design of slab bridge

CONTENT
Design of slab bridge

Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.

1 GENERAL REFERENCE
SPECIFICATON USED AASHTO BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL 2005

a. Data:
Clear Span of Bridge, m= 10.0 m
c/c of support, L = 10.5 m
Clear bridge width, B = 8.00 m
No of lane = 2.00
Face of railing/curb to end of slab, X = 2.50 m
Total top width = 13.00 m
bottom slab width 12.70 m
Skew angle, θ= 00
= 0.000 rad
curb height 0.250 m
curb inclination 0.050 m
b. Material Properties
Type of concrete: c= 30 mpa
cylinder strength fc'= 24.0 Mpa
unit weight of concrete γc = 25.0 KN/m3
modules of concrete Ec = 0.043*yc^1.5*sqrt(fc') = 26 Mpa
Type of steel : s= 460 mpa
fyk = 400.0 MPa
modules of steel Es = 200 Mpa
unit weight ofWearing Surface γ= 22.5 kN/m3
c. Resistance Factors
i. Strength Limit State Ф
Flexure and Tension = 0.90
Shear and Torsion = 0.90
Axial compression = 0.75
Bearing = 0.70
compression in strut and tie = 0.7
ii. Non strength limit states = 1.00
d. Load Modifiers
Strength Service Fatigue
Ductility,ŋD 0.95 1.00 1.00 (Art.1.3.3)
Redundancy,ŋR 1.00 1.00 1.00 (Art.1.3.4)
Importance,ŋI 1.05 N/A N/A (Art.1.3.5)
ŋ=ŋDŋRŋI 1.00 1.00 1.00
e. Limit State Load Factors
Maximum Minimum
Dead load Strength I factor, Dc = 1.25 0.9
Dead load Strength I factor, D w = 1.5 0.65

Dead load Service I factor = 1.00

Live load Strength I factor = 1.75

Live load Service I factor = 1.00

Fatique Live load factor = 0.75

f. Loading
Rear Axle load = P = 145 KN
Wheel load= 72.5 KN
Front axle, truck = 35.00 kN
Transverse axle spacing, truck= 1.8 m
Longitudinal axle spacing, truck= 4.3 m
Lane load in the transverse direction = 9.30 kN/3m
= 3.10 kN/m
Design tandem axle load = 110.00 kN
Axle spacing, tandem= 1.2 m
Design force for Design Barrier Wall

Direction force (KN)) length(m)

Transverse 240 1.07
longutidinal 80 1.07
vertical 80 5.5

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 design of slab bridge

g. Applicable Load Combinations

Strength I Limit State

U = ŋ *[1.25DC +1.50DW + 1.75(LL+IM) + 1.00(WA+FR) + …]

Service I Limit State

U = 1.00 (DC + DW) + 1.00(LL+IM) + 1.00WA+0.30(WS + WL) + …

Fatigue Limit State

U = 0.75(LL+IM)

h. Multiple presence factor, m

No of loaded lanes m
1 1.2
2 1

i. Dynamic load allowance

* Not applied to the design lane load.
Component IM 1+IM
Deck joints 0.75 1.75
Fatigue 0.15 1.15
All other 0.33 1.33
j. Others
modular ratio n=Es/Ec= 8
Modulus of rupture =fr =0.63sqrt(fc') = 3.09 Mpa
Conrete cover for unprotected main reinforcing steel (Cover to ties and stirrups 12mm less)
Deck surfaces subject to tire stud/ chain wear = 60 mm
Exterior other than above = 50 mm
Bottom of CIP slabs = 25 mm
2 DEPTH DETERMINATION

2.0 Depth determination

Minimum recommended depth for slab=D=1.2*(S+3000)/30 540 mm

C/C of span 10.5 m

S is span = min Use D= 540 mm
or d=D-cover-Φ/2= 499 mm

Clear span+d 10.499 m

S= 10.499 mm
D= 539.960 mm
slab depth provided D= 0.54 m
2.1 Live Load strip width

a)Interior strip
i) One Lane Loaded
The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane loaded
E1=250+0.42sqrt(L1W1) Art.4.6.2.3
wheare
10499 mm
L1=min then L1= 10499 mm

18000 mm

13000 mm

W1=min then W1= 9000 mm

9000 mm
E1= 4332.67 mm

ii) multiple LanesLoaded

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with more than one lane loaded
may be determined as:
E2=2100+0.12sqrt(L1W1)<=W/NL

13000 mm

W1=min then W1= 13000 mm

18000 mm

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 design of slab bridge

W=Actual edge to edge widith 13000 mm

NL= number of lanes=int(clear roadway/3600) 2.22
E2= 3501.93 mm
E2 <=W/NL 5855.8558558559 mm 0K

Use E=min(onelane,two lane)= E= 3501.93 mm

Equivalent concentrated and distributed loads

Truck=P/E=145/E= 41.41 KN/m

P/E=35/E= 9.99 KN/m
Tandem=P/E=110/E= 31.41 KN/m

Lane=W/E= 2.66 KN/m

b.Edge strip longitudinal edge strip widith for aline of wheels

distance between edge to face of barrier+300+1/2*strip width= (Art4.6.2.1.4)

