ao 3. UNITS AND ‘The numerical value obtained on measuring a physical quantity is inversely proportional to the ‘magnitude of the unit chosen. T /? « 5] => NU =constant = em Where n,and n,are the numerical values and U,and U, are the units of same physical quantity indifferent systems, Some important conversions: Ss Yemph = Sms" mee I newton=19° dyne 1 joule=19" erg 1 calorie=4.18J JeV= 16x10" 1000kgm™ Tlit=1000em? = 10% mn? IKWH = 36x10°7 1 HP=746 W 1 degree=0,017 rad =4180/Kg" lgem* Ltelsa= jo! gauss lame! = 42x10? oersted 1 weber= 10° maxwell Mean absolute error: ‘The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is considered as the mean absolute error of the physical quantity concerned. Disa [aa |+ [Aa |+~——+ Aa ‘The mean absolute errors always positive, Relative error: “The relative error of a measured physical quantity is the ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean value of the quantity measured Aa, Tere ae Relative error, Percentage errot fan (“= x 19} x Freon Relative error and percentage e1ror givea measure ofaccuracy i.e. if percentage error increases accuracy decreases. Combination of Errors: a) Errordue to addition WZ=A+Bi AZ =AA+AB (Max. possible error) Z+AZ=(A+B)+(MA+AB) AA+AB A+B ‘AA+AB Relative error= Percentage error= 100 A+B +b) Error due to subtraction IfZ=A-B (AZ = AA+ AB (Max. possible error ) Z+AZ=(A-B)4(AA+AB) AA+AB Relative erro A-B AAYAB Percentage error = 100 Az If Z=AB then =" AZ “7 iScalled fractional eror or relative error. Percentage error = 2 s100-( 4.100) +( #000) Z A 2 4) Errorduetodivision: if Z _A B MA ‘Maximum possible relative ercor SIz A 1 Scanned with CamScannerMeee Sees Max. percentage error in division = 4100+ 2100 A B AZ_ AA Error dueto Power: If Z= At; S-=n—~ APBS In more general form : If Z = ——— then maximum fractional error in Z is AZ_ AA, AB AC AZ Arg ZA BR C ‘Maximum Percentage error in Z.is & 100 = pA x1004.9 8 x1004r4€ 100 Zz A B c Note: i) Tfa measured quanity has n significant figures then reliable digits in it are (n— 1). ii) Fora givenset of ‘n’ measurements, random. 1 erupts (2) al Scanned with CamScannerEE Iek aac ENTS OF VECTORS 1. 2. Unit Vector: ‘The unit vector along jis given by Seay ae Resolution of a Vector Components in two Dimensions into ‘The projection of (2) along x-axisis called horizontalcomponent (R,)__R,=Rcos0 “The projection of (28) along y-axisiscalled vertical component (R,) R, Magnitude ofthe resultant || = JR,?-+R,? Direction of the resultant with x-axis is Resolution in 3D Space sind Position vector R= Ri+R,j+R,k Magnitude of position vector j is ifthe position vector (22) makesangls a, By with x,y and z axes respectively, then cosa, cos, cosy are called direction cosines. if and cosy = ie costa + cos" + cos"y = 1 If /=cosa@,m=cos B and n=cosy, then 7? 4m? +n? Now, sin?a+ sin’B+ sin’y=2 4. Parallelogram Law of vectors cos Rl Rl If pand Gare two vectors with angle 9 between them, then the resultant vector R=Pu0. Magnitude ofresuitant : ir {P?-+Q + 2PQcosd Direction ofresultant : ~~ san { 28:08. . oo t00 Be Ocost )¥t B 4{_Psind - ton (52a stg 5. Special Cases a)If p and oO are in the same direction i.e. 0-0" then [|= |>|+|9| b) If p and @ are inopposite directionie. 0=180" then |R|=|P|-|); for P > @ ©)If B and G are perpendicular to each other ie. 690" then \al- [PQ 0 2Peos— &a=f- a) [P| =|] the wlio Scanned with CamScannerERIE pee €) Iftwo vectors Band G represents adjacent sides of a parallelogram both in magnitude and direction then the two diagonals of parallelogram, are represented as P+od, (G+a); 0 1) PG are two sides and R,Sare two diagonals of a parallelogram then R45? =2(P'+Q°) {g) The unit vector parallel to the resultant of and @ is given by "= 6. Law of equilibrium of forces: If three forces represents the three sides of a triangle taken in order then theirresultantis zero, If such forces acts on a particle simultaneously then they keep that particle in equilibrium, Fo4R+%=6 7. Lami’s theorem Ifa body is in equilibrium under the action of three coplanar concurrent forces P.Q,Rat angles @,B,y asshown inthe figure. P_@_R sina sinB siny 5 Q ees 8. Tangent Law: my ‘Assimple pendulum having a bob of mass“m’ is suspended from arigid support and itis pulled by ahorizontal force *F’ The string makes an angle 6 with the vertical as shownin figure. Tsin @ =F a) Tcos 9 =mg peg __mgl cod JP From equation (1) and (2 Tand == F = mgTand = mg mg T=\F? +(mg 9. Applications of Polygon Law f'n’ equal forces act on a body such that each 23 force makes an angle = with the previous one thenthey formaclosed polygon. So the resultantis zo. Ifeach force of magnitude F makes an angle @ ‘with previous one, then 4) the resultantis ero, ifthe numberof forcesis 2 a) b) Ifthe numberof forces are 1 then the resultant force is ‘F 10. Subtraction of Vectors: The magnitude of Bg is S= JP? +Q"—2PQcos0 Note: 1f [A | then |? ~9 11. Applications a) When partick is performing uniform circular motion with a constant speed. v, then the ‘magnitude of change in velocity when it describes 0 anangle 9 at the centre is AV = 2vsin| Scanned with CamScanneraie b) If velocity of a particle changes from v, to \, intime ‘1’ then the acceleration of the particle is given by a= a . 