Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2
2.0 Preliminary studies:.........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Software used to design the structure.........................................................................................4
2.1.1 AutoCAD...............................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Esteem structural software.......................................................................................................5
2.2 Structural elements.....................................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Beam.....................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Slab.......................................................................................................................................9
2.2.3 Column...............................................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Foundation..........................................................................................................................16
2.3 Code of practice.........................................................................................................................19
3.0 Project location and background:..................................................................................................20
3.1 Company’s background.............................................................................................................20
3.2 Project’s background.................................................................................................................20
4.0 Project Management:....................................................................................................................21
4.1 Project Phase.............................................................................................................................21
4.2 Party involve..............................................................................................................................22
4.3 Flow of project...........................................................................................................................23
5.0 Safety at construction site:............................................................................................................23
5.1 procedure of safety in construction site....................................................................................23
6.0 Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................24
7.0 References:....................................................................................................................................25
8.0 Appendixes:...................................................................................................................................26

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1.0 Introduction:

First, I would like to grateful to our lecturers which is Encik Zikri bin Tahrim and Encik
Yusairi bin Ahmad to teach and guide us on this subject. The name of subject is AutoCAD
Software (ECS3093). Without them, I can’t to understand and making graphics of building in
the computer. We also have been taught in this semester is Esteem Software. While using
this software its easier to design the building in 2D and 3D in the computer.

The definition of this subject is designing means process of converting an idea into
an object, product or a system. This process is iterative. CAD (Computer Aided Design) is a
tool that can be used for design and drafting activities. Since it uses the computing power of
a processor, CAD drawings are faster, better and more accurate than their manually drafted
counterparts. AutoCAD started as a design tool for engineers and architects but is now used
by other professionals as well. Autodesk, the company behind AutoCAD, has developed
custom versions that can be used by design engineers, civil engineers, electrical and
electronics engineers and mechanical engineers. In that sense, AutoCAD is a horizontal
product. It is used by product development teams, manufacturing facilities, media and

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entertainment industries, engineers, architects, educators and student of engineering.
AutoCAD is thus useful for any domain that requires 2D and 3D designs.

In this subject we got the mini project, or we can call as final year project to submit.
We must find 1 of any flyers of double-storey house around the Malaysia to do a complete
structural design according to that plan of housing. We must use the AutoCAD and Esteem
Software to complete it. We also must make sketching by using the flyer of that double-
storey house on the A4 paper and get approve by lecturer.

Mahkota Height III Phase 2 have been chosen by my group to do in my final year
project. Mahkota Height III is in Indera Mahkota, Kuantan. This house is complete done by
the engineer that has been charge. This house has 3 toilet and 4 bedrooms including 1
master bedroom. The house area is takes 20ft x 50ft with price range from RM 498,000.00 to
RM 558,000. Mahkota Height also have Single-Storey house, but we choose the Double-
Storey house to fulfil the rule of the final year project.

2.0 Preliminary studies:

2.1 Software used to design the structure
2.1.1 AutoCAD
AutoCAD stands for Computer Aided Design. This software used for designing and
drafting. It allows a user to conceptualize ideas, product designs and drawings to the
required level of technical accuracy, perform rapid design calculations and simulations in the
field of manufacturing industries. Before implementing this software, all engineers used
drafters and sheets to draw design a product. It took so much time for a designer to design a

3
product. Next, AutoCAD can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the
creation, modification, optimization of a design. In this, we can create both 2D and 3D
drawings used in construction and manufacturing. It was developed by John Walker in the
year 1982.

2.1.2 Esteem structural software

The Ultimate Reinforced Concrete Integrated Total Solution Software is an
engineering software developed in Malaysia together with expertise from Singapore and
New Zealand. As the software title speaks, Esteem 8 is a software specifically designed to
provide integrated solution for structural engineer for designing reinforced concrete building.

Analysis:

 Pattern loading to obtain ultimate design envelope.

 Sub-frame analysis.
 Full 3d frame analysis.
 Stage construction simulation.
 Wind Load using force per area calculated from varying wind speed.
 Notional Horizontal Load.
 Static Seismic Analysis using ELFM.

Design:

 Floor slab.
 Framing beam and column.
 Shear wall.
 Pad base.
 Pile cap.
 Multi-level foundation.
 Strut and tie shear wall.

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  Transfer slab.
 Flat slab.
 Raft/Mat foundation.
 Punching shear.

