DOCUMENTATION
— Man pages — view with man command
o man passwd
o man 5 passwd #searches for passwd in section 5 of the man pages
— Man sections:
o 1 = General commands (normal users)
o 2 = System calls (programmers)
o 3 = C library functions (programmers)
o 4= Special files (usually /dev devices)
o 5 = File formats and conventions
o 6 = Games
o 7 = Miscellanea
o 8 = System administration commands and daemons
CONFIGURING THE LINUX MANUAL
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
— PC hardware: PCI bus, RS-232 serial ports, USB, sound cards, video cards, IDE/ATA and SCSI disks
— PCI (PCI-e, Express) = Peripheral Component Interconnect
o Modern way of connecting peripherals to PCs
o PnP built-in
o lspci — lists PCI devices
— USB = Universal Serial Bus (1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 4)
o USB 1.1 = 12Mbps, USB 2.0 = 480Mbps , USB 4 = 40Gbps
o udev (config in /etc/udev; man udev)
o #a device manager for Linux kernel. It runs as a daemon on a Linux system and listens (via
netlink socket) to uevents the kernel sends out if a new device is initialised or a device is removed
from the system
IDE/ATA/ATAPI disks
LEARNING ABOUT THE KERNEL & MODULES
LOADING AND REMOVING KERNEL MODULES
WINDOWS SERVER 2019
— Multiple versions of Windows server 2019 exist
— Each version defined to meet needs of a different market segment
— Versions include:
o Standard: Physical or minimally virtualised environments
o Datacenter: Highly virtualised datacenters and cloud environments
o Essential: Small businesses with up to 25 users and 50 devices
— Windows Server 2008
o Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, Datacenter Edition, Web Edition, Hyper-V Edition, Core
Versions
— Windows Server: 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2019
ROLES AND FEATURES
— Can dedicate an entire computer to one role or install multiple server roles on a single computer
— Each role has 1 or more services associated with it
— Server Manager is the tool used to install, configure, and remove Server Roles
— Features provide auxiliary or supporting functions to servers
— Typically, administrators add features to add functionality of installed roles
TYPICAL ROLES
— Active Directory Domain Services
— Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
— DHCP Server
— DNS Server
— Web Server (IIS)
— File Services
— Print Server
— Streaming Media Services
— Windows Server Virtualisation (Hyper-V)
DISK PARTITIONS – MANUAL/AUTO
— Why partition?
o Different filesystem types for different partitions
o Better disk space management
o Multi-OS support
— Auto partition
o Typically 3 partitions - /boot, / , swap
o Root partition managed by LVM (Logical Volume Manager)
— Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
o Traditional way cannot support extension, copy, and delete
o Aggregate multiple physical drive/partitions into virtual volumes
o Easy to add, remove, expand, and shrink partitions
MBR (PC) PARTITION SCHEME
GUID PARTITION TABLE
DESIGNING HARD DISK LAYOUT
WHAT NOT TO DO
— Some directories should never be placed on separate partitions (if ramfs not used at boot times)
o /etc – config files needed during booting, including (/etc/fstab)
o /bin – commands needed during boot, e.g., mount
o /sbin – superuser commands during boot, e.g. modprobe
o /lib – shared library files and kernel modules
o /dev – device files for hardware devices
— With recent Linux distributions
o All files require boot time provided by ramfs, so above caveat does not apply
o If in doubt, it can be best not to create separate partitions unless you are sure why you are doing it
FILESYSTEMS
— Filesystem = data structure used for storing files on a disk partition
o Directory structure indexing performance and file volume
o Older Linux machines use ext2
o Formerly common: ext3 (ext2 + journal)
o ext4 now the default as an enhanced ext3
ext4 is backwards-compatible with ext3 and ext2
support large files — up to 16 TB
provides journaling function: tracking data for recover
o btrfs: newer, high-performance, up to 16 EiB, support RAID
o alternatives = ReiserFS, JFS, XFS
o support for accessing non-Linux partitions
e.g., NTFS, VFAT, HFS, ISO-9660, others
o swap is technically not a filesystem, but usually treated in a similar way, create virtual memory
using space on a physical device
CREATING PARTITIONS AND FILESYSTEMS
MAINTAINING FILESYSTEM
MOUNTING FILESYSTEMS
MANAGING SOFTWARE USING PACKAGES
YUM – RED HAT
APT-GET – UBUNTU
VIEWING PROCESSES AND JOB CONTROL
KILLING PROCESSES AND SENDING SIGNALS
PROCESS PRIORITIES
— Priorities
o Numeric value associated with a process
o Used by OS (scheduler) to apportion CPU time to processes
o High priority processes likely to get more CPU time
o Different Unixes differ in numeric ranges and algorithms used to implement priorities
o Common to all Unixes and Linux is the ‘nice’ value
— Nice value
o In early Unix, nice users running long jobs would be nice to other interactive users
o A ‘nice’ process lets other processes go first, and has a high nice value
o High nice value = low priority (lets others go first)
NICE VALUES
WINDOWS
— Use task manager (Ctrl-Alt-Esc)
o Choose processes tab or Details tab for even more
o You can view/sort processes by clicking header
If admin authority, also click Show process from All users
o Delete/Change priority by Right clicking process and choosing action
o Windows priorities:
Realtime, high, above normal, normal, below normal, low
You can also set affinity. i.e., which CPU the process can use
— Command line equivalents or PowerShell
o tasklist = lists tasks, lots of filtering options
o taskkill = kill tasks