12. Displacement vector in two dimensional Plane asa )i+(v-9)F Application : Condition for collision Two particles 1 and 2 move with constant velocities ¥, and \. At ‘t=0" their position vectorsare 5 and 7, -[fparticles collide at the point*P' after time’ Fbvit= i+ Vat 13. Change in velocity a=W, [ar = /V2+V2-2V,V,cos0 14, Relative Velocity 1) Therelative velocity of body'A' w.rt.'B'is given by Wan = Va-Ve 2) Therelative velocity of body'B' wart. 'A’is given by Ven =Vy-Vy 3) For two bodies moving in same direction, magnitude of relative velocity is equal to the difference of magnitudes of their velocities. hal=Va-Vos Mr 4) Fortwo bodies moving in opposite directions, \de of relative velocity isequalto the sum of the magnitudes of their velocities. (@=180"; cos 180’ =-1) 5) 15. 16. ER IEk acu +: Wa |=[Poal=Va + Va ‘Two trains of lengths /, and J, are moving on parallel tracks with speeds v, and v, (v, > v,) wart ground, The time taken to cross each other ‘when they move in same direction is Sa _ hth Ves Vi-Vo when they move in opposite direction is Sa _ A+ Va VV; Rain umbrella Concept ‘The magnitude of velocity ofrainrelativeto manis Vey = VV; +Va If @ is the angle made by the umbrella with horizontal, then, tana = If fi is the angle made by the umbrella with vertical, then, tan Motion of a Boat in the River 1) Down stream(9 = 0°) TpVex AWPVe Resultant velocity of the boat = Veq + Vq ‘The time taken for the boat to move adistance “d’ along the direction of flow of water is. _ a Vg ign) 2)Upstream (9 =180°): Resultant velocity ofthe boat = Vig ~ Vp ‘The time taken forthe boat to move a distance 5 4 Scanned with CamScannerERIE ee “d’ opposite to the direction of flow of water is. d Va-¥ (2) 17. Motion of a Boat crossing the river in shortest path: b= ‘The angle made by the boat with normal to the Mo Vw (b) The angle between the direction of motion of boat and the direction of river flow of water is Sing = flow=90+ 0 (6) Resultant velocity V= (Vy — Varo (@) Time taken to cross the river where d is the width of the river (©) Teas 18, ‘To cross the river in the shortest tim B Veo Cc ed Vea x a (a) Time taken to cross the river t=. fav (b) Resultant velocity Vie, = {Vy + Vac (©) The boat reaches the other bank at an angle c, Vwa Tana= ye. (4) The drift (x) = Met=Ke(se) 19, Scalar or dot product ™ ‘The dot product of two vectors B and G is given by P.O= POcosé a) Itisa Scalar b) BGO when 0-90" Perpendicular Vectors) ©) BP 19 when @ = 0? (Parallel Vectors) 20. ees 4) Angle between two vectors and Gis given Ba PQ ) The component of along G by the relation cos 6 f) The component of @ along p = geos0=P 9 a ee 4) Veetor compenent of B along is (P.0)0 1b) Vector component of @ slong is (0.P) P i+P,j+P.e and 0-0 +03+0. thenb RQ +RQ+hQ, 1) Examples of dot product: Work W= FS Magnetic Flux ¢ = BA ‘Yeetor or cross product: ‘The cross product of two veetors and @ is given by PxQ=PQsindii Where jj is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing 6 and @ a) Itisa vector. b) Direction is given by right hand screw rule ©) PxQ=6 when 0° (Parallel Vectors) 10? 4) [PxO| = PQ when 9 = (Perpendicular Vectors) Oo, 2, Scanned with CamScannerai (7.0.- 2.0, )i-(F.0,—P.0,)i+(R0,-R,0,)k ) Unit vector normal to both and g is PxO [Po] h) Iftwo vectors and G are parallel constant or BxG=0 a& @ @ i) If Band G represents the sides of a parallelogram then the area of the parallelogram is [Px6| J) Tf di, and d; represents the diagonals of a parallelogram then the area of the parallelogram is Hoa K)IF A and B represents the sides of a triangle then the area of the triangle is 4 xB] 1) A,B and G are coplanar, if A(BxC) m) Examples of cross product : ') Angular momentum 7 _ 7, i) Linear velocity 7 ox r ii) Torque 7 = rx F iv) Torque on a magnet 7 = MB v) Force on a conductor #=i(7+8) vi) Force on a charge Faa{ta) vil) Torque on a coil +: (ia) EE IEk aac Scanned with CamScannerMOTION IN A STRAIGHT LIN 1 HORIZONTAL MOTION Distance time ) Speed i) Velocity V dt ity Average speed = Total distance time y) If a body moving along a straight line suffers displacements 5; intime y, 5 intime ,.....5) intime Stytuts hth tantly vi) If an object travels first half of the total joumney witha speed v, and next half with a speed v, yathen = thenits average speed is Quy, Vag = v+¥, vii)If a body travels first 1/3 rd ofthe distance with a speed v, and second 1/3rd of the distance with a speed ¥ v, and last 1/3rd of the distance with a speed v, then the average speed 3vivav, on PE VAVy FVGVy +VSVy, viii) If an object travels with speeds v,, v, V, etc., during time intervals t,t, t,etc., WM YL Ht thenitsaveragespeed = Et re, +, ix) Acceleration :- The rate of change of velocity -_ av is known as acceleration @=—~ Equations of motion for a body moving with constant acceleration along a straight line. ws-(S4)e ivy? ) V=usat ? + 2as tae s=ut+—at ii) 2 spausalant 3. ee Applications 1) If a particle starts from rest and moves wi uniform acceleration ‘a' such that it travels distances Sj, ands, in the mth and nth see then m-n ii) A particle starts from rest and moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration. If's' is the distance travelled inn seconds and s,, is the distance travelled in the nth second then s iii) Moving with uniform acceleration, a body crosses a point '’ witha