2
.
2

Structural elements
2.2.1 Beam
Introduction
Beams are generally horizontal structural members which transfer loads
horizontally along their length to the supports where the loads are usually resolved
into vertical forces. Beams are used for resisting vertical loads, shear forces and
bending moments. There are many types of beam that are classified according to their
size, manner in which they are supported and their location in any given structural
system.

Types of beams
a) Simply supported beam

It is the one of the simplest structural elements that both ends are rest on
supports but are free to rotate. It contains pinned support at one end and roller support
at the other end. On the basis of assign load, it sustains shearing and bending.

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 b) Fixed Beam

It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. It is also called a built-
in beam. The fixed ends produce fixing moments other than the reactions

c) Cantilever Beam

If a beam is fixed at one end and set to be free at the end, it is termed
as cantilever beam. The beam distributes the load back to the support where
it is forced against with a moment and shear stress. Cantilever beams allow
the creation of a bay window, balconies, and some bridges.

d) Continuous Beam

A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed along its entire
length.

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Types of load on beam
1) Concentrate load or point load
2) UDL (Uniformly distributed load)
3) UVL (Uniformly varying load
4) Triangular load

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2.2.2 Slab
Introduction
A reinforced concrete slab is a crucial structural element and is used to
provide flat surfaces (floors and ceilings) in buildings. On the basis of reinforcement
provided, beam support, and the ratio of the spans, slabs are generally classified into
one-way slab and two-way slab. The former is supported on two sides and the ratio of
long to short span is greater than two. However, the latter is supported on four sides
and the ratio of long to short span is smaller than two.

Types of slab
a) One-Way Slabs on Beams
One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of 3-6m, and a live load
of 3 to 5KN/m2. They can also be used for larger spans with relatively higher cost and
higher slab deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is however needed.

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 b) One-way joist slab (Ribbed slab)
A one-way joist concrete slab is suitable for spans of 6-9m and live loads of 4-
6KN/m2. Because of the deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are relatively low,
but expensive formwork is needed.

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c) Waffle Slab (Grid slab)

Grid slabs are suitable for spans of 9-15m and live loads of 4-7KN/m2.
Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite expensive.

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 d) Flat Slabs

Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9m, and for live loads of 4-
7KN/m2. They need more formwork than flat plates, especially for column capitals.
In most cases, only drop panels without column capitals are used. It can be
constructed as post-tensioned flat slabs.

2.2.3 Column
Introduction
There are several types of columns which are used in different parts of
structures. Column is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in
compression. It might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a
beam, to a floor or foundations. Commonly, columns also carry bending moments
about one or both of the cross-section axes. In this article, different types of columns
used in building construction will be discussed.
Types of column
a) Based on Types of Reinforcement
b) Based on Types of Loading
c) Based on Slenderness Ratio
d) Based on Shape

Based on types of reinforcement:

a) Tied Column

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 This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced concrete.
Longitudinal reinforcement is confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement. It is
estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.

b) Spiral Column
Spiral column is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of
column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously
wound spiral reinforcement.

Based on Types of Loading

a) Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the centre of gravity of the cross-section of the
column, then it is termed as axially loaded column. Axially loaded column is rare in

12
construction since coinciding vertical loads on the centre of gravity of column cross
section is not practical.

b) Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

When vertical on the column is not coincide with centre of gravity of column
cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is called
biaxially eccentric loaded column. Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner
columns with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of columns.

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Based on Slenderness Ratio
a) Short Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less
than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing
(pure compression failure).

b) Long Column
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension
exceeds 12, it is called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.

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Based on Shape
a) Square or Rectangular Column
They are generally used in the construction of buildings. It is much easier to
construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones because of ease of
shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still
in flowable form.

b) Circular column
They are specially designed columns, which are mostly used in piling and
elevation of the buildings.

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2.2.4 Foundation
Introduction
A structural foundation is the part of a building that fixes it into the soil. These
structures provide support for the main structures that appear above the soil level, much like
the roots of a tree support the stem. One of its functions is to transfer loads from the structure
to the ground. For example, slabs transfer their weight to girders, which in turn transfer that
load as well as loads applied to them to the beams. Beams transfer that load and any
additional loads applied to them to the columns, and finally, columns transfer that load to the
foundations. Foundations are classified as shallow and deep foundations.

