BISC 110 Lab Calculation Practice Problems KEY
I. Enzyme Dilution Problems
For lab today it is necessary to make the following dilutions of a restriction
enzyme solution (RE) having a concentration of 300 units per microliter. In
the space provided below please list the dilution ratio of the enzyme and the
number of units per microliter of enzyme contained in each dilution. Show
your calculations in the space provided.
10 l RE + 140 l buffer to make a 1:15 dilution of RE at _20__ units/l
10l/150 l = 1/15 = 1:15
300 units/1 l * 1/15 = 20 units/l
10l 1:15 RE + 90 l buffer to make a 1:150 dilution of RE at _2.0__ units/l
10l/100 l = 1/10 * 1/15 = 1/150 = 1:150
300 units/1 l * 1/150 = 2.0 units/l
10l 1:150 RE + 10 l buffer to make a _1:300_dilution of RE at _1.0 units/l
10l/20 l = 1/2 * 1/150 = 1/300= 1:300
300 units/1l * 1/300 = 1.0 units/l
10l 1:150 RE + 30 l buffer to make a __1:600 dilution of RE at _0.5
units/l
10l/40 l = 1/4 * 1/150 = 1/600= 1:600
300 units/1 l * 1/600 = 0.5 units/l
10l 1:150 RE + 50 l buffer to make a _1:900_dilution of RE at_0.33
units/l
10l/60 l = 1/6 * 1/150 = 1/900 = 1:900
300 units/1 l * 1/900 = 0.33 units/l
10l 1:150 RE + 70 l buffer to make a 1: 1200 dilution of RE at 0.25 units/l
10l/80 l = 1/8 * 1/150 = 1/1200 = 1:1200
300 units/1 l * 1/1200 = 0.25 units/l
10l 1:150 RE + 90 l buffer to make a 1:1500 dilution of RE at_0.2_units/l
10l/100 l = 1/10 * 1/150 = 1/1500 = 1:1500
300 units/1 l * 1/1500 = 0.2 units/l
II. Making Solutions
A. As part of your duties as a work study student you are asked to prepare 100 ml of
a 1.5M (molar) glucose stock solution. The molecular weight of glucose is 180.2.
How would you prepare this solution using water as the solvent? Please show all
calculations.
If 1 M glucose = 180.2 g/ liter, then
1.5M glucose = 180.2 g/liter * 1.5 = 270.3 g/liter
Since you only need 100 ml, and 100 ml is ten fold less than 1000ml: 100/1000
= 1/10
270.3 g * 1/10= 27.03 g
To prepare 100 ml of a 1.5M solution of glucose, dissolve 27.3 grams of glucose in 85
ml of deionized water and bring the final volume up to 100 ml with deionized water.
This week’s labs require a working glucose solution at a concentration of 1.5mM
(millimolar). How would you prepare 500ml of a 1.5 mM glucose solution using
the 1.5M glucose stock solution prepared above and water?
1.5 mM is 1/1000 of 1.5M, so the 1.5M stock solution can be diluted 1/1000
with water to yield a working solution of 1.5mM glucose.
To make 500 ml of 1.5mM glucose, add 0.5 ml of the 1.5M glucose solution to 499.5
ml of deionized water and mix.
How would you prepare 500ml of a 0.75mM glucose solution?
0.75 mM is 1/2 the concentration of 1.5mM, so the 1.5mM glucose solution
prepared above can be diluted 1:2 with water to yield a 0.75 mM glucose
solution.
To make 500 ml of 0.75 mM glucose, add 250 ml of 1.5mM glucose solution to 250
ml of deionized water.
OR
The 1.5M glucose stock solution can be diluted 1:2000 to yield a 0.75mM
glucose solution.
Add 0.25 ml of the 1.5M glucose solution to 499.75 ml deionized water and mix to
prepare 500 ml of a 0.75 mM glucose solution.
B. Isotonic saline is 0.85% NaCl dissolved in water. How would you prepare 1.0 liter
of isotonic saline to use in lab? Please show all calculations.
0.85 % NaCl = 0.85g/ 100ml
Since you need 1000 ml (1 liter): 1000 ml is 10 times larger than 100 ml
(1000/10= 100), so to prepare 1 liter of a 0.85% solution, you need
0.85 g * 10 = 8.5 g of NaCl.
The best way to prepare the 0.85% saline solution is to dissolve 8.5 grams of
NaCl in 900 ml water and then adjust the final volume to 1 liter.