E= min
1800 mm
distance from edge to face of barrier +300+1/2*strip widt 4550.965 mm
E= 1800 mm
3 Influence lines for shear force and bending moment
slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO
Art 3.6.1.2 including the lane load Art.3.6.1.3.3
3.1 Shear and moment due to Track Loading
3.1.1 Influence Line For maximum shear force
P P p/4
4.3 4.3
L-X/L
-X/L

X L-X

case 1 X:0 L-8.6 all the three axles on the bridge

v(x)=P*(L-X)/L+P*(L-X-4.30)/L+P/4*(L-X-8.6)/L
V(x)=P*(L-X)/L(2.24-6.38/L-X)
V(x)=P*C1 C1=(L-X)/L(2.24-6.38/L-X)
P= 41.41 KN/m
X=1 C1=(2.24-6.38/L)
case 1 X:L-8.6 L-4.3 P/4 axles out side the bridge
v(x)=P*(L-X)/L+P*(L-X-4.30)/L
V(x)=P*(2-2X/L-4.3/L)
V(x)=P*C2 C2=(2-2X/L-4.3/L)
C2=(2-6.3/L)
3.2.2 Influence Line for maximum Bending moments
P P P/4
4.3 4.3 laod case 1

P/4 P P/4
4.3 4.3 Load case 2

X (L-X/L

X L-X
Case 1
M(x)=P*X(L-X)/L+P*X(L-X-4.3)/L+P/4*X(L-X-8.6)/L

M(x)=P*X(L-X)/L*(2.24-6.38/L-X)

M(X)=P*C3 C3=X(L-X)/L*(2.24-6.38/L-X)
Case2
M(X)=P*X(L-X)/L+P*(L-X)/L*(X-4.3)
M(X)=P*X(L-X)/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/L-X)
M(x)=P*C4 C4=X(L-X)/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/L-X)

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 design of slab bridge

3.2 Shear and Moment Due to Tandum Loading

3.2.1 Influence Line For maximum shear force

31.46/P*P 31.46/P*P
1.2

L-X/L

-X/L
X L-X

V(x)=110*(L-X)/L+110*(L-X-1.2/L-X)

V(X)=110*(L-X)/L(*(2-1.2/L-X)

V(x)=P*C5

C5=(110/145)*(2-1.2/L)
3.2.2 Influence Line for maximum Bending moments
1.2 Load case 1

X(L-X)/L

X L-X

M(x)=110*X(L-X)/L+110X*(L-X-1.2)/L

M(X)=110*X(L-X)/L(2-1.2/L-X)

M(x)=P*C6

C6=(110/145)X*(L-X)/L(2-1.2/L-X)

Comparison shall be made between track loading and tandem loading to determine the design
Moment and shear due to live load.

absolute maximum bending moment occurs when the center of span is mid way between load and resultant of all loads
track load Case 1 resultant force(R) P+P+P/4 325 kN
location of resultant from first load 3 m
distance from center 1 m
X=L/2+D/2 6.0 m
truck load case 2 resultant force(R) P+P 290 KN
location of resultant from first load 2 m
distance from center 1.075000
X=L/2+D/2 6.325 m
tandem load case resultant force(R) R=P+P 220 kN
location of resultant from first load 1 m
distance from center 0.3 m
X=L/2+D/2 5.55 m

Coeficients for shear

C1=(2.24-6.38/L) 1.63 m Track load case 1
C2=(2-6.3/L) 1.4 m Track load case 2

C5=(31.46/41.47)*(2-1.2/L) 1.43 m tandem loading

coeficent for track 1.63 m

coeficent for tandem 1.43 m

Coefficients for Bending moment

C3=X(L-X)/L*(2.24-6.38/L-X) 2.13 m Track load case 1

C4=X(L-X)/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/L-X) 3.3 m Track load case 2

C6=(110/145)X*(L-X)/L(2-1.2/L-X) 3.49 m Tandum Axle load

coeficent for track 2.13 m

coeficent for tandem 3.49 m

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 design of slab bridge

3.3 Shear and Moment Due to lane Loading

3.3.1 LL for Shear

L-X/L

-X/L
X L-X

V(x)=1/2*(L-X)/L(L-X)(9.3)
V(x)=P*C7
C7=0.5*(2.66/41.47)(L-X)/L*(L-X)
x=1 C7=(2.66/41.47)(L)
C7= 0.335 m

3.3.2 LL for Bending Moment

X(L-X)/L

X L-X

M(x)=1/2*9.3*X(L-X)/L*L

M(x)=P*C8

C8=2.66/41.47X*(L-X)/L*L
C8=O.5*(2.66/41.47)X*(L-X)/L*L
X=L/2 C8= 0.885

a interior strip
i. maximum shear force
truck: Va 67.49 KN
Tandem: Va 59.21 KN
lane: Va 13.87 KN
impact factor 1.33 not applied to lane load (Art.3.6.2.1)
Vll+im 103.6317 KN
ii. maximum bending moment
truck: M 88.19 KNm
Tandem: M 144.51 KNm
lane: M 36.64 KNm

