CH2.
Analysis of statically
determinate structure
Prepared by: Teng Chhay
Support connection
• Structural members are joined together in various way depending on
the intent of the designer. The three types of joints most specified are:
• Pin connection
• Roller support
• Fixed joint
• A pin-connected joint and a roller support allow some freedom for
slight rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows no relative rotation between
the connected members and is consequently more expensive to
fabricate.
Idealized models
• Idealized models used in structural analysis that represent pinned and fixed supports and pin-
connected and fixed-connected joints are shown below. In reality, all connections exhibit some
stiffness toward joint rotations, owing to friction and material behavior. In this case a more
appropriate model for a support or joint might be that shown below. If the torsional spring
constant 𝑘 = 0 the joint is a pin, and if 𝑘 → ∞ the joint is fixed.
kN
m 3
Other types of connections
Idealized Structure
Idealized Structure (cont.)
Tributary Loadings
When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs are supported by a
structural frame, it is necessary to determine how the load on these
surfaces is transmitted to the various structural elements used for
their support. There are generally two ways in which this can be
done.
• One way system
• Two way system
The choice depends on the geometry of the structural system, the
material from which it is made, and the method of its construction.
One way system
• A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the supporting
members by one-way action, is often referred to as a one-way slab.
Example 1
• Center beam CD is subjected to a linear
distribution of load of
(4.8kN/m²)(0.75m)(2)=7.2kN/m
• The reaction on this beam
(7.2kN/m)(3m)/2=10.8kN
Would then be applied to the center of the girders
AE (and BF).
• Exterior beam AB (and EF) is subjected to a linear
distribution of load of
(4.8kN/m²)(0.75m)=3.6kN/m
• The reaction on this beam
(3.6kN/m)(3m)/2=5.4kN
Would then be applied to the both edge of the
girders AE (and BF).
Two-way system
• According to the ACI 318 concrete code, if the support ratio is 𝐿𝐿2 ≥ 2 the load is assumed to
1
be delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two directions. When this is the case the
slab is referred to as a two-way slab.
• Due to two-way slab action, the assumed tributary area for beam AB is shown dark shaded.
This area is determined by constructing diagonal 45° lines as shown.
Example 2
If a uniform load of 4.8kN/m² is applied
to the slab
A peak intensity of
(4.8kN/m²)(1.5m)=7.2kN/m
Will be the trapezoidal and triangular
distributed loads on member AB and
AC.
Example 3
The floor of a classroom is to be supported by 4.5m
long bar joist that are spaced 0.75m on center. The
floor itself is made from lightweight concrete that is
100mm thick. Neglect the weight of the joists and the
corrugated metal deck, and determine the load that
acts along each joist.
Solution
• For floor system L1=0.75m and L2=4.5m.
Since L2/L1=6>2 the concrete slab is treated as
one-way slab.
• The dead load on floor due to weight of
concrete slab
(0.015kN/m².mm)(100mm)=1.50kN/m².
• Live load for classroom is 1.92kN/m².
• The total floor load is 1.50+1.92=3.42kN/m².
• The uniform load along its length is
w=(3.42kN/m²)(0.75m)=2.57kN/m
Example 4
The flat roof of the steel frame building is intended to
support a total load of 2kN/m² over its surface. If the
span of beam AD and BC is 5m and the space
between them (AB and DC) is 3m, determine the roof
load within region ABCD that is transmitted to beam
BC.
Solution
In this case L1=3m and L2=5m.
Since L2/L1<2, we have two-way slab action.
• The peak intensity of the distributed load is
(2kN/m²)(1.5m)=3kN/m
Since there are 2 shaded trapezoidal area of
loading is transmitted to member BC.
The peak intensity of distributed load on BC is
6kN/m.
Example 5
The concrete girders of the passenger car parking
garage span 9m and are 4.5m on center. If the floor
slab is 12cm thick and made of reinforced stone
concrete, and the specified live load is 2.4kN/m²,
determine the distributed load the floor system
transmits to each interior girder.
Solution
Here L2=9m and L1=4.5m, so that L2/L1=2. We have a
two-way slab.
• The dead load due to weight of concrete slab
(23.6kN/m³)(0.12m)=2.83kN/m².
• Live load for garage is 2.4kN/m².
• The total floor load is 2.83+2.4=5.23kN/m².
• A trapezoidal distributed loading is transmitted to
each interior girder AB from each of its sides
w=(5.23kN/m²)(2.25m)(2)=23.54kN/m
Principle of Superposition
The total displacement or internal loadings (stress)
at a point in a structure subjected to several external
loadings can be determined by adding together the
displacements or internal loadings (stress) caused by
each of the external loads acting separately.
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle
of superposition to apply:
1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic
manner, so that Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore
the load will be proportional to displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo
significant change
when the loads are applied.
Equations of Equilibrium
• A structure or one of its members is in equilibrium when it maintains a balance of
force and moment.
Here ∑𝐹𝑥 and ∑𝐹𝑦 represent, respectively, the algebraic sums of the x and y
components of all the forces acting on the structure or one of it members,
and ∑𝑀𝑂 represents the algebraic sum of the moments of these force
components about an axis perpendicular to the x-y plane (the z axis) and
passing through point O.
Determinacy
• When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from equilibrium
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate.
• Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are
called statically indeterminate.
• n : total of parts
• r : force and moment reaction components
Example 6
Classify each of the beam shown as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy.
Example 7
Classify each of the beam shown as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy.
Example 8
• Unlike the beams and pin-connected structures ,
frame structures consist of members that are
connected together by rigid joints. Sometimes
the members form internal loops. In order to
classify these structures, it is necessary to use
the method of sections and “cut” the loop apart.
The free-body diagrams of the sectioned parts
are drawn. Notice that only one section through
the loop is required.
Example 9
Stability
• To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to
satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held
or constrained for proper constraint have not been met.
• A structure will be geometrically unstable when it move slightly or collapse.
• If there are fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium or if there are
enough reactions, instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces
intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another.
Partial Constraints
In some cases a structure or one of its members may have fewer reactive
forces than equations of equilibrium that must satisfied. The structure then
becomes only partially constraint.
Here the equation ∑𝐹𝑥 will not be satisfied for the loading conditions
and therefore the member will be unstable.
Improper Constraints
• In some cases there may be as many unknown forces as there are equations of equilibrium;
however, instability or movement of a structure or its members can develop because of
improper constraining by the supports. This can occur if all the support reactions are
concurrent at a point. An example of this is shown below. From the free-body diagram of the
beam it is seen that the summation of moments about point O will not be equal to zero thus
rotation about point O will take place.
• Another way in which improper constraining leads to instability occurs when the
reactive forces are all parallel. An example of this case is shown below . Here when
an inclined force P is applied, the summation of forces in the horizontal direction will
not equal zero.
Example 10
Free-body diagrams
• Disassemble the structure and draw a free-body
diagram of each member. Also, it may be
convenient to supplement a member free-body
diagram with a free-body diagram of the entire
structure. Some or all of the support reactions
can then be determined using this diagram.
• Recall that reactive forces common to two
members act with equal magnitudes but
opposite directions on the respective free-body
diagrams of the members.
• All two-force members should be identified.
These members, regardless of their shape, have
no external loads on them, and therefore their
free-body diagrams are represented with equal
but opposite collinear forces acting on their ends.
• In many cases it is possible to tell by inspection
the proper arrowhead sense of direction of an
unknown force or couple moment; however, if
this seems difficult, the directional sense can be
assumed.
Example 11
Determine the reactions on the beam.
Example 12
• Determine the reactions on the beam
Example 13
• Determine the reactions on the beam
Example 14
• Determine the reactions on the beam
Example 15
• Determine the reactions on the beam
Example 16
• Determine the reactions on the gable arch
Example 16
Q&A