Types of foundation
 Shallow foundation

a) Spread footings or Strip footings and Wall footings:

16
Spread footings are those whose base is wider than a typical load bearing wall
foundation. The wider base of this footing type spreads the weight from the building
structure over more area and provides better stability. Spread footings and wall
footings also are used for individual columns, walls and bridge piers where the
bearing soil layer is within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface.

b) Raft or Mat Foundations:

Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are spread across
the entire area of the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and
walls. The use of mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations where the
loads from structure on columns and walls are very high. This is used to prevent
differential settlement of individual footings, thus designed as a single mat (or
combined footing) of all the load bearing elements of the structure.

17
 Deep Foundation

a) Pile Foundations:

Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which is used to transfer heavy loads
from the structure to a hard rock stratum much deep below the ground level. Pile
foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of structures through columns to hard
soil strata which is much below ground level where shallow foundations such as
spread footings and mat footings cannot be used. This is also used to prevent
uplift of structure due to lateral loads such as earthquake and wind forces.

b) Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation:

Drilled shafts, also called as caissons, is a type of deep foundation and has action
like pile foundations discussed above but are high capacity cast-in-situ
foundations. It resists loads from structure through shaft resistance, toe resistance
and / or combination of both. The construction of drilled shafts or caissons are
done using an auger.

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2.3 Code of practice
Introduction:
A document that gives recommendations for the design and
construction of structures is the definition of the code of practise. It contains
the requirements of the regarding loads, stresses, strengths, design formulas
and the method of achieving the required performance of complete structure.
In the class the lecturer had teach us in Euro Code and BS Code. But
the most common use is UE code. At the past, Malaysia has always used the
British Standards as the main source of reference and since the British has
decided to align with the European Union with the adoption of EC2, it would
be prudent for Malaysia to follow suit. Besides gaining access to the latest
technology in concrete engineering practices, local engineers would be able
to get updates since the EC2 documents would have regular maintenance.
Another advantage in adopting EC2 is its ready alignment with ISO, in terms
of format and coverage. The design philosophies are in line with BS 8110.
But now we use EU code on the design. The purpose use EU code as
reference is because means to prove compliance with the requirements for

19
 mechanical strength and stability and safety in case of fire established by
European Union law. Nextly, its because a basis for construction and
engineering contract specifications. Then, a framework for creating
harmonized technical specifications for building products (CE mark). After
that, the Eurocodes are recognised as design codes for practice of high
quality and coherence. Lastly, Eurocodes are a good basis for better mutual
understanding, technical discussions, and exchange of experience.
.
The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards
generally consisting of a number of Parts:
EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

3.0 Project location and background:

3.1 Company’s background
LIEW SING DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD is established as a humble start-up in 1979
to cater the increasing demand for quality yet affordable residential properties, the company
has, since then, grown up into a prominent property developer in West Malaysia through
successful offering of reliable construction services, sale of impressively a wide range of
residential premises and freehold property through professional assistance rendered to
customers in applying for their housing loans, providing all necessary information and
documentation required by the financier. Its wide customer recognition was acknowledged by
a Golden Bull Reward recently. To date, the company keeps expanding its business and
working on several projects such as in Taman Tas, Pekan, Kuantan bypass, nearby Airport
Kuantan, Indera Mahkota and Rompin

3.2 Project’s background

The name of the project is Mahkota Height III, which is located at Indera Mahkota,
Kuantan, Pahang. This is a project of double storey terrace house and the area of the project

20
takes 20ft x 50ft with price range from RM 498,000.00 to RM 558,000.0. A single house has
4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms each and there are 10 units of this double storey terrace house.

4.0 Project Management:

Project management is the application of processes, methods, skills, knowledge and
experience to achieve specific project objectives according to the project acceptance criteria
within agreed parameters. Project management has final deliverables that are constrained to
a finite timescale and budget.

4.1 Project Phase

Project
Project Project Project Project
Monitoring
Initiation Planning Execution Closure
and Control

Project Initiation: Initiation is the first phase of the project lifecycle. This is
where the project’s value and feasibility are
measured.

Project Planning: Once the project receives the green light, it needs a
solid plan to guide the team, as well as keep them on
time and on budget. A well-written project plan gives
guidance for obtaining resources, acquiring financing

21
 and procuring required materials. The project plan
gives the team direction for producing quality outputs,
handling risk, creating acceptance, communicating
benefits to stakeholders and managing suppliers.

Project Execution: This is the phase that is most commonly associated

with project management. Execution is all about
building deliverables that satisfy the customer. Team
leaders make this happen by allocating resources and
keeping team members focused on their assigned
tasks.

Project Monitoring and control: Monitoring and control are sometimes combined with
execution because they often occur at the same time.
As teams execute their project plan, they must
constantly monitor their own progress.