MLL+IM 228.8383 KNm

b edge strip
because E=1800mm,0ne lane loaded with amultiple pesence factor of 1.2 will be critical
Vll+im 241.94 KN
MLL+IM 534.25 KNm
3 DEAD LOAD FORCE EFFECTS
a.interior strip
taking 1m strip width
Wdc 13.50 kn/m2
Vdc=0.5*Wdc*L 70.875 KN/m
Mdc=(1/8)*(Wdc)*(L^2) 186.05 KNM/m
Wdw 1.6875 kn/m2
Vdw=0.5*Wdw*L 8.86 KN
Mdw=(1/8)*(Wdw)*(L^2) 23.26 KNM/m

b.edge strip
curb 22.02 KN/M2
barrier wall
W1 2.75 KN/M
W2 0.44 KN/M
W3 2.25 kN/M
5.44 KN/M
post and railling
assume 0.16 KN/M
barrier wall+ post and railling 3.11 KN/M
Vdc=0.5*Wdc*L 131.93 knm/m
Mdc=(1/8)*(Wdc)*(L^2) 346.32 knm/m

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 design of slab bridge

4 Service Limit state

4.0 Durablity
Cover for main reinforcement steel for
deck surface subjected to tire wear=60mm
bottom of cast in-place slab=25mm
η= 1

a) moment Interior Strip

M=ηΣγQi= 1.0(Mdc+1.0Mdw+1.0MLL+IM)

M= 438.15 KNm
Trail Reinfocement
Φ 32 bars
As= 804.2 mm^2
As=M/(fsjd)

Assume j= 0.875

fs=0.6fy= 240 Mpa

As= 4181.20 mm^2/m

Spacing= 192.3 mm
Use diam 32 bar C/C 190mm s= 190 mm
b) Edge Strip

Medge= 880.57 KNm

Trail Reinfocement
Φ 32 bars
as= 804.2 mm^2
As=M/(jfsd)
Assume j= 0.875
fs=0.6fy= 240 Mpa
As= 8403.19 mm^2/m

Spacing= 95.7 mm
Use diam 32 bar C/C 90mm s= 90 mm
4.1Control of Cracking

Structural componets shallbe so proportioned that (Art.5.7.3.4)

the tensile stress in the reinforcement steel fs should not
exceed fsa
Z= crack width fs<fsa, where fsa=z/(dcA)1/3<=0.6fy

dc= depth of concerete measured from extreme tension fiber to centre of the bar loacted closest to there to.

dc=< 50mm

A= is area of concrete having the same centriod as the pricnicpal tensile reinforcement and bounded by

the surfaces of t the surfaces of the crossection and line parallel to the the neuatral axis divided by the number of bars(mm2),

clear cover <=50mm

Check wheather the section at service load has cracked or not against 0.8fr

fr=the rupture stress=0.63√f'c 3.09 Mpa

a) Interior strip

Mu= 438.15 KNm/m

fctm=M/(1/6bh2) 9.02 Mpa

0.8fr= 2.47 Mpa

Since the section has cracked use the transofrmed area of the steel.

fctm>0.8fr section has cracked

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 design of slab bridge





 

 
Determine x from the equilibrimum of moment areas

nAs*(d-x)=1/2*1000*X2 n= 7.600
a 500 b=n*AS 31777.14552915
d 499 mm
c=nAsd -15856795.6190476

X1= 149.118897036946 mm x2= -213 mm

X= 149 mm
Now the cracked moment of inertai,Ic= 4.995E+09 mm4
Steel Stress is then,fs/n=M(d-x)/Icr= 30.69 Mpa

fs= 233.23 Mpa

fsa=z/(dcA)1/3<0.6fy

Z= 23000 N/mm dc= 41 mm

Ac=2dc*S/n= 15580 mm2

n= number of bars s= spacing
fsa= 267.061160986885 Mpa >0.6fy= 240.00 Mpa

fs= 233.23 Mpa < fsa=240 Mpa OK

B) Edge strip

Mu= 880.57 KNm/m

fctm=M/(1/6bh2) 18.12 Mpa

0.8fr= 2.47 Mpa

Determine x from the equilibrimum of moment areas
fctm>0.8fr section has cracked

nAs*(d-x)=1/2*1000*X2 n= 7.600
a 500 b=n*AS 63864.22368547
d 749 mm
c=nAsd -47834303.5404142

X1= 251.963650555829 mm x2= -380 mm

X= 252 mm
Now the cracked moment of inertai,Ic= 2.111E+10 mm4

Steel Stress is then,fs/n=M(d-x)/Icr= 20.73 Mpa

fs= 157.58 Mpa

fsa=z/(dcA)1/3<0.6fy

Z= 23000 N/mm dc= 41 mm

Ac=2dc*S/n= 7380 mm2
n= number of bars s= spacing
fsa= 342.595060059375 Mpa >0.6fy= 240.00 Mpa

fs= 157.58 Mpa < fsa=240 Mpa OK

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 design of slab bridge

5 investigate Fatigue limit state

Fatigue Load shall be one design truck with 9000mm axle spacing.
maximum moment results whenthe two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of span .

