4, and 5 have been arrested.
[4] Two pins D and E are inserted in the fixed body, in a plane perpendicular to
the plane containing pins A, B & C.
[5] Now the workpiece cannot rotate about the Z-axis and also it cannot move
towards the left.
[6] Hence the addition of pins D and E restrict three more degrees of freedom,
namely 6, 7, and 8.
[7] Another pin F in the second vertical face of the fixed body, arrests degree
of freedom 9.
Summary of 3-2-1 Principle:
A workpiece will be completely confined when blanked against:
3 points in one plane: The “3” in 3-2-1 refers to 3 locators
(passive fixture elements) on the primary locating/datum
surface.
2 points in another plane: The “2” in 3-2-1 refers to 2 locators
on the secondary locating/datum surface.
1 point in a third plane: The “1” in 3-2-1 refers to 1 locator on
the tertiary locating/datum surface
2.2 SKETCH THE TYPES OF LOCATING.
A. FLAT SURFACE (LOCATION FROM A FLAT SURFACE)
There are three primary methods of locating work from a flat
surface: solid supports, adjustable supports, and equalizing
supports.
These locators set the vertical position of the part, support the
part, and prevent distortion during the machining operation.
SOLID SUPPORTS
easiest to use
can be either machined into the tool
base or installed
This type of support is normally used
when a machined surface acts as a
locating point.
ADJUSTABLE
SUPPORTS
used when the surface is rough or uneven, such as in cast parts.
There are many styles of adjustable supports. A few of the more
common are the threaded, spring and push types.
The threaded style is the easiest and most economical, and it has
a larger adjustment range than the others.
Adjustable locators are normally used with one or more solid
locators to allow any adjustment needed to level the work.
EQUALIZING SUPPORTS
are also a form of adjustable support.
They provide equal support through two connected contact
points.
As one point is depressed, the other raises and maintains contact
with the part.
This feature is especially necessary on uneven cast surfaces.
B. INTERNAL DIAMETER (LOCATION FROM AN INTERNAL DIAMETER)
is the most effective way to accurately
Locating a part from a hole or pattern position
work.
The figure shows a few locators used for large holes.
When large holes locate the work, fasten the internal locator with both screws and
dowels.
Under normal conditions, two dowels and two screws are needed to hold the locator.
With more force, it is better to use larger dowels and screws rather than to increase
their number.
C. LOCATING FROM AN EXTERNAL PROFILE
Locating work from an external profile, or outside edge, is the most common
method of locating work in the early stages of machining.
Profile locators position the work in relation to an outside edge or the outside of a
detail, such as a hub or a boss.
The most common ways a part can be located from its profile:
1. Nesting locators position a part by enclosing it in a depression, or recess, of
the same shape as the part
2. Vee locators are used mainly for round work. They can locate flatwork with
rounded or angular ends and flat discs
3. Fixed-stop locators are used for parts that cannot be placed in either a nest or a
vee locator. They are either machined into the tool body (Figure 3–32), or installed
(Figure 3–33).
4. Installed locators are normally more economical to use because of the time it
takes to make the machined locators. Since installed locators can be replaced when
worn, the entire tool body does not have to be made again.
2.3 SKETCH THE TYPES OF EJECTOR DEVICES
A. THE FUNCTION OF EJECTOR DEVICES
Ejectors are used to
remove work from close-fitting locators, such as full nests or ring
nests.
These devices speed up the unloading of the part from the tool, which reduces the in-tool
time and increases the production rate.
Figure 3–40 shows two styles of ejectors common to both jigs and fixtures.
I. MECHANICAL-LEVEL EJECTOR II. SPRING-TYPE EJECTOR
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