Basic Principles
in Building
Conveying
System
ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1
Basic Principles in Building Conveying System
Building conveying systems mechanically move
occupants and goods. In most buildings, these systems
include passenger and freight elevators, dumbwaiters,
escalators, moving ramps and walkways, and lifts for
people and wheelchairs. Business and industrial
operations may require specially designed material
handling equipment (i. e., conveyors, chutes, and
pneumatic tube systems),hoists, cranes, and
scaffolding. Facilities on large sites may have monorails
and other types of people movers
Basic Principles in Building Conveying System
Manually operated elevators were first used for lifting freight in
warehouses and manufacturing plants as early as the 1600s.
They began as simple rope or chain hoists that moved an
open platform. In 1852,Elisha Otis introduced the safety
elevator, which prevented the fall of the elevator cab if the
cable broke. Otis’s safety device consisted of a knurled roller
located below the elevator platform and a governor device
that monitored descending speed. The safety device locked
when the elevator descended at a higher than normal speed.
It was this safety feature that made the elevator a safe
conveying system for building occupants, which then made
skyscrapers achievable.
E E
TYPES: L S
W
A &
L
I
E C L F
V A K R T
A L WA S
T A A M
O T Y P
R O S S
R
1 2 3 4
ELE
VA
TORS
An elevator is a
conveying device
elevator used to move
tech- people or freight
nologies vertically, usually
between floors of a
building.
The “HOISTWAY DOOR” is the
exterior door that leads from
the hallway to the elevator
car. There is one hoistway
door at every floor served by
the elevator (and at every
entrance to the elevator, such
as a front and rear
entrance). The “HOISTWAY
DOOR” is also sometimes
referred to as a “LANDING
DOOR.”
THE TWO
BASIC
TYPES OF
ELEVATOR
TECH-
NOLOGIES
Hydraulic elevators
hydraulic use a fluid-driven
elevators hydraulic jack to lift
the elevator car.
hydraulic
elevators
basic
components
hydrau It consists of a hydraulic jack
lic (cylinder and plunger); a pump,
eleva powered by an electric motor,
that increases the pressure in the
tors
hydraulic fluid; a control valve
between the cylinder and
reservoir controls the pressure in
the jack; and a fluid reservoir
(tank).
hydrau It operates when the pump draws oil
lic from the reservoir, pressurizes it,
pushing the oil through the oil line to
eleva the jack, and driving the elevator car
tors upward. A release of fluid through the
control valve and back to the reservoir
decreases oil pressure, which allows
the plunger and connected elevator
car to move downward.
Traction elevators have
a drive machine with an
electric motor and
traction pulley-like (grooved)
elevators drive sheave that holds
cables that move the
elevator car up or down.
traction
elevators
basic
components
trac Steel cables, called hoisting ropes,
tion support the elevator and counterweight
during normal operation. There are
eleva typically three to eight cables for each
tors elevator. Most traction elevators
generally use wire ropes that are 1⁄4 to
11⁄4 inches (6 to 32 mm) in diameter
and are composed of multistrand soft
steel wire wound around a hemp or
polymeric core
trac Traditionally, the 8 19 wire rope (eight
tion strands with 19 wires per strand) pattern
was used, but this is being replaced with
eleva modern patterns. Wire ropes must
tors match the drive sheave perfectly to
ensure that they have a long life. The
counterweight is a set of steel or iron
plates fastened to one end of the
hoisting rope that counterbalances the
car
trac It is weighted to be equal to the car’s
tion dead weight plus 40 to 50% of car load
capacity. The weight of the car and
eleva counterweight presses ropes into
tors grooves on a drive sheave. The friction
between the hoisting ropes and the
drive sheave is used to move the
elevator car with the cable.
classifi
cations
of eleva
tors
Passenger elevators are
passenger designed to carry
elevators people and small
packages.
Freight elevators are
used to carry material,
freight goods, equipment, and
elevators vehicles, rather than
people
A dumbwaiter is a small
freight elevator used to
dumb transport lightweight
waiters freight such as food,
laundry, books,records,
and other small items.