0.42 m
CL of Bridge

RESULTANT

145KN
35KN
taking moment about the first load
0 mm
Reaction*L=35*(L/2+d/2-4.3)+(145)(L/2+d/2 resultant*x=145*4.3 X= 3.46 m
d= 0.84 m

reaction 82.87 KN
Mmax=reaction *(L/2+D/2) 469.87 knm
fatige load factor 0.75 IM= 15 %
a) Tensile Strees due to live load
u= 0.75(LL+IM) 405.26 knm

One Lane Loaded

E= 4332.67 mm

MLL+IM= 93.54 KNm/m

fs/n= 6.55
fsmax= 49.79 Mpa
b) Stress in reinforcing bar

The range between the maximum and the minimum stress in stright reinforcement caused by the live load
plus impact shall not exceed,

ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)

fmin= 0.0 Mpa r/h= 0.30

f f= 161.5 Mpa
49.79 Mpa < 161.5 Mpa
OK: THE STRESS IS WITHIN RANGE

6.0 Defelection and camber

Total dead load of bridge is considered in the design:

Wdc+Wdw= 215.01 KN/m

Mdl=WDLL2/8= 2963.04 KNm

Using the Ig,ΔDL=5*WDLL4/384EcIe, for defelcetion at centre of a simply supported beam

Ie=(Mcr/Ma)3Ig+(1-(Mcr/Ma)3)Icr

Mcr= cracking moment=fr*Ig/y t

Ma= actual moment (Nmm)

fr=modulus of rupture
Yt=distance from neutral axis to the extreme tension fiber(mm)

fr= 3.086 Mpa

curb height 0.250 m
slab depth 0.54 m
bottom slab width 12.70 m
width of curb 2.450 m

curb inclination length 0.050 m

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 design of slab bridge

Yt= 329.86 mm

Ig= 3.352E-01 m^4 3.352E+11 mm4

Mcr= 3136.26 KNm >MDL section has not cracked

Icr= 1.455E+11 mm4

Ie= 3.704E+11 mm4

ΔDL=(5*WDLL4/384EcIe)= 3.9 mm
Longterm deflection for As'=0, 3.0-As'/As=3.0

Longterm defelection is =3*Immediate= 12 mm

By using Ig,with longterm deflection factor of 4.0
ΔDL= 4.3 mm

Longterm deflection=4*Imme 17 mm
total deflection 21.31 mm

Live Load defelection limitat Art.2.5.2.6.2

Δ(LL+IM)_allowable=Span/8 13.13 mm Art.3.6.1.3.2

the design truck alone

Live load deflection is max 25% design truck +design lane load

when the design truck is used alone,it should be placed so that the distance beteween its resultant and the nearest wheels is
bisected by span center line.All design lane should be lo NL= 2
m= 1.0
P= IM*(145KN)*m*NL= 385.7 KN
Design Truck

CL OF BRIDGE
385.7

385.7

1.678
93

a x

0.728

10.5 m
MLl+im= 821.50 KNm

MDC+DW+LL+IM= 3784.55 KNm

Ie= 3.4E+11

EcIe= 9.0E+15 Nmm^2

For single concentrated load on a simply supported beam the deflection is given by

Δx(x<a)= (Pbx/6EIL)*(L^2-b^2-X^2)
For the first Load , P= 385.7 KN

a= 8822.000 mm
b= 1678.000 mm
x= 4522.000 mm

Δx= 0.45 mm

For the SecondLoad , P= 385.7 KN

a= 4522.000 mm
b= 5978.000 mm
x= 4522.000 mm

Δx= 1.00 mm

For the third Load , P= 93 KN

a= 10278.000 mm
b= 222.000 mm
x= 5978.000 mm

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 design of slab bridge

Δx= 0.016 mm
Total deflection= 1.5 mm < 13.02mm OK!
Design Lane+25%0f design truck load

W= 1.33*1.0*NL**Lane load= 24.738 KN/m

M=(1/8)wL^2= 340.9 KNm

Δlane= 0.44 mm

25% of design truck= 0.37 mm

Total deflection= 0.80 mm

Tandem at the centre

single concentrated tandem load at mid span (spaced at zero meter)
P=220*NL*m*1.33= 585.2 KN

For a single concentrate load at the centre of span

Δ= PL^3/48EIe= 1.57 mm
with average lever the entire span used instead of at section of maximum moment as done here
smaller deflection would resulthe contiribution of compression steel is also neglected for these
reasons live load deflections are made optional inAASHTO

6.0 Design for Strength I Limit state

6.10 Design for BM Art.5.7.2.2.2

a) Interior Strip
for simple span bridges tempeature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects
because temperature gradient may not always be there assume ϒTG 0
Mu= 701.32 KN/m