velocity Ww and another point ‘y" witha velocity ‘v’. Then it willeross the mid point of x’ and "with velocity tt ¥, 3 y iv) If a bullet loses (1/n)" ofits velocity while passing through a plank, then the minimum no. of such planks required to just stop the bullet is mas 1 v) The velocity of a bullet becomes ~~ of the initial velocity while penetrating a plank. The number of such planks required to stop the bullet. nv “Wal 1 vi) A bullet loses ~ of its velocity while penetrating a distance x into the target. The further distance travelled before coming to rest. “fe a 1 vii) Ifthe velocity of a body vecones() of itsinitial velocity aftera displacement of x’ then it will come to rest after a further displacement x of ¥ Scanned with CamScannerae viii) If the particles are located at the sides of n sided symmetrical polygon with eachside aand ‘each particle moves towards the other, then time after which they meet is ial separation ~ Relative velocity of approach and T=——*__. 2vsis'(4) a Shoatosahesbe poles =T=23, For Triangle n=3 > T=; For Square n=4 =t=4 2a For hexagon, n=6 => T=" 4, VERTICAL MOTION Ifa particle is thrown vertically downwards with a velocity u, the equations of motion can be written i)Veuege yv%ut= 2gh 1 iiiyh—uts 5 9? 5, FREELY FALLING BODY i), Ifa particle is dropped from a certain height b. a=+gandu=0 1) Velocity attained after falling for a time t is V =st iv) S,=u+ 2 Qn iv)S,=0+ 5 Qn) 1 bb) Distance fallen ina time "Y is h= 5 gt? ¢) Time taken to fall a distance his t= 2% 8 4) Velocity attained after falling a distance h is v= en e) Distance travelled in the n" sec, is = § Ont) Pee 1) Ratio of distances fallen in successive equal intervals of time is 1: 3: 5:7... (2n-1) 2) Ratio of distances fallen in 1s, 28,38 .o...08 is 1:4:9 1, ‘h) Ratio of the time taken to fall successive equal distances is 4:(/3-1:W3-V9):(4-W3): ii) A freely falling body passes through two points. A and B in time intervals of 1, and f, from the start, then the distance between the two points A and Bis 36-8) ii) A stone is dropped into a well of depth 'h, the sound of splash is heard after a time of ahh t 8 Veouna iv) A freely falling body passes through two points A and B at distances hand h, from the start, then the time taken by it to move from A to B is Eglo v) Two bodies are dropped from heights h, and h, simultaneously. Then after any time the distance between them s equal to (b=). vi) Astone is dropped into arriver fromthe and afier ‘x’ seconds another stone is projected down into the river from the same point with a velocity of ‘u’.Ifboth the stones reach the water simultaneously, then S,/,) = S, building can reach the ground in t, sec. Tt is stopped in its path after t, sec and again dropped fieely from the point. The further time taken by it to reach the grounds t, = Hy [st ‘We know that H, = H, +H, Scanned with CamScannerVERTICALLY PROJECTED BODY Ifa particle is projected vertically up witha velocity u, acceleration is a=~ g. 1) Equations of motion are iyh=ut- b) i) velocity at the highest point is zero. ii) velocity and acceleration are in opposite ircctions. wv ii) Maximum Height Hye = 35 iv )Time of ascent, t, = w/g v)Time of flight, T=2wg vi) time of ascent = time of descent 1? nH 8 vid Hs = viii )Speed at any point in ascent = speed at ‘same point in descent ©) If body rises through a height ‘in nth second, then in (n — 1)" sec it will rise through a height (i+ g) and in n+ 1) second it will rise through, a height (/t— g). 4) If velocity of body in n!® second is ‘v" then in (a = 1)" second itis (v-+ g) and that in (n+ 1)s it is (vg) while ascending, €) Inespective of velocity of projection, all the bodies pass through a height $ in the last second of ascent, ) A body is projected vertically up witha velocity of ‘u’ from ground in the presence of constant air resistance ‘R’. If it reaches the ground with a velocity "V’, then ') Height of ascent = Height of descent mu t, ip Time of ascent fe = TR 10 ees mV it) Time of descent mg-R WW) t, i) Abody is dropped from the top edge of.a tower ofheight “h’ and at the same time another body is projected vertically up from the foot of the tower with a velocity ‘u’, tyre Ut a) The separation between them after ‘’ seconds = (hut) h ') The time after which they meet t= c) Theheight at which they meet above the 9 ground = (»-25) 4) The time after which their velocities are equal uw inmagnitudesis "= >, Scanned with CamScannerae i) PROJECTION FROM THE TOP OF A TOWER: Ifa body is projected vertically up from the top of a tower of height h with a velocity u and takes ‘seconds toreach the ‘ground then height of tower et he-utt Se t= £ (b) The velocity of the body at the foot of the tower v= lu +2gh (©) Velocity of the body after ‘sec. is vsu-gt i) If.an object is dropped from a balloon rising up with a velocity u at a height h 18) Equation of motion relative to earth is 1 ha-ur+ Sg? t+ >t b) Distance between the object and balloon after 1 atime of after dopis X= (Wh= ut) =F 9 ii) Ifa body is projected vertically up with a velocity u from a tower and it reaches the ground with a velocity nu. then the height of the tower is, wos no @?