Integration : - Assembling of Smaller quantities into larger quantities is called Integration .

It is also called Antiderivatives .It is denoted by sign ∫. or

∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
Formulae : -
xa+1 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)a+1
1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = + C , Where a ≠ −1 02) ∫(px + q)a 𝑑𝑥 = +C .
a+1 p(a+1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
3) ∫ = log |𝑥| + C . 0 4) ∫ 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 = 𝑝. log |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + C
𝑥
1
5) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + C . 06) ∫ 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + C
𝑝

𝑎𝑥 1 𝑎𝑥
7)∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +C . 08) ∫ 𝑎𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = . +C
𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑝 𝑙𝑛𝑎

9)∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = k 𝑥 + C . 10)∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = C .

1
11)∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + C . 12)∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑝 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + C
1
13)∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + C . 14)∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + C
𝑝
1
15) ∫ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + C . . 16)∫ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + C
𝑝
1
17) ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= −𝐶𝑜𝑡𝑥 + C . 18)∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 𝑑𝑥= − . 𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + C .
𝑝
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
19)∫ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + C or −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + C 20)∫ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥𝑎 + C or −𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥𝑎 + C
√1−𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
21)∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C or −𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1𝑥 + C 22)∫ = 1𝑎 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑎 + C or − 1𝑎 . 𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥𝑎 +C.
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
23)∫ = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C or −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C 24)∫ = 𝑎 . 𝑆𝑒𝑐−1 𝑎 + C or − 1𝑎 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥𝑎 +C
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2

25) ∫ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = Sec𝑥 + C 26) ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − Cosec𝑥 + C

27) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − log |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + C or log |𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥| + C 28) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − log |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + C or log |𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥| + C
𝜋 𝑥
29) ∫ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =log |𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + C or log |tan ( ( 4 + 2) | + C

30) ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =log|𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 | + C .

(i) Integration in the form of : -
If L =linear expression & Q = Quadratic expression
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ , ∫ , ∫ , ∫ √𝑄 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝐿 𝑄
𝑄 √𝑄 𝑄
Kutur – Putur Formula : -
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
31)∫ 2 2 = 𝑎 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑎 + C .
𝑎 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
32)∫ = . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | + C.
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

By :- Ritesh sinha 9798222244, 9504481203 P.G.1.

1) P1/10 Near Dr. Alka Pandey , vidyapuri,sachivalay colony , k.v. road patna.
2 ) L2/10 P.I.T colony , near jaleshwar mandir , k.v. road patna -20
 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥− 𝑎
33)∫ = 2𝑎 . log | 𝑥 + 𝑎 | + C.
𝑥 2 −𝑎2

(ii) Integration of quadratic expressions : -

𝑑𝑥
34)∫ = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥𝑎 + C .
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
35)∫ = log | 𝑥 + √a2 + x 2 | + C .
√𝑎2 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
36)∫ = log | 𝑥 + √ x 2 − a2 | + C .
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
37)∫ √a2 − x 2 𝑑𝑥 = √a2 − x 2 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 −1 +C .
2 2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2
38)∫ √a2 + x 2 𝑑𝑥 = √a2 + x 2 + log | 𝑥 + √a2 + x 2 | + C .
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2
39)∫ √x 2 − a2 𝑑𝑥 = √x 2 − a2 − log | 𝑥 + √ x 2 − a2 | + C .
2 2

(iii) Substitution Method : -

f′ (𝑥)
40) ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]n . f ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 then let f(x) = t
[𝑓(𝑥)]n
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
41) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ , ∫ √ax 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 dx then express ax 2 +bx +c in the form .
𝑎x2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 √𝑎x2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
(𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥
42) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 2 , ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√ax2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 dx then form (px + q) just like
𝑎x2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 √𝑎x +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

differentiation of (𝑎x 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) express ax 2 +bx +c then proceed, perfect square then apply
formulae 31 to 39 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
43) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ 𝑎 + 𝑏cos2𝑥 , ∫ , ∫ 𝑎Sin2 𝑥 + 𝑏cos2 𝑥 +𝑐.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑏Sin2 𝑥
( 𝑡hen multiply numerator & denominator by cos 2 x and put tanx = t )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
44) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ , ∫ 𝑎 + 𝑏cosx , ∫ 𝑎 + 𝑏sinx + 𝑐.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 .
𝑎 + 𝑏sinx
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2 𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 & 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 then put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = t.
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2
2 2
(𝑎cosx + 𝑏sinx+c) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
45) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ express 𝑁𝑟 = A(𝐷𝑟 ) + B𝑑𝑥(𝑁𝑟 ) + C then proceed .
(𝑙cosx + 𝑚sinx +n)

(𝑥 2 ± 1)𝑑𝑥
46) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ 4 then divide Numerator and Denominator by 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 .
(𝑥 ± 𝑘𝑥 2+1)
𝑑𝑥
47) 𝐼𝑓 ∫ 1 take 𝑥 𝑛 common as x and put 1 + 𝑥 −𝑛 = t
𝑥 𝑛 (1+ 𝑥 𝑛 ) ⁄𝑛
(iv) Integration By Parts : -
𝑑𝑎
48)∫ 𝑎. 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = a∫ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑏𝑑𝑥 + C .

