PROGRAMMING I

ALGORITHM CONSTRUCTION
AND SOLUTION
STRUCTURED
PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM

3. Algorithm

• The algorithm is the abstract idea of

solving a problem.

• An algorithm is a step-by-step
instructions that will transform input into
output.

• It can be represent using pseudo code or

flow chart.

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 From Algorithms to Programs

Problem
Problem Analysis

Algorithm

C Program

Algorithm in everyday’s life

How to make a mug of hot coffee ??

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 Algorithm in everyday’s life

 How to make a mug of hot coffee:

1. Start
2. Boil water
3. Prepare a mug
4. Put a tea spoon of coffee & sugar
5. Pour hot water
6. Stir
7. End

3. Algorithm

can be described using three c o n t r o l

s t r u c t u r e s (Bohm and Jacopini-1966);

•A Sequence
– is a series of statements that execute one after
another

•A Selection – (branch)
– statement is used to determine which of two
different statements to execute depending on certain
conditions

•A Looping – (repetition)
– statement is used to repeat statements while certain
conditions are met

3
 Planning the Algorithm
1. Do Problem Analysis

Identify
Input:
Process :
Output :
2. Transfer to pseudo code or flow chart

3. a. Must start with a start

b. Must close with an end

TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT
THE ALGORITHM
1.Pseudo code
2.Flow Chart
Pseudo code Flow chart
• Artificial, informal • Graphical representation
language used to of an algorithm
develop algorithms

• Similar to everyday • Special-purpose symbols

English connected by arrows
(flow lines)

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 TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT
THE ALGORITHM
Example of Pseudocode & Flow chart

Calculate the area of a circle

Pseudo code Flow chart
Start: start
Input radius
Calculate circle area radius
circle area = 3.142 x radius
x radius circle area = 3.142 x radius x radius
Print the circle area
End: circle area

end

4 Pseudo Code

•Artificial, informal language used to develop

algorithms.

•Similar to everyday English.

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 4 Pseudo Code

 Pseudocode Format

1
start
statement 1 2
statement 2
The statement
refers to any
input, output &
end process
involved
3

Example 1

Problem statement:

Calculate the area of a rectangle

width

height

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Problem Analysis:

Input: width, height

Process: area = width x height

Output: area of rectangle

Pseudo Code – Example 1

1)START
#include<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
2) READ (DECLARE)
VARIABLES
float width, height, area;
3) READ (INPUT)
scanf width, height;
4) COMPUTE
area = width*height;
5) PRINT (Result Output)
printf area;
6) STOP
}

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 Example 2

Problem statement:

Find the average of three numbers input

by user.

Example 2

Problem Analysis:

Input: number1, number2, number3

Process:
average = (number1 + number2 +
number3) / 3

Output: average

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 Pseudo Code – Example 2
1)START
#include<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
2) READ (DECLARE)
VARIABLES
float number1, number2, number3,average;
3) READ (INPUT)
scanf number1, number2, number3;
4) COMPUTE
average = (number1 + number2 + number3) /3;
5) PRINT (Result Output)
printf average;
6) STOP
}

Example 3

Problem statement:

Determine the total cost of durians, given

the number of kilos of durians purchased
and the cost of durians per kilo.

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 Example 3

Problem Analysis:

Input: Number of kilos of durians,

Cost of durians per kilo
Process:
Total cost = Number of kilos of durians ×
Cost of durians per kilo
Output:
Total cost of durians

Pseudo Code – Example 3

start
1. Input number_of_kilos_of_durians,
cost_of_durian_per_kilo.
2. Compute total cost of durian:
total_cost = number_of_kilos_of_
durians * cost_of_durian_per_kilo;
3. Print total_cost of durian
end

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 Example 4

Problem statement:
MZ Corporation gives a bonus to Faris based
on his sales. The bonus is 5 percent of the
sales. Calculate Faris's bonus.

Example 4

Problem Analysis:

Input: Faris's sales, Bonus rate of 5%

Process: Bonus = Sales x Bonus rate 5%

Output: Faris's bonus

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 Pseudo Code – Example 4

start
1. Input sales, bonus_rate
2. Compute bonus:
bonus = sales * bonus_rate
3. Print bonus
end

EXERCISE

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 Exercise 1

Problem statement:

Kedai Koperasi UM offers 15% discount for

each revision book. Calculate and display the
price that customer should pay.

Prepare IPO analysis, pseudo code & flow

chart

Problem Analysis:

Input: Price

Process: Discount = Price x 15%

New Price = Price - Discount

Output: New Price

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IPO Chart:
Input Processing Output
Processing items:
price

OR

Problem Analysis:

Input: Price

Process: New Price = Price x 85%

Output: New Price

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 Pseudo Code

start
1. Price
2. Compute Discount:
Discount = Price * 0.15
3. Compute New_Price:
New_Price = Price – Discount
4. Print New_Price

end

Flow chart
start

Price

Discount = Price x 15%

New_Price = Price - Discount

New_Price

end

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 SUMMARY

1. Identify input, process and output from a given

problem.
2. Define algorithm.
3. Solve problem using pseudo code.
4. Solve problem using flow chart.

Approach in Problem
Solving
Control Structure

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 Control Structure

LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of this topic, students should

be able to:

1. Explain the purpose of each control structure.

2. Apply appropriate control structure in

Problem solving.

Control Structure
Three (3) control structures

A Sequence

 is a series of statements that execute one after another

A Selection – (branch)
 statement is used to determine which of two different
statements to execute depending on certain conditions

A Looping – (repetition)
 statement is used to repeat statements while certain
conditions are met

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 1. Sequence

Control Structures

SEQUENCE SELECTION LOOPING

1. Sequence
(Analogy)
What do you do after waking up in the
morning?

Brush teeth
Wash face

Take a bath

Comb hair

Smile in front of mirror

Having breakfast

Go to class

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 1. Sequence

• The simplest programs consist just

sequence of statements :

– no loops, no selections amongst

alternative actions.

1. Sequence

• Instruction in sequence programming

are executed sequentially one by
one.
• The sequence structure directs the
computer to process the instructions,
one after another, in the order listed in
the program.

first instruction → last instruction.

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 Example 1

Problem statement:

Find the product of two numbers.

Example 1

IPO Analysis:

Input: num1, num2

Process: product = num1 x num2

Output: product

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 Example 1 – Pseudo Code

1.START
#include<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
2. READ (DECLARE)
VARIABLES
float num1, num2;
3. READ (INPUT)
scanf num1, num2;
4. COMPUTE
product = num1 * num2;
5. PRINT (Result Output)
printf product;
6) STOP
}

Example 1 - Flow chart

start

num1, num2

product = num1 * num2

product

end

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 Example 2

Problem statement:

Find a volume for a cone.

1
Formula :
3

Example 2

IPO Analysis:

Input: radius, height

Process:
volume = (1/3) x 3.142 x radius x
radius x height

Output: volume

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 Example 2 – Pseudo Code
1.START
#include<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
2. READ (DECLARE)
CONSTANT
float Pi=3.142;
VARIABLES
float radius, height, volume;
3. READ (INPUT)
scanf radius, height;
4. COMPUTE
volume = (1/3) * Pi * radius * radius * height;
5. PRINT (Result Output)
printf volume;
6) STOP
}

Flow chart - Example 2

start

radius , height

volume = (1/3) * Pi * radius * radius * height

volume

end

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