M u= 701.32 KNm/m

Maximum reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by

a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa

Art.5.7.2.2
Φ= 0.9 Flexure

then a= 0.357 d

Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd2

b= 1000.0 mm
d=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 0.36 m

cover= 25 mm as= 804.25 mm2

dprovided= 499.00 mm
Bar diam= 32 mm
Depth is Aduquate
fyd= 400 Mpa
Reinforcement

a=Asfy/0.85f'cb
a=As/51
a= 128.83
ρ=Mu/(Φfybd(d-a/2)= 0.008983 Greater than ρmin
ρmin=0.03f'c/fy= 0.001800
As=ρbd= 4482.7 mm2
Spacing= 179.4 mm
Number of bars per meter width= 5.6 psc
use 6 bars
Use Φ32Bars C/C 160 mm
As required
Asprovided= 4825.49 mm2 > 4482.7
Strength Limit State governs
b) edge Strip
for simple span bridges tempeature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects
because temperature gradient may not always be there assume
Mu= 1436.23 KN/m
M u= 1436.23 KNm/m
Maximum reinforcement is limited by ductility requirement, which is given by
a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa
Φ= 0.9 Flexure
then a= 0.357 d
Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd2

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 design of slab bridge

b= 1000.0 mm
d=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 0.52 m
cover= 25 mm as= 804.25 mm2
dprovided= 749.00 mm
Bar diam= 32 mm
Depth is Aduquate
fyd= 400 Mpa
Reinforcement
a=Asfy/0.85f'cb
a=As/53.12
a= 184.36
ρ=Mu/(Φfybd(d-a/2)= 0.008109 Greater than ρmin

ρmin=0.03f'c/fy= 0.000080
As=ρbd= 6074.0 mm2
Spacing= 132.4 mm
Number of bars per meter width= 7.6 psc
use 8.0 bars
Use Φ30 Bars C/C 160 mm
Asprovided= 6433.98 mm2 > 6074.0
Strength Limit State governs
6.20 Design for Shear
slab bridges designed for moment in comformation with AASHTO
Art.4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.
Art.4.6.2.3 deals with approximate method of analysis of slab bridges using equivalent strip method
but if longitudinal tubes are placed in the slab as in pre stressed concrete and create voids and reduce the
cross section the shear resistance must be checked
6.30 Distribution reinforcement
the amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as apercentage
of the main reinforcement requered for positive moment
For longitudnal reinforced concrete construction Art.5.14.4.1
% of transvrese dist.reinf=1750/Sqrt(L)<=50% L= Span Length(mm)
% reinf.= 17.08 <50%
a) interior strip
% reinf.= 824.1 mm2
Spacing= 243.9 mm
Number of bars per meter width= 4.1 psc
use 5.0 bars
Use Φ 16 C/C 240 mm
B) edge strip
% reinf.= 1098.8 mm2
Spacing= 182.9 mm

Number of bars per meter width= 5.5 psc

use 6.0 bars
Use Φ 16 C/C 180 mm

6.40 Temprature and shrinkage Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage & temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of
concrete exposed to daily temperature changes the steel shall be distributed equally on both sides
Transverse reinforcement on top of slab
As>=0.75Ag/fy= 1012.50 mm2/m in each direction,both faces
Top layer,AS 506.25 mm2/m
Using Bar diam 12 as= 113.10 mm2
Spacing= 223.40 mm
Use diam 12 bars C/C 220 mm
Number of bars per meter width= 4.5 psc
use 5.0 bars
Use Φ12Bars C/C 220 mm

Reinforcing bar schedule

TOTAL LENGTH TOTAL
BAR SIZE [mm] NUMBER LENGTH [m] SHAPE
[m] WEIGHT [Kg] desicription
S1 32 56 10.50 592.20 3740 main interior
S2 32 14 10.50 151.20 1910 main edge
S3 16 53 9.40 493.50 779 distribution(interior)
S4 16 63 1.80 113.40 358 distribution(edge)
S5 12 53 10.50 551.25 490 temp (longitudnal)
S6 12 65 13.00 845.00 750 temp(transverse)

estimated quantity
ITEM No DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY
1.00 GRADE 30 CONCRETE m3 73.7
2.00 REINFORCEMENT STEEL Kg 8026
3.00 R.C. BRIDGE barrier wall m 21.00

BAR TYPE AND SPACING

For bar S1 Provide f 32 c/c 0.16 m
For bar S2 Provide f 32 c/c 0.16 m
For bar S3 Provide f 16 c/c 0.24 m

school of civil and enviromental engineering

 design of slab bridge

For bar S4 Provide f 16 c/c 0.18 m

For bar S5 Provide f 12 c/c 0.22 m
For bar S6 Provide f 12 c/c 0.22 m

school of civil and enviromental engineering

 design of slab bridge

school of civil and enviromental engineering

 design of slab bridge

school of civil and enviromental engineering

1.ABUTMENT DESIGN
Superstructure Type: 10 m slab bridge
# of lane = 2 Finished e Elevation 1951.10 m
clear road way width CRDW = 8.00 m Foundation level = 1945.22 m
Curb width = 2.50 m slab thickness = 0.25 m
Curb height = 0.25 m Slope of wall heel side = 0.40 m
total width of road way TWRW= 13.00 m Slope of wall toe side = 0.10 m
Abutment bottom width = 13.00 m
Clear span of bridge, Lc = 10.00 m
Effective span of bridge L = 10.50 m
Material properties
effective angle of internal friction= 37 dgree
Unit weight of backfill material 19 KN/m3
Unit weight of stone masonry 27 KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete 25 KN/m3
Allowable foundation bearing capacity qall= 1000 KN/m2
fill angle, b= 0.00 deg.
Active earth pressure coeff., Ka = 0.134645016