=1 ye iv) A particle projected vertically up from the top of a tower takes tys to reach the ground. Another particle thrown downwards with the same velocity from the top of the tower takes. t, seconds to reach the ground, 4) In the first and second case body reaches the ‘ground with the same velocity b) Ifthe particle is dropped from the top of the tower, then time taken by it to reach the ground is, tev c) height of the tower is h = L peti 4) Velocity of projection is u = Fare) Pee 1” Scanned with CamScannerMOTION ees IN A PLANE 1 12 OBLIQUE PROJECTION a) Horizontal component of velocity u, =ucos? b) Initial vertical component of velocity a, =usine €) Velocity of projection u = fur,? + o mara -me (2) ©) Initial velocity vector is ww =u, itu, j 1 Velocity after time “t” : ii) horizontal component of velocity through out the motion is constant, 1, =1cosO ii) Vertical component of velocity changes with time usin ~ gt iv) Velocity of the particle » to horizontal. fection of motion w. mc) 2) Athighest point is ) uCos 0 in the horizontal direction, ii) Vertical component of velocity v, = 0 i) Velocity and acceleration are perpendicular to ‘each other at the highest point, iii) Change in velocity till t reaches highest point = usin @ iv) Change in velocity for complete trajectory = 2 u. sin @ h) If y= Ax—Bx? represents equation of a projectile then ’) Angle of projection @ = (A) _ felra’) ii) Initial velocity [|= 7) fu a A ii) Range of the projectile R= 5 iv) Maximum height H_ rr 2A" v) Time of fight (7) =. Be i) If horizontal and vertical displacement of projectile are respectively x=ar and y=br-cr? then a(t ’) angle of projection 0 ~tax @) ii) velocity of projection y= Ja? +b" iii) acceleration of projectile = 2c BR iv) maximum height reached = 7 ab \) horizontal range =~ |) Velocity of the projectile when it moves perpendicular to its initial velocity is ucot ® . Time taken for the velocity to become perpendicular to uw ial velocity is Tig @ the ) Position of the projectile after time ‘t’: If-x and y represent the horizontal and vertical displacements with respect to the point of projection “seconds after projection x= (ueos O)t fe , Lia iiyy= (usin O)t- > et ii) Equation of trajectory is Y= (tand)x. iv) A=tanO ; Scanned with CamScannerae at A H_A n=4_, R=A ong Ho A ; Range and 1) Height, range and time of flight wsin?@ 2g ii) Maximum height attained is maximum when 0 = 90° (body projected vertically up) inTiwal Usind _ 2H ii tt, = =f ime of ascent = ® iv) Time of flight 4,= i) Maximum height attained H = 2u, v) Range R = u,{ > g g Liao vi RtanO=4H= 21° ris ime of fight. vii)If projected from level ground range is maximum when angle of projection 0 = 45°. w Viii) Ryyy= "5 + 0 = 45° (with the level ground) g Pu ix) Time of flight T = ae m) In terms of range, equation of trajectory is = xtano(1-= y= no(1-2) 1) At maximum height, KE 1 1 pe? = Emu? cos?0 2 PE=mgH gu, = me sin? Tea hme 2 At@ =45°, KE=PE ©) Complementary angles of projection : '). Fora given velocity of projection forrange:is equal angles of projection are @ and (90-0). Pee i) 1)IC 7, and Tare the times of flight then b) AZ 2 => T,TaR iii) H, and H,, are maximum heights then tan’@ py H, +H, “35 OR=4JHH, d) Ry =2(H,+H,) p)ITR=H,,,.5 then @ = tan! (4) = 76° 4) The projectile crosses the points A, D in time interval 4, seconds and B,C in time interval ht 1, seconds then fi (his the distance between BC and AD) D 1)A projectile is fired witha speed watan angle @ with the horizontal. Its speed when its direction of motion makes an angle a with the horizontal. v=ucos@ sec a 8) velocity of a projectile at half of maximum projected with a velocity U=ai+bj thenthe radius of curvature of the trajectory ofthe particle at the (aav?)” a i) point of projectionis r= e i Highest pointis =" iil) Expression for radius of curvature is (velocity)? ‘normal acceleration 13 Scanned with CamScanner2. 14 wos? ‘gcossa a isanglemade by ¥ with horizontal HORIZONTAL PROJECTILE MOTION : | | SR 1) Velocity after time t 4) horizontal component of velocity v, = u (C: horizontal component of velocity constant) i) vertical component V, (y= distance fallen) ii) Net velocity v= V3 iv) Direction of motion or angle made by velocity ‘vector with the horizontal is v(m b) Velocity on reaching the ground is v= yur 42h ah ) Time of flight =P It is independent of the velocity of projection @) Position of the projectile after time t : {) Horizontal displacement after time tx = ut, 1 2a fi )Height fallen in time “ty = ) Equation of path f)If ar is angle of elevation of point of projection from the point where body hits the ground then ahaa _st R ut 2u tan = tane= 2 tana ees £) 0 is the angle with which body reaches the ground Case (i) : Tfthe body is projected at an angle @ inupward direction from the top ofthe tower then u 4] | = a) The time taken by projectile to reach same 2usind & b) The time taken by projectile to reach ground level as point of projection is 7 = Lip -usino)er sat ©) The horizontal distance from foot of the tower where the projectile lands is given by =ucos0xt 4d) The velocity with which it strikes the ground yi +2gh ©) The angle at which it strikes the ground Ifthe body is projected at angle @ from top of the tower inthe downward direction, then a) The time taken by projectile to reach ground , 1 is calculated from h=(usin@ )« +580 ) The horizontal distance from foot of