C. For an experiment in lab this week, you need to prepare a single
phosphate buffered saline solution that contains 10 mM K2 HPO4, 5 mM
KH2PO4 and 0.85% NaCl. Your instructor provides you with the following
stock solutions: 1.0 M K2HPO4, 0.25 M KH2PO4, and 8.5% NaCl. How
many milliliters of the stock solutions and how many milliliters of
deionized water are needed to prepare 500 ml of the phosphate buffered
saline solution for your experiment? Please show all calculations. Use
the back of this page if necessary.
_________ml of 1.0 M K2HPO4
V1ml (1M)= 500ml (.01M)
V1=5ml M/1M
V1= 5ml
_________ml of 0.25 M KH2PO4
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2;
V1ml (250mM)= 500ml (5mM);
V1=2500ml mM/250mM=
V1=10ml
_________ml of 8.5% NaCl
V1ml (8.5%)= 500ml (0.85%)
V1=50ml
_________ml of deionized water
500ml (total vol)- 5ml+ 10ml+50ml=500ml-65ml=435 ml
D. You have been given 5 ml of a yeast culture that contains 5 x 107 cells/ml. How
would you prepare 20ml of a culture containing 2.5 x 106 cells/ml using a portion of
the original yeast culture and sterile media?
V1 * C1 = V2 * C2 where V1 = the unknown, the volume of original
culture needed to prepare diluted culture; V2 = 20 ml;
C1 = 5 x 107 cells/ml, and C2 = 2.5 x 106 cells/ml
V1 = V2 * C2
C1
V1= 20 * 2.5 x 106 cells/ml
5 x 107 cells/ml
V1= 1.0 ml
To make 20 ml of a culture containing 2.5 x 106 cells/ml, add 1 ml of the original
more concentrated culture to 19 ml of sterile media.
III. Effective or Final Concentration Problems
A. You are writing the Materials and Methods section of a research report and you need
to describe the concentration of Ponceau S stain on the proteins you separated on a
polyacrylamide gel. The concentration of Ponceau S in the bottle was 0.2% and you
added 200µl of it to 18.8ml of TSE buffer and poured that on your gel. What was the
effective (final) concentration of Ponceau S?
0.2:20 is the same as a ratio of 2:200, which reduces to a ratio of 1:100, meaning that
the Ponceau S stain is diluted by a factor of 100. Therefore, the stock Ponceau D at
0.2% becomes 0.002% as its final concentration on the gel.
B. You read in a paper that the investigators stopped an enzyme reaction in 1M 2-
amino-2 methyl propenediol (AMP). This means that 1M is the final (effective
concentration), after AMP is combined with all the ingredients in a reaction solution.
(The reaction solution is everything in the tube when the enzyme was active and
producing product from substrate). You need to figure out a stock concentration of AMP
that will give you a final AMP concentration of 1M after 2ml of that AMP stock is added
to a tube containing 6ml of reaction solution.
The stock AMP is 2 parts (2ml) out of a total of 8 parts in the tube’s final volume,
after the stock AMP is added to 6ml of reaction solution. Therefore, the dilution
factor of the stock is 4. So the stock concentration of AMP must be 4 times more
concentrated than the final concentration. Since the final conc. is 1M, the stock must
be 4M.
1V. Standard Curve Problem
Your assignment in lab is to perform a glucose assay to determine the
concentration of glucose in two unknown samples using 5 glucose standards.
You and your lab partner decide to engage in some friendly competition. You
both perform the glucose assay independently and set up your own standard
curves from which the glucose concentrations of the unknown solutions will
be read. The two standard curves generated are shown below:
a.) Which standard curve is more accurate? Which should be used to
determine the glucose concentration of the unknowns? Please explain your
answer.
Standard curve A is the more accurate because the absorbance values
and concentrations show acceptable linearity with an r2 value of 0.999.
Standard curve A is also the one to be used for determining concentration
of the unknowns from absorbance because the assay conforms to the
Beer-Lambert law. More accurate concentrations can be determined
from curve A than from Curve B because in Curve B absorbance is not
directly proportional to concentration and there is less linearity as shown
in the lower r2 value.
b.) If unknown #1 has an absorbance of 0.500 units, what the the
concentration of glucose in this solution as read from the standard curve
you chose as the more accurate?
Substitute 0.500 for y in the linear regression equation for Curve A and
solve for x. The glucose concentration of the unknown is 142.53 mg/ml.
c.) Unknown 2 was too dark to obtain a reliable absorbance reading,
so you diluted the sample 1:10 and ran the assay again. The diluted sample
had an absorbance of 0.150 units. What is the concentration of Unknown
#2?
Substitute 0.150 for y in the regression equation for curve A and solve for
x. Since x = 50.4 mg/ml and a 1:10 dilution of Unknown #2 was used, the
concentration must be multiplied by 10 to account for the dilution. The
glucose concentration of Unknown #2, 50.4 mg/ml * 10 = 504mg/ml.
