Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies. Buoyancy is the tendency of a fluid to exert a supporting force on a body placed in the Stability reters to the ability of a body to retumn to its original position after being tilted about @ horizontal axis. ‘This lesson will provide the findamental principles of both buoyancy and stability to help you develop the ability to analyze and design devices that will operate while floating or Buoyancy. Archimedes principle: A body in a fluid, whether floating or submerged, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Figure 2d ~ 1. (a) A body ABCD suspended in a fluid of weight density y, (b) Free body of fluid with vertical sides tangent to the body. F, and ; are the vertical forces exerted by the lower (ADC) and ‘pee (ABC) surfaces ofthe body on the surrounding fluid. The buoyant force on the body is a= I) — For the upper portion of the frve body. 2 F, = Fa ~ Wa ~psA=0 1H) For the lower portion of the free body. 2 Fy= Fi + W1 - A= 0 ) By subtraction of the equation: Fy = Fy ~ F; =(p1~p)A~ (Wa + Ws) But, pr — pz yh and yh is the weight of a cylinder of fluid extending between horizontal and 2, and the right side of the equation for Fy is identified es the weight of a volume of'fluid exactly equal to that of the body. = ylvolume of object) ‘This presents a proof of the law of buoyancy.Figure 2d — 2. Floating object A similar analysis will show that for the floating object Fs = volume displaced) From static equilibrium of the object, its weight must be equal to this buoyant force; thus the object displaces its own weight of the liquid in which it floats ‘The stability of submerged or floiting bodies is dependent upon the relative locatjon of the buoyant force and the weight of the body. The buoyant force acts upward through the center of gravity of the displaced volume, the weight acts downward at the center of gravity of the body. Stability or instability will be determined by whether a righting or overturning moment is dey eloped when the center of gravity and center of buoyancy move out of vertical alignment. Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies. ‘The condition for stability of bodies completely submerged in a fluid is that the center of gravity of the body must be below the center of buoyancy. Stability of Floating Bodies. In surface vessels, the center of gravity is usually ebove the center of buoyancy, and stability exists because of movement of the center of buoyancy to a position outboard of the center of gravity as the ship “heels over,” producing a righting moment. Condition of stability fora floating body. A floating body is stable if ts center of gravity is below the metacenter. Metacenter is the intersection of the vertical axis of a body when in its equilibrium position and a vertical line through the new position of the center of buoyancy when the body is rotated slightly. Figure 2d - 3. Method for finding the metacenter, Li If the distance (MB) to the metacenter(me) from the center of buoyancy (cbo) places the metacenter above the center of gravity, the body is stable. aDetermination of the metacentric height. Ping s = horizontal shift in the center of buoyancy is determined by the change in buoyant force (AFg) due to the wedge being submerged, which causes an upward force on the right and by the other wedge decreasing the buoyant force on the eft UMp=0 (AR)G) = HE) (yv)(L) = (rY)(5) ae * = MB(sin 8) vi ~ Vein 8) ‘The initial metacentric height. | a Figure 2d ~ 4. Determination of the initial metacentric height. M, = 72044, take © M, for both wedges. frei = pL= Ws yo x9dA = yv (B)0 frase ves) GB = distance from og to cbo. GM=MB + GB RM = F5(GM sin ©), righting moment.| | | Exercises. 1. An iceberg in the ocean floats with one seventh of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity relative to ocean water? What portion of its volume would be above the surface iffice were floating in pure water? ocean water puewaer BOB = 10.05 ian? S: spss enc (a) Iceberg in ocean water I) Mepkeeg in pare wnter | (Peak 3°98! we Ice in ocean water: V=VitW ‘ V2 =V- Vi =V-(W/7) = V1 - 1/7) = 0.857 V Yet Fa=F, a% Sy “V%u YouV2 = YieeV easeagnvines Yoo Ya = 085 _ 957 . eee Mes Vi % Ice in pure water. Basalt 7am can Yee = 8('Yow) = 0.857(10.05) = 8.614 KNAn® Tee Bu ~S6( Bs Wee ys Wrnee i oun | ae Vy 4 Ver vy, y v <. Vi= (1 - 0.880) V=0.12V = 12.0 % of the ice volume will be above surface of pure water 2. A bydrometer, shown in the figure, consists of an 8 mm diameter cylinder of length 20 em atached to a 25 mm diameter weighted sphere, The cylinder has a mass of 1.2 g and the mass of the sphere is 12.8 g At what level will this device float in liquids having specific gravities of 0.80, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the scale spacing on the eylinder stem uniform? Why or why not?