the tower where the projectile lands is given by x=ucosOxt Scanned with CamScanneraie ©) The velocity with whi v= yu? +2gh 4) The angle at whichit strikes the ground [aa it strikes the ground = tan ucosé h) Two bodies are projected horizontally from top ofthe tower of height /: inopposite directions with velocities 1, and u, then i) The time after which their velocity vectors. ‘are making an angle @ witheach other vine 8 We oo 2 g 2 ii) The distance between them when their velocity vectors are making an angle g with ha g iil) The time after which their position vectors are making an angle @ with each other each other x= (i, +1, a cot = 2 avium 0 = Ms op 2 & iv) The distance between them when their displacement vectors are making an angle @ with each other is (u, +15) MH cot 2 g 2 i) Two tall towers having heights h, and h, are separated by a distance d. A person throws a ball horizontally with velocity x from the top of the. first tower to reach the top of the second tower then a IE Pee i) Time taken 7 ii) Horizontal distance travelled q = ur ‘j) Aball rolls off from the top of a stair case with horizontal velocity u. Ifeach step has height *h’ and width “b” then the ball will just hit the: o* step, directly fn equal to ght k) Fromthe top of the tower of height h, one stone is thrown towards east with velocity u, ‘and another s thrown towards north with velocity u, . The distance between themafter striking the ground, 2h =tj@eu, t= /— da=tyup rus, 1) 15 Scanned with CamScannerNEWTON'S LAW OF MOTIO 1 16 Momentum ‘The linear momentum of a particle is the product of. =mv Change in momentum of a body in different cases its mass and velocity. Change in momentum of body= AP = B, —B Where P= initial momentum , = final momentum aban, |AP|=|B, — B|=,/P? +P —2P,Rcosd where g =angle between P, and # Case (i) : If it hits a wall and comes to rest, (Change in momentum ofthe body es — away fromthe wall. Case (ii) :If the body hits a rigid wall normally with speed v, and rebounds with speed v, then 0 =180°. ees — (nmi)? ]-[(on,) 7], |AP|=m(v,-+y,), along the normal and. away from the wall. Case (iii) : Abody of mass ‘m’ moving with speed. *y hits a rigid wallat an angle of incidenceg and rebounds with same speed *v? Apisalong the normal,away from the wall my cos@ i—mycos6 i vsin® j—mvsind j Case(iv) : In the above case if g is the angle made with wall then |AP| the normal and away from the wall, Newton's I Law According to Newton II law of motion, the rate of change of linear momentum of a particle is equal to the net force on the particle. 2my sin @, along a)If wand v are the ial and final velocities of particle of mass m and average force acting on the particle ina time interval ‘t" is Fe Scanned with CamScannerae b) If a particle of mass m, strikes a rigid surface normally, and rebounds with the same speed v, the change in linear momentum ofthe particle is 2 mV. If tis time of contact then force on particle is 2mV_ t ©) If a particle of mass m, strikes a rigid surface with a speed v, with the direction of motion making an angle 0, with the normal to the surface and rebounds with the same speed at the same angle, the magnitude of the change in momentum of the particle is 2mV Cos0 perpendicular and away from the wall. Ift is time of contact then force on particle 2mVeos® F is B= t ) Froma nozzle of area of crosssection A, liquid of density d, issues out with a velocity ‘v" horizontally and strikes a vertical wall then i) If water does not bounce back ice it falls dead or rops dead after striking the wall, then the force exerted on the wall is F = Av"d ii) If'water bounces back with the same speed then force exerted on the wall is F=2avd ili) If water rebounces with velocity v', then the force excrted on the wall is F=Advv+v)) iv) In the above case if water strikes the surface at angle 0 with the normal and reflects with the same speed and at the same angle, force exerted on the wall is 2dAv? Cos0.. ©) If gravel is dropped on a conveyor belt at the rate of {extra force required to keep the belt dt moving with velocity u is (3) Fou(T ) Tf-a gun fires n bullets per second each with velocity u and m is mass of the bullet, the force required to hold the gun in its position Fenmu, 2) A metallic plate of mass ‘M is kept held in mid air by firing ‘n’ bullets/second each of mass ‘m’ from below with speed u and if the bullets rebound. with same speed after striking the plate, then, Rate of change of momentum of ballet a) b) ©) 4) NEW Koy eight ofthe plate .2mnu=Mg hy The force needed to stop a body moving with a speed u ina distance S is mu? 28 Stopping distance Sau? (if. Impulse Impulse, J =F, At= mv-mu Incase of variable force j- fF aemv—me ‘The area under F ~t graph gives impulse. If force F, acts on a body for time t,, F, fort,. F, fort, , ... then total change in momentum is equal 10 Fat hy bP ton Single Object connected to a string ‘A block of mass m hangs at the end of a massless string. When the block accelerates in the upward direction or decelerates in downward direction, the tension in string is T =m (p+). When the block is accelerated in the downward direction or decelerates in upward direction T=m(g- a). ‘When the block is moved up or down with uniform speed the tension T = mg. Lift problem If elevator