Project Close: Teams close a project when they deliver the finished
project to the customer, communicating completion to
stakeholders and releasing resources to other projects.
This vital step in the project lifecycle allows the team to
evaluate and document the project and move on the
next one, using previous project mistakes and
successes to build stronger processes and more
successful teams.

4.2 Party involve

Gagasan Consultant has been chosen from our team to get project
plan. According to Gagasan Consultant, they must build on 10 units of double-
storey house. Before the construction been execute, these projects are led by
a few parties which is consultant, contractor, mechanical, electrical engineer
and quantity surveyor. The client wants to build double-storey house and
designed by project manager parties which is consultant and architecture.
The consultant that in charge must meet the PAIP organisation to
provide water channel because this project is in area of Kuantan. Then the
Electrical, Mechanical Engineer must meet the (TNB) Tenaga Nasional
Berhad and Telecom to make a deal then to provide, supply and make a new
cable to the project. Next consultant will deal with land officer for approval of
building development of the project. This is to make sure the project will be
well conducted, well organized and illegal and has approval.
Lastly, the project layout has to send to Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan
(MPK). MPK will check all the objective project very detail and systematic to
give the approval to the project to begin. After the project has been approval
by MPK, TNB and Telecom will assets the project to supply the electricity to

22
 do the project. Infrastructure architect will do its job which is produce building
plan Gagasan Consultant will design the building in specific ways. So overall
the cost of 1 unit is from RM498,000.00 to RM558,000.00.
4.3 Flow of project

5.0 Safety at construction site:

5.1 procedure of safety in construction site.
a) Top Safety Measures at Construction Sites

Potential hazards that construction workers face every day:

 Falls from heights
 Scaffold collapse
 Electrocution and arc blast/flash
 Trench collapse
 Repetitive motion injuries
 Failure to use the required PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

b) Do a Thorough Worksite Evaluation

Potential hazards that construction workers face every day:

 Electrocution
 Falls

23
  Caught-between or caught-in
 Struck-by

c) Provide Proper Training

Simple training plan that we can practices:

 Safety training on new equipment
 Safety training for new workers
 Safety training refresher courses for existing workers
 Safety training updates for all employees

d) Supply Workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE equipment for Construction Sites:

 Safety helmet
 Gloves
 Safety harnesses
 Hearing protection
 Eyes protection
 Safety glasses

6.0 Conclusion:
The use of the import function in Auto CAD definitely has some advantages.
It can help to reduce the time it takes to produce the drawings needed in the work
environment. It's obvious that the import function has a place in the building industry,
but its use will have to be regulated in order to create a balance between the
negative and the positive effects it creates.
However, by using the AutoCAD and ESTEEM software at collage helps to
develop soft skill in the mind of junior engineer to make a design of building. this also
help the student to market themselves in future to get the job because usually in this
era, the software that usually use by consultant engineer is AutoCAD or ESTEEM
software to design so if the student expert in this software its give benefits to them.
In conclusion, thanks to our lecturers because teach us this 2 software to our
knowledge and also to finished up our mini project. By master on this 2 software, we can
develop by our own design and we also can read architectural drawing and analyse it into
structural drawing.

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7.0 References:
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=definition+of+code+of+practice+in+EUROCODE&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin
uvnLze7nAhVSzTgGHcnhAswQBSgAegQIDRAm&biw=1242&bih=577

 https://www.google.com/search?
ei=IJNQXqeEJtT99QO0vpioBQ&q=autocad+function&oq=autocad+fucn&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0i22i10i30.6697.8379..10070...0.2..0.106.423.4j1......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i67j0i131j0j0i10.SRlvWTxb3OQ

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/structural-foundations-definition-types-
construction.html

 https://www.google.com/search?ei=CgxRXsHnHPmE4-
EPqICK2AU&q=foundation+introduction&oq=foundation+intro&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0l4j0i22i30l6.9274.16503..18414...3.2..0.133.1156.5j6......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i10j0i10i30j0i13i30j0i8i13i30j0i8i13i10i30j0i13j0i67i70i249j0i67j0i273i70
i255j0i273.3faEtyxwjlA

 https://www.google.com/search?
q=column+introduction&oq=column+intr&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l7.8097j1j4&sourceid
=chrome&ie=UTF-8

 https://www.google.com/search?
q=introduction+of+autocad+software&oq=introduction+of+Autocad&aqs=chrome.1.0l
8.13064j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

8.0 Appendixes:

25