A manlift is an elevator
installed in a variety of
structures and locations
manlift to provide vertical
transportation of
authorized personnel
and their tools and
equipment only
ES
CA
LA
TORS
Balustrade is the side of an
escalator system. It extends
above the steps and includes
skirt panels, interior panels,
decks, and handrails. Moving
handrail provides a handhold
that riders use for balance
and safety on their ride up or
down. The handrail is
powered by the same system
that powers the steps. It
moves along the top of the
balustrade in synchronization
with the steps.
Truss is an assembly of structural
steel that serves to support the
escala escalator load. Ends of the truss
are attached to top and bottom
tor landing platforms. The machinery
compo of an escalator is hidden beneath
nents its steps and within the truss. At
the top of the escalator, housed in
the truss, is an electric motor that
runs the drive gears.
There are two drive gears on either
side at the top and two return
escala gears on either side at the bottom.
tor These gears have chains that loop
around the gears and run down
compo each side of the escalator.
nents Connected to each step, these
chains help the steps make their
way up, or down, the escalator
CONTI
NUOUS
PARALLEL
ESCA
LATOR
SYSTEM.
WALK
WAYS
&
RAMPS
WALK A moving walkway is a power-driven,
WAYS continuous,slow-moving conveyor
belt that transports people
& horizontally. They are also called
RAMPS moving sidewalk, moving pavement,
walkalator, and travelator. An inclined
moving walkway, also called a moving
rampor power ramp, is a moving
walkway that transports people on an
incline, up to a 12° angle of inclination.
WALK
WAYS
&
RAMPS
Moving walkways are more accessible
to those in wheelchairs, as they are
usually thought easier to use than
getting in and out of small elevators.
COMPO
NENTS OF
MOVING
WALK
WAYS
inclined
moving
walk
way
horizon
tal
moving
walk
way
pallet-
type
moving
walk
way
other
sys
tems
WHEEL A wheelchair lift is a powered device
designed to raise a wheelchair or
CHAIR scooter and its occupant to overcome a
LIFT step or similar vertical barrier, usually 6
ft (1.8 m) or less. They often are
designed to accommodate just one
person in a wheelchair or scooter at a
time. Commercial lifts are designed to
raise a wheelchair or scooter and its
occupant up to one story (about 12 ft>4
m).
PLAT
FORM
LIFTS
Platform lifts supply access to
decks, porches, stages, and
elevated surfaces.
STAIR
LIFT
A stair lift will carry a user safely up
stairs. To use a stair lift, the user sits on
the lift’s seat; the seat will then transfer
the user up or downstairs via a
staircasemounted track.
CAR A car lift is installed in small parking garages
LIFT where ramps are not feasible. The platforms
are raised and lowered hydraulically and are
connected to steel chain gears. In addition to
the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate
about its vertical axis (up to 180°) to ease
driver access and/or accommodate building
plans. In selecting lift equipment, the building
designer typically relies on specifications
available from equipment suppliers.
An automated people mover (APM) is a
fully automated, grade-separated mass
PEO transit system. An APM system typically
serves relatively small facilities such as
PLE airports, downtown districts, or theme
MO
parks, but is sometimes applied to
considerably more complex automated
VERS systems. It may use technologies such as
monorail, duorail, automated guideway
transit, or magnetically levitating
(maglev) method.
Material-handling equipment is a
mechanical device used to move and store
MATE materials and goods. This equipment
RIAL-
consists of trolleys, conveyors, forklifts,
automated storage/retrieval systems, cargo
HAND and baggage handlers, carousels, rail-
LING
guided vehicles, automated guided vehicles,
intelligent flexible modular conveyors, pick-
EQUIP and-place units, and overhead hoists and
cranes. In selecting material-handling
MENT equipment, the building designer typically
relies on specifications available from
equipment suppliers.
A paternoster is a special type of elevator
consisting of a constantly moving chain
of boxes. A similar concept moves only a
PATER small platform, which the rider mounts
NOS while using a handhold and was once
seen in multistory industrial plants.
TER Passengers can step on or off at any
floor they like. Today, the installation of
new paternosters is no longer allowed
because of to their inherent danger.
QUIZ