accelerates up : Apparent weight N = m(g + a) ‘Tension in the cable T = (Mgisator + Manan) (82). If elevator accelerates downward : Apparent weight N = m(g-a) Tension in the cable T= (Maetor + Mina) (8) Note : Same is the case if elevator moving upward is decelerated If elevator falls freely (cable breaks) : N=0 i.e apparent weight of a body in a free fall=0 If elevator moves up or down with uniform velocity : 7 Scanned with CamScannerDENK oko) 18 Apparent weight = N = mg ‘Tension in the cable T = (Meseyator + Menan) & Law of conservation of momentum RECOIL OF GUN: mi +m¥, =0 Negative sign shows that as bullet moves in for- ward direction the gun moves in backward direc- tion ie. the gun recoils. ')_ If’ ¥"is the muzzle velocity of bullet (velocity = my of bullet wirt. gun) the velocity of gun 7 =" i) KE=P". As p= constant, the bullet has greater kinetic energy than the gun KEgun _m, KEbullet my EXPLOSIONS: i) If a stationary shell breaks into two fragments, they will move in opposite 8, with veloci- ties in the inverse ratio of their masses. Mom Vem, ii) In the above case, the Kinetic energy of the two fragments is inversely propotional to their masses. KE, _m KE, m, iii) Ifa stationary body breaks into three parts out of which the first two parts move at right angles tocach other with momenta p, and p, respectively, then the momentum of third partis determined as follows Ps = yP; +P and direction of p, is given by PE tang = P2 Py ees P, makes an angle 5 +0 with P, ROCKET PROPULSION : ‘Velocity of a rocket at any instant of time is given by =u, +v, log, ™ m ‘mg = mass of the rocket at Vg = velocity of the rocket at m= mass ofthe rocket at any instant of time locity of the rocket at any instant of time vy, = velocity of the exhaust gases relative to the rocket a) If the rocket is to moveup with constant speed ‘over coming its weight then wy at = Mg b) If the rocket moves up with constant acceleration ‘a’, then Thrust on the rocket = ( dm ‘Thrust on the rocket = >}! =Mg + Ma Applications of pseudoforce ‘An object Kept on a smooth inclined plane can be kept stationary relative to the incline by giving a horizontal acceleration of g tang as shown. . Normal reaction acting on object is N= mg sec@ (M+ m) gtan g (M is mass of wedge) is the force to be applied on the wedge. Note :Ifinclination is given as 1 inx, sind Tex 2a = Acceleration @= gtand tané Acceleratomer (A pendulum is suspended from the roof a moving car.) iL Oo 0 (acceleration) Scanned with CamScannerae 10. a) b) 1) If the car is moving with uniform velocity, the position of the bob does not change b) Ifthe car moves with acceleration or retardation, the bob moves in opposite direction to that of acceleration. ‘The forces acting on the bob are, weight mg, tension in the string T and pseudo force ma. For the equilibrium of bob, tan0=ma/mg = tan 9 sag T= mya? tg? ) In the above ease if the car is moving along a horizontal circular track, pseudo force is mr@o* mre” mg ma and tan 9 =~. mg 2m gtand or ro*= gtan 9 Here mre*is centrifugal force. An object of mass m is kept on a wedge of mass M. The wedge is moved with an acceleration ‘a’ such that the object moves down like a freely falling body. (no friction) Here a= g.cot @ Motions of Bodies in contact FE om | my — Acceleration produced in both bodies F Force Total mass m +m, Force required to produce ‘an acceleration 'a' in m, mF m+ ‘The contact force on F, ‘When three bodies are lying in contact on a hori- zontal smooth table : when the force acts on a body of mass m, DEV NSN Uk moe) | in, P| Representation of action and reaction forces. ms rexcticn Action reaction Action t ‘The contact force between m, and m, is T, and that between m, and m, is T,- m) ms —F +m, 4m, pat mF im, +m, +m, m,+m, +m, If the force F acts on the body of mass im, mE m+, +m, 11. Motion of bodies connected by strings (n¢.)F n,+m, +m, T Roe t 1 mr | 3, F me * F mF a= r. mt, 294, ty Acceleration produced in the system. 22h, ne ma. F 2 ih = F = m+ m, +m, ‘Tension produced in the first string mE m, +m, +m, ‘Tension produced in second string T,=ma= 19 Scanned with CamScannerDEOL (rm, +m, )F m-+m,-+m, O° FT ma) ‘Tension produced in the third string 1,=F 12 ATWOOD’S MACHINE. m,+m, "> 2mm, and = em, © T ‘The reaction at the pulley ? a fl 4mm, mg a me R27 Tm a) Ifthe pulley begins to move with acceleration @ then i) Ifthe pulley accelerates upward , then net -¢ aaa and Tier (Bt en M,+M, ii) Ifthe pulley accelerates downward, then se (it M+M, Ma. Jeo and (ae) ‘Thrust onthe pulley when it comes downward with Tet (ga) rat MM, (ga) (MyM) b) In the above case, if the pulley is not massless rather has finite mass M and radius R, then tensions in two segment strings are different, say T, and T,. ‘Then equations of motion. acceleration ‘a’ is, h [20,+¥| tf) 7" 2 ; ge 2d, A nem att * [a] | T or 20 ees a Tf the coefficient of kinetic friction between the table and mass is #2, then mdse m—pm, m+m, )® 7m +m, 14, Acceleration and Tension in the string when bodies are connected as shown in the figure if M,>M,. a 7 Ms 15, When the two masses m, and m, are hanging as shown in the figure and m, > For the mass m,, T-m,g sing = ma For the mass m,,m,g-T = ma a1 Scanned with CamScannerae 16. 17. 