ka = sin2 (q + j/)
ɳ* sin2q sin (q - d)
In which: Where: δ = friction angle between fill and wall
β = angle of fill to the horizontal
ɳ = 1 + sin (j/ + d) sin (j/ - b) θ = angle of backfill of wall to the vertical
sin (q - d) sin (q + b) Ø' = effective angle of internal friction (°)
θ= 111.8 deg.
Ø' = 30 deg.
δ= 35 deg
0.453153893518325
0.903954212667999
ɳ= 2.91735524110445
ka =

based on the water level and grade finish of road height consideration for the abutment of the bridge is selected with initial dimension
selected as shown below
 A1= 0.95 m a= 0.50 m
A2= 0.30 m b= 0.50 m
Total Height of Abutment, H= 5.88 m (above rock fill b1= 2.35 m
Height of Masonry = 4.63 m b2= 0.80 m
Footing width , B2 = 4.74 m b3= 0.59 m
Footing depth , D = 0.50 m d1= 0.30 m
Masonry abut bottom width B1= 3.74 m d2= 0.50 m

Loads transferred from superstructure

1.Dead load reaction on abutments

a. interior strip
Vdc=0.5*Wdc*L 70.88 KN/m
Vdw=0.5*Wdw*L 8.86 KN/m
dead load Vdc+Vdw 79.74 KN/m
b edge strip
Vdc=0.5*Wdc*L 131.93 KN/m
the dead load is taken the larger of the two for design purpose

Total dead load on abutment= 131.93 KN

2.live load reaction on abutments

Wheel load= 72.5 KN
Lane load= 9.3 kn/m
a. interior strip
equvalent strip width 3.50193 m
Vll+im 103.6317 KN
Vll+im 29.59 KN/m
b edge strip
equvalent strip width 1.80 m
Vll+im 241.94 KN
Vll+im 134.41 KN/m
taking larger
RLL+IM=g(RTr+RLn) 134.41 KN

Top width of abutment= 13.00 m

Dead Load : RDL= 131.930 KN/m
Live Load: RLL = 134.411 KN/m
3.wind load on live load
18.98 KN,1.8m above road way surface
 4 breaking force
According to the specification , the braking force shall be taken as the greater of
25% of the axle weight of the design truck or design tandem
OR 5% of the design truck plus lane load or 5% of the design tandem plus lane load
The breaking force is placed in all design lanes which are considered to be loaded in accordance with table art.3.6.1.1.1
and which are carrying traffic headed in the same direction .these forces are assumed to act horizontally at a distance
0f 1.8m above the road way surface in either longitudinally direction to cause extreme force effects
Br= 162.5 KN,1.8m above road way surface 12.5 KN/m

Live load surcharge ERA(section 3.20.6)

q1=live lod surcharge of earth pressure = g*h1*ka = 1.56 KN/m2 h1 = 0.61 m
horizontal 0.85 KN/m2
vertical 1.30 KN/m2
Ph Ls 5.02 KN/m
Pv LS 7.67 KN/m
Wall heq (mm)
Height
(mm)
1500 1700
3000 1200
6000 760
9000 610
DEAD LOAD Surcharge ERA(section 3.20.6)
Where a uniform surcharge is present, a constant horizontal earth pressure, Δp (MPa), shall be added to the basic earth pressure.
This constant earth pressure shall be taken as: Dp = ks qs
where: ks coefficient of earth pressure due to surcharge
qs = uniform surcharge applied to the upper surface of the active earth wedge (MPa)
for highway related project uniformly distributed vertical surcharge from 11Kpa to 12Kpa can be taken
Δp=ka*qs 1.62 KN/m2
PhES 5.22 KN
PvES 7.97 KN
Active earth pressure
q2=backfill earth presure = g*H*ka = 15.04 KN/m2 H= 5.88 m

Pa=1/2*q2*H 44.23 KN/m

The angle of PA=90-θ+δ 33.2 deg
Vertical earth pressure Pv act=PA*cos(180-θ-δ) 37.01 KN/m
horizontal earth presure Ph EH=PA*sin(180-θ-δ) 24.22 KN/m
Load factors
LOAD STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia
Active Horisontal earth pressure 1.5 0.90
Live load surcharge 1.75 1.75
Live load 1.75 1.75
Dead load 1.25 0.90
Dead load 1.25 0.90
vertical earth surcharge(EV) 1.35 1
braking force BR 1.75 1.75
dead load earth surcharge(ES) 1.50 0.75