| | | | j | | | | } fe Siam ~ 0.008 Fy=M. + Mg = 1.2 + 12.8 = 14 g=0.13734N, Fa = yAsubmerged volume) = 9y{ Vest + V sphere) Liquid) _ | #(0.008)°(z) = apf seem + Fons? Fy = 5,(9790J5.0310(2)+8.2x10] 5,(9 790)[5.03 x10 (2) +8.2x10 |= 0.13734, N Solve for z: 137374 30278(s,) 0.492437(5;) If's,= 0.80, 2= 0.185687 m= 185.700 mm If s)= 1.00, z= 0.115946 m= 115.950 mm Ifs= 1.20, 2= 0.069451 m= 69.45 mm 3. Determine the volume of an object that weighs 22 N in water and 30.N in oil (sy 82). What is the specific weight of the object? wwater Wa 22N % In Weter Fy=7V=W-W, 9790V=W-22 (1) (0.82)(9 790) V=W-30 (2) ‘Subtract (2) from (1): 9 790 V (1 - 0.82)=8; «. V=0.0045 m? W =9 790(0,0045) + 22 = 0.82(9 790)(0.0045) +30 = 66.444 N y= 66.444/0,0045 = 14 636.050 N/a?4. For the condition shown in the figure, find the force F required to lift the concrete block gate if the concrete weighs 24 KN/m’ Wa= (24)(x)(0.60)'(0.305/4 = P. = (10.05)(1.805) = 18.140 kPa Pw =9.79(3) = 29.37 kPa ‘Ag = cross section area of block. = n(0.60)'/4 = 0.283 m? ER=0 F+p,A=Wo+ ped F=Wo+ Ape -P)) | = 2.070 + 0.283(29.37 - 18.140) = 5.24809 KN .070 KN 5. A cylindrical bucket 30 cm in diameter and 50 cm high weighing 25 N contains oil (s = 0.80) to 1 depth of 20 cm. (a) When placed in water, what will be the depth to the bottom of the bucket? (b) What is the maximum volume of oil the bucket can hold and still float? Ma @ ©) (a) Wo=YeVo (b) We = (0.80)(9 790)(x)(0.30)*h/4 ).80(9 790)(x)(0.30)"(0.20)/4 =553.615h, = 110.722N © -W=25+553.615h, W=W, + Wa= 110.722 + 25 V=n(0.30)(0.50)/4 =0.0353 m° = 135.722N Fo=W V=n(0.30)'n/4 y V=25 + 553.615h, =0.071h 9790(0.0353) = 25 + $53.615h, Fo=W h, = 0.5791 m=57.91 cm yV= 135.722 0.50m 9 790(0.071h) = 135.722 h=0.198 m= 19.8 cm = 0.0353 m?6. A metal block 30 cm square and 25 em deep is floated on a body of liquid that consists of a 20 cm layer of water above a layer of mercury. The block weighs 20 kN/m’. What is the position of the bottom of the block? If a downward vertical force of 1100 N is applied to the center of this block, what is the position of the bottom of the block? Assume the tank containing the fluid is of infinite dimensions. let sq = 13.55 ‘Wo = Va = (20 000)(0.30)(0.25) =450N Pw = yy ~ 0.05) Pu = (0.20) + Yay | ER=0 Pa(0.30) = Wa + py(0.30) {y(0.20) + yay](0.30)? = 5(0.30)" + y(y - 0.05)(0.30)" y= 511025) Fae __5=9.79(0.25) 13.55(9.79)-9.79 = 0,02078 m= 2.078 cm (As an exercise do the next part of the problem) 7. Abarge with a flat bottom and square ends has a draft of 1.8 m when fully loaded and floating in ‘an upright position. The center of gravity of the barge when filly loaded is on the axis of + symmetry and 0.3 m above the water surface. Io the barge stable? if it is stable, what is the righting moment when the angle of heel is 12°? Length is 12.0 m, width is 8 m, end the depth is 3m.x =43 m L=8~ 2(4/3) = 5.333 m v= (Atan12°)(4)(12)/2 = 20.405 m* ‘V=(8)(1.8)(12) = 172.8 m? Righting Moment = F,(GM sin 12°) = 9.79(172.8)[1.83(sin 12°)] = 643.66 kN-m 8. A scow shown in the figure, is 6 m wide and 20 m long has a gross mass of 200 Mg Its center of gravity is 30 em above the water surface, Find the metacentric height and restoring couple when Ay =30 om. h= depth of submergence R=W ¥V =200 000 000 (9.81)/1 000 V = 200 000(9.81)/9 790 = 200.41 int = 6(20)h “h= 167m W2= 0.835 m! ¢ tar 7 [even Pea eter é | Moment of Area from A ~ A: [0.60(6)/2](6/3) + [1.37(6)(6/2)] = [0.60(3) + 1.37(6)]x. +24. 10.02 BP=3-282=0.180m By similar triangles BP_ Ay ‘BPS pipiens oe 82m BP=— ‘Moment of Area from A —D: [0.6(6)/2][1.37 +0.6/3} + [1.37(6)][1.37/2] = [0.6(6)/2 + 1.37(6]y. _1.8(1.57)+8.22(0.685) a 10.02, ae By similar triangles MP3 BP Ay 180(3) 03 GP = 1.97 ~ ye= 1.97 - 0.844 = 1.126 m GM=MP - GP =1.8-1.126= 0,674. m =18m o=rar'[*3]-5.m0 ? 3 t ee ’ Righting Moment = GM sin0 (Weight) = 0.674 sin(5.711) (200 000 x 9.81) = 131582.524 N—m.2.64 Gs 4a = Wyre I> clesey @ KK : eater wg rly, Fille fhe Les a wR dee LU ibis ohis fant soll be r Ct yg, out cc oe If Metak of ee mH long (ar Fialy