Where I L A T E : - I = inverse , L = Log , A = Algebra , T = Trigo , E = exponential.

49) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . {𝑓(𝑥) + f ′ (𝑥) } 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑥) + C .
50) ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 . {𝑘. 𝑓(𝑥) + f ′ (𝑥) } 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑥) + C .
51) ∫{𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥) } 𝑑𝑥 =𝑥. 𝑓(𝑥) + C .
BY:- RITESH SINHA 9798222244, 9504481203 P.G 2.
 (v) Integration By Using partial fraction : -
Rules of Partial fraction : -
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐹(𝑥)
Standard Appearance = .
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑔(𝑥)
When degree of g(𝑥) > degree of f(𝑥).
Function in the form Form in Partial fraction

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
1) (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) +
(𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥+𝑏)

𝑝𝑥2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
2) + +
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥+𝑏) (𝑥+𝑐)

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
3) 2 + (𝑥+𝑏) + (𝑥+𝑏)2
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑥+𝑎)

𝑝𝑥2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
4) +
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥2 + 𝑏) (𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥 2 +𝑏)

𝑝𝑥2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟
5) , then keep num. like
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 2 −(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥+𝑎𝑏
Denominator.

(vi) Definite Integration :-

𝑏
(1) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx= 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) .
𝑏 𝑏
(2) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)dt , Provide f is same , we can also change any variables.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)dt = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑦)dy = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑧)dz.
𝑏 𝑎
(3) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)dx.
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
(4) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)dx where a < c < b.
𝑏 𝑏
(5) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)dx .
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
(6) ∫𝑎 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)dx.

𝑎 0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

(7) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑏
2 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) dx, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

2𝑎 0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
(8) (7) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑏
2 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) dx , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

BY:- RITESH SINHA 9798222244, 9504481203 P.G 3.

(vii) Some trigonometric Formulae : -
(1) 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 (2) 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
(3) 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴+B) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 −B).
(4) 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴+B) − 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 −B).
(5) 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴+B) + 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 −B).
(6) 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴-B) − 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 +B).
1
(7) If Sec𝜃 + tan𝜃 = m then Sec𝜃 − tan𝜃 = .
𝑚
1
(8) If Cosec𝜃 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 = m then Cosec𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑚.
(9) (1 + Sin2x) = (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥)2.

(viii) Some Imoportant Formulae

𝑛
(i) 1 + 2 + 3+……..+(n-1) = (n − 1).
2
(𝑛−1)(𝑛)(2𝑛−1)
(𝑖𝑖) 12+ 22 + 32+……+ (n − 1) 2 = .
6
3 𝑛(𝑛−1) 2
3 3 3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1 +2 +3 +……+ 𝑛 = ( ) .
2
(𝑟𝑛 −1)
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑎 + ar + 𝑎𝑟 2 +……+𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎 .
(r−1)
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛ℎ⁄2 ℎ
(𝑣) Cos𝑎 + Cos(a+h) + Cos(a+2h)+ …...+ Cos{𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ}= .Sin{𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 2}
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ⁄2
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛ℎ⁄2 ℎ
(𝑣𝑖) Sin𝑎 + Sin(a+h) + Sin(a+2h)+ …...+ Sin{𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ}= Cos{𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 2}.
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ⁄2

Questions : -
(1)∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 (2)∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 (3) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 1 1
(4) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (5) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (6) ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥
(7)∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 (8)∫ 2𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥 ( 9)∫(1 − 𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥)(6 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
1 1
(10) ∫(5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 (11) ∫ (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 (12) ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
1 1 1
(13) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (14)∫ √𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (15) ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥
1 4 1 2 1 3
(16) ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 (17) ∫ (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 (18) ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 ( 𝑥4 + 1 )
(19)∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 (20) ∫ (𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (21) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
16 16 𝑥 2 +1
( 𝑥4 − 1 ) 1+ 𝑥 1− 𝑥
(22) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (23) ∫ (Sin−1 ( ) + Sec−1 (1+ 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 (24) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 1−𝑥

1− 𝑥 1− 𝑥 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
(25) ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (26) ∫ (Sin−1 √( ) + Cos−1 √( )) 𝑑𝑥 (27) ∫ tan−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑥+4
(28) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (29) ∫ tan−1 √( ) 𝑑𝑥 (30) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 + 5 5𝑥 + 7 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 1
(31) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (32) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (33) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥
4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2−1 6𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 −1
(34) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (35) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (36) ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥+1

BY:- RITESH SINHA 9798222244, 9504481203 P.G 4.