Load and moment calculation Moment arm

Factored about toe
un factored loads(KN/M) loads (KNm/m) Factored moment of
strength 1a strength 1 o1 o2 strength 1a strength 1
W1= 9.38 8.438 11.719 1.24 1.74 14.67 20.38
W2= 3.75 3.375 4.688 0.84 1.34 4.52 6.28
W3= 100.01 90.007 125.010 0.99 1.49 134.02 186.14
W4= 36.81 33.132 46.017 0.39 0.89 29.58 41.08
W5= 147.00 132.301 183.752 2.17 2.67 353.63 491.15
W6= 55.86 50.270 69.820 2.56 3.06 154.07 213.99
W7= 103.45 93.101 129.307 2.96 3.46 321.84 447.00
W9= 55.86 50.274 69.825 3.99 4.49 225.77 313.57
W8= 59.26 53.334 74.075 2.37 126.42 175.59
WF = 512.110 514.233 714.212 1238.10 1719.58
RDL= 131.930 118.74 164.91 0.84 1.34 158.99 220.81
RLL= 134.411 235.22 235.22 0.84 1.34 314.95 314.953
R Total 266.341 353.96 400.13 473.94 535.763
Pv act 37.010 33.31 55.52 3.74 4.74 157.91 263.186
Pv Ls 7.670 13.42 13.42 3.74 4.74 63.63 63.633
Pv ES 7.970 5.98 11.96 3.74 4.74 28.34 56.676
Total 831.101 920.90 1195.24 1712.04 2638.838

Ph EH 24.22 42.39 42.39 2.35 2.35 99.69 99.69

Ph LS 5.02 7.53 7.53 2.94 2.94 22.14 22.14
Br 12.50 21.88 21.88 3.74 4.74 103.71 103.71
Ph ES 5.22 3.92 7.83 2.94 2.94 11.51 23.02
Total 46.96 49.92 49.92 225.53 248.55

A) stabilty and safety criteria

Eccentricity
in the LRFD method,the eccentricity design criteria is ensured by keeping the resultant force with in the middle half of the base
in other words,the eccentricity should not exceed emax=B/4

Consider Moment about O2

V ΣM Xo e emax design margin
strength 1 1195.24 2390.28 2.00 0.37 1.19 68.73 OK !!
strength 1a 920.90 1486.50 1.61 0.76 1.19 35.84 OK !!

b) Sliding
the results of sliding criterion are summarized below
%=(фsFr-H)*100/(фSFr)

δb 35 deg

V tanδb Fr=V*tanδb фs фsFr H design margin(%)

strength 1 1195.24 0.7 836.67 0.8 669.336 225.53 66.30 OK !!
strength1a 920.90 0.70 644.63 0.80 515.70 49.92 90.32 OK !!

C) bearing capacity

The result of bearing capacity criterion are sumarized as follows

RI (1-H/V)^3 qult=3*qall 3000 kpa qmax=V/2X0 b
фb 0.500 Xo for 1a 1.61
Xo for 1 1.24
Hn Vn Hn/Vn RI фbRIqult qmax design margin
strength 1 46.96 831.101 0.06 0.83 1245 70.69 94.32 OK !!
strength1a 46.96 831.10 0.06 0.83 1245 54.44 95.63 OK !!

a B1 b
D

qmin

q max

B2
 qmin

q max

B2

2 Wing Wall Design

Loads

Material properties
F= 37 dgree
Unit weight of backfill material 19 KN/m3
Unit weight of stone masonry 27 KN/m3
Unit weight of concrete 25 KN/m3
Allowable foundation bearing capacity qall= 1000 KN/m2
Active earth pressure coeff. Ka = 0.135
Dimensions A1= 0.5 m H1= 6.00
a= 0.50 m A2= 0.50
b= 0.50 m H2= 1.05555555556
Total Height of Wingwall, H= 5.88 m (above top of footing) b1= 2.45 m H3= 5.44444444444
Height of Masonry = 5.38 m b2= 0.20
Footing width , B2 = 4.19 m b3= 0.54 m
Footing depth , D = 0.50 m S2= 0.45
Masonry abut bottom width B1= 3.19 m S1= 0.10
Active earth pressure values
q1=live load surcharge of 2ft earth = g*h1*ka = 1.56 KN/m2 h1= 2 ft = 0.61 m