18, solving these equations, we get = Me=msind , ¢_mmgd+sind) m, +m, m, +m (s0°- 0) a T=m,(g-0); P= 2Teos If in the system shown in the figure, m, > m,, the acceleration ‘a’ of the system is given by a= (sina m,sinp) A force F is applied on the massless pulley as shown in the figure and string is connected to the block on smooth horizontal surface. Then FED and T= mag ‘Ifthe block moves adistance ‘x’ the pulley moves 12 (Total ength ofthe string remains constant) 4, ‘Therefore acceleration of the pulley = a ke Fe © 2m 2m Am™ MASSES CONNECTED BY SPRINGS DEVINE Uk OL) 24 Scanned with CamScanner22 FRICTIO’ [FORMULAS] Laws of Friction: Friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction acting on the body. ‘The law of static friction may thus be written as, f.$ M,N . Where the dimensionless constant 1, is called the coefficient of static friction and N is the magnitude of the normal force. = Limiting fietion A Coefficient of kinetic friction (H,) =p Coefficient of rolling fiction (14,) = 4 Note : U.,>Hy> Hy Net contact force & Angle of Friction: Mi I me R=\f'+ ‘When the block is static tang £ o<¢, N tang, cn Block on a rough fixed horizontal surface 8) applied force F = 0, the force of friction is zero. F (Applied geforce N f 'b)_Trapplied force F < fy, the block does not move fF ©) If applied force F = fy block just slides and f= uN] @) Ifwe continue to apply a force F= fy, the block slides with an acceleration given by la=(u,— 1 )8| ) Once the block slides, force of friction on the block is kinetic frictional force (f,) = 14mg and the force of friction is, frictional force es ih an acceleration under 1) I the block sides the influence of an external force F, the Foi 2) If the block slides with uniform velocity, the applied force is [F= fy acceleration of the block is fa 4, Sliding block on a horizontal surface comming to rest : . 4) The acceleration of the block is [a =—H,8) )_ Distance travelled by the block before comming torest is ©) time taken by the block to come to rest u ist = 48 Pulling a block or roller 6 Fsingy F a) If the pulling force is such that F cos me, friction developed is mg only. €) If'a book is pressed between two hands, each hhand with a force F, then the book will be ready tosslide if 24F=mg Pe oa 10. Block infront of lorry ‘77> ‘The minimum acceleration with which the truck should travel, so that the body may not slide down is 2 u ‘IL. Block in a lorry : pred pa era foreeg_|m 12. 13, obst $f soit a) The maximum acceleration of the lorry for which block begins to slide on the floor of the la= 1.8 lorry is b) Ifa pus g block does not slide and friction force on the block is f = ma €) Ifa > pis g block slips or slides on the floor. The acceleration (a) of the block relative to lorry is |a' =a—n,8| 4) In the above case, acceleration of the block relative to earth is Hyg (or) (a -al) ©) If ¢ isthe distance of the block from rear side of the truck, time taken by the block to cover 20 adistance ¢ Dae Car moving on an unbanked circular road 4) Maximum speed with which curve can be negotiated without skidding is, v, ow = Hr b) The maximum angular velocity is An insect is crawling in a hemispherical bowl of radius ‘r’. Maximum height upto which it can crawl is 23 Scanned with CamScanner1 =r (1-cos0) =7] 1 h=r (1-cos@) ( i) ‘Maximum angular displacement upto which itcan crawl is ‘9°. Then 1, = tan@ 14, Connected Bodies : > Ablock of mass m, placed on arough horizontal surface, is connected to block of mass m, by a string which passes over a smooth pulley:The coeflicient of frictionbetween m, and the table is A a °) 4) e) es cient of static friction between the two blocks. If a <}1,g blocks move together and applied force is F = (m,+m,) a If a < j1,g frictional force between the two blocks ma The maximum applied force for which both blocks move together is Fmax=}1,9 (m,+m,) IF FoR. block slip relative to each other and have different accelerations.The acceleration of the upper block is a, = 1,9 and lower block a, =Fowma m; Case — Il: (Upper block pulled and there is no friction between lower block and the horizontal surface) +s AN or f< 7 iG ate fre ] Y mg For body of mass m, mg-T=m,a “ For body of mass m, T-f,=ma>T-p,N = ma— (ii) Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), we get 15, Block on Block : Case between lower block and the horizontal surface) + (lower block pulled and ther Gi f- - a Ms |r * 1) When the lower block is pulled upper block is, accelerated by the force of friction acting upon it, b) The maximum acceleration of the system of ‘two blocks for them to move together without slipping is a= 1,9. where }1, is the coeffi- a) ») °) 4) e) ‘When the upper block is pulled, lower block is accelerated by the force of friction acting upon 5 ‘The maximum acclration ofthe sytem of two blocks for them to move together without =H, Bg Mg (}1,=coefficient of static friction between the two blocks) Traca,,. f some Ifa F,,, blocks slide relative to each other and here have different accelerations. The slippingis a... jonal force between the two blocks acceleration of the lower block is an, = Be and the acceleration ofthe upper block is a, -fomm9) m, Scanned with CamScannerae 16. Block on a smooth inclined plane ) If q is the angle of repose then [u, = tana x b) If @ The time taken bya body to slide down ona rough inclined plane is ‘n’ times the time taken by it to slide down on a smooth inclined plane ‘of same inclination and length then coefiicient of frictionis... = =n 17. Block on a rough inclined plane 18. 