horizontal 0.85 KN/m2

vertical 1.30 KN/m2
Ph Ls 4.7 KN/m
Pv LS 7.18 KN/m

q2=backfill earth presure = g*h2*ka = 14.07 KN/m2 h2 = 5.50 m

Pa=1/2*q2*H 38.69 KN/m
The angle of PA=180-θ-δ 33.2 Deg
Vertical earth pressure Pv act=PA*cos(180-θ-δ) 32.38 KN/m
horizontal earth presure Ph EH=PA*sin(180-θ-δ) 21.19 KN/m
Δp=ka*qs 1.62 KN/m2
PhES 7.46 KN/m
PvES 4.88 KN/m
Load factors
Load type Maximum Minimum
Active Horisontal EP 1.5 0.90
Live load surcharge 1.75 1.75
Live load 1.75 1.75
Dead load 1.25 0.90
Moment arm about toe Factored moment of
Unfactored loads Factored loads (KNm/m) strength
(KN/m) using comb1 using comb2 o1 o2 1a 1
W1= 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.64 1.14 0.00 0.00
W2= 11.25 10.125 14.063 0.69 1.19 12.03 16.71
W3= 39.07 35.167 48.844 0.36 0.86 30.20 41.94
W4= 180.08 162.068 225.094 1.55 2.05 332.99 462.49
W6= 25.86 23.275 32.326 1.96 2.46 57.33 79.62
W5= 126.72 114.048 158.399 2.37 2.87 327.47 454.82
W7= 55.86 50.274 69.825 3.44 3.94 197.98 274.97
W8= 52.35 47.115 65.438 2.09 98.66 137.026125

WF = 438.840 394.956 548.551 957.99 1330.55

Pv Act 32.380 29.142 48.570 3.19 4.19 122.05 203.41
PvES 4.88 3.66 7.320 3.19 4.19 15.32808 30.65616
Pv LS 7.18 12.565 12.565 3.19 4.19 52.62222 52.62222
Total 483.280 440.323 617.006 1147.99 1617.24

horizontal forces

ph EH 21.19 19.07 31.79 2.15 2.15 41.04 68.40

Ph LS 4.70 8.23 8.23 2.69 2.69 22.13 22.13
ph ES 7.46 5.60 11.19 2.69 2.69 15.05 30.10
Total 33.35 32.89 51.20 7.53 7.53 78.22 120.63

Consider Moment about O2

V ΣM Xo e emax design margin
strength 1 617.01 1496.61 2.43 -0.33 1.05 131.67 OK !!
strength 1a 440.32 1069.77 2.43 -0.34 1.05 132.09 OK !!

b) Sliding
the results of sliding criterion are summarized below
%=(фsFr-H)*100/(фSFr)
 δb 35 deg

V tanδb Fr=V*tanδb фs фsFr H design margin(%)

strength 1 617.01 0.7 431.9 0.8 345.52 51.20 85.18 OK !!
strength1a 440.32 0.70 308.23 0.80 246.58 32.89 86.66 OK !!

C) bearing capacity

The result of bearing capacity criterion are sumarized as follows

RI (1-H/V)^3 qult=3*qall 3000 kpa qmax=V/2X0 b
фb 0.500 Xo for 1a 2.43
Xo for 1 2.43
Hn Vn Hn/Vn RI фbRIqult qmax design margin
strength 1 33.35 483.280 0.07 0.8 1200 23.74 98.02 OK !!
strength1a 33.35 483.28 0.07 0.8 1200 23.74 98.02 OK !!

2) Design of Rc footing for abutment and wing wall

- Contact Pressure
e = Eccentricity
s1 = Maximum contact pressure
s2 = Minimum contact pressure
e=B/2-(Mv-tot-MH-tot)/Vtot = 0.51
OK!
condition = "OK!" if /e/ £ B/ 6
"Not OK!" otherwise
s1=(Vtot*(1+6*e/B))/B = 25.04
OK!
s2=Vtot*(1-6*e/B)/B = 4.88
OK!
condition = "OK!" if s1 & s2 £ sall
"Not OK!" otherwise
Design Step 4 - Footing Design

Material properties:

Concrete :
Grade C-25 concrete
fc'= 28 MPa ( fc' cylinder )
fctd=(0.21*fc'2/3)/1.5 = 1.291 MPa
Ec=4800sqrt(fc') = 25399.21258622 MPa
Concrete dencity (gc) = 24 KN/m3
Reinforcement steel:
Grade 300 steel:
Es = 200,000 MPa
Modular ratio n =
Es / Ec = 7.8742598543589 Use n = 8

B c1 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5
4.55 0.56 25.04 4.88 2.48 7.36 17.68

Check d for moment

Mmax = (s1+s4)/2*(b5+(b2+b3+b4)/4)2/2 = 10.48 ton-m/m Bar size f = 16
Mmax = (s2+s4)/2*(b1+(b2+b3+b4)/4))2/2 = 3.96 ton-m/m clear cover = 50
dreqd =sqrt(Mu/((ff)rmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc'))= 41.12 mm b= 1000
 davil = D-f/2-CL.Co.= 242.00 mm r max= 0.020
OK! (ff) = 0.9
GoalSeek
Assume As= 487.21 mm2 (Assumme As)-(As)= 370.54 mm
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 8.60 mm mm
As =Mu/((ff)fy(d-a/2)) = 116.665 mm2/m mm
r prov=As/bd = 0.000 OK!

Bar size (F) 32 10 24 20 16

S(spacing) 6893.65 673.21 3877.68 2692.83 1723.41

Provide f 10 @ 0.60 m

Check for wide beam shear

Vact = (b5-davl)*s1 = -12.20 ton/m

Vresist.=Vcd*davil=0.25*fctd*(1+50*r)*(1.6-d)*davil = 10.86 ton/m
OK!
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