19. ¢) IF @ = q thentheblockis in limiting equilibrium. The force of friction is [F=f=n, mgcos a; Img sind =f, ] 4) If the inclination is maintained at @ = othe block will eventually slide down with an [4= m4] Vien ) Lf the block slides down the inclined plane with acceleration equal to |*=& uniform velocity [1, = tan 6) 1) If a>c. the block slides down with an acceleration given by a=g [sing - ,,c0s0 J: 8) Velocity at the bottom of the plane is v= aal(sind —p, cond) = J2gh( I~ 1, cot) Body projected up a rough inclined plane: Ifabodyis projected with aninitial velocity ‘w'to slide up the plane, the kinetic frictional force acts down the plane and the body suffers retardation due toaresultant force F,=(mg sin 04f,) acceleration a= - g(sing +H, cos) ‘Time taken to stop after travelling a distance! along a the plane, Bind + 1 cosd) a) Abodyis released from rest fromthe top of an inclined plane of length ‘L’ and angle of inclination L ‘g’. The top of plane of length (ted) is smooth and the remaining partis rough. Ifthe body comes to rest on reaching the bottom of the plane then find the value of coefficient of friction ofrough surface H=Tand| sa 7 ») Abody is pushed down with velocity ‘u' from the top of an inclined plane of length‘L and angle of inclination ‘9 '. The top of plane of length 25 Scanned with CamScannerGi 26 (1 > 1) isrough and the remaining partis smooth, Ifthe body reaches the bottom of the plane with a velocity equal to the initial velocity “u', then the value of coefficient of friction of rough plane is| IM =n(tan@)) eee Scanned with CamScanneraie WORK POWER ‘ORMULAS| Work done by a constant force Tfaconstant force F displaces abody by § , then work done by the force W = F.S Work Done by a Variable Force Interms of rectangular component PoP i+Pj+Kk, ds=dsit+dyj+dck 2W= [2+ 8+ ROMs +asj-+dk) . 2 * or.W =f, (Fact) Ray+fe Fdz Applications Ifa force is changing linearly from F, to F, over a displacement S then work done is Eth), 2 Ifaforce displaces the particle fromits initial position 7; to final position r, then displacement we vector is W=FS=F (1-7) A uniform solid cylinder of mass m, length J and radius ris lying on. ground withcurved surface in contact with ground. If it is turned such that its circular face is in contact with ground then work done by applied force is L wana=me(e) ( ‘The minimum workdone by the lifting force is W,=Fh =+mgh Deaeaeeneaca > Work done by tension inthe string when the body moves upward through distance ‘his W= m (e+ ah Inthe above case if the body moves downward with acceleration ‘a’ then workdone by the ten- sioninthe stringis [W= -m(g-a)h]. > a). Abody of mass ‘mis placed ona friction less horizontal surface. A force Facts on the body parallel to the surface, such that it moves with an acceleration ‘a. The workdone by the force acting on the body when its displacement is, is given by [W = FS = mas »). Ifbody moves with uniform velocity on ahori- zontal frictionless surface. The workdone on the body is W=0. ©). Iiftictional force is considered between the body and the surface then the workdone by the foree to move the body with uniform velocity is [w= Wms] 4). In the above case if the body moves with uni- form acceleration a workdone by the force is |W=(f+ma)s =(\1,.mg-+ma)s} > — Abody ofmass'm' and of density ’‘d,'lies ina non viscous liquid of density ‘d,.‘The minimum workdone to lift the body with uniform velocity 27 Scanned with CamScannerDaren ach es through a height ‘sin the liquid is, > Abucket full of water of total mass 'M'is lifted up with uniform velocity using a uniformrope of mass ‘m' and length'¢' Work done by the lifting force in lifting the bucket full of water by means ofthe rope is [w= Mar-+medl > Apendulumofength carries a bob of mass 'm’ - The bob is pulled aside through an angle g with the ‘ower vertical by ahorizontal force F. ‘Work done by the gravitational force mg —mgL (1—cos 0)| ‘Work done by the horizontal force F is W = FL sind) > A uniform rod of mass'm’ and length Lis sus- pended vertically. Iit is pulled aside through an angle *g'to lower vertical, ‘work done by gravitational force 28 atte, > Aladder of mass ‘mand length’ ‘resting ona level floor is lifted and held against a wall at an angle “g' withthe floor. Work done by the gravitational force is W,=-mgh ‘Where 'b'is the height gained by centre of Sino Since sind =, 4 gravity. Wa —mehang > — Auniform chain of mass 'm' and length '' is sus- pended vertically. The lower end ofthe chainis ied upto the point of suspension. Work done by gravitational force is W,=—mgh. ‘Where ‘h’is the height gained by center of gravity of the lower half of chain, with respect to its inital posi- tionG,. n= 1/441/4=1/2 Work done by the gravitational force is amt =~ mst) Wy= 78 [Mesa > — Auniform chain of mass 'm'and length L'rests ona. ih table having“ part ofits ength hanging down omihe Scanned with CamScannerae edge oftable, The work done by the pulling force to bring the hanging part of chain on tothe tables W= meh =L2n ‘Where ‘his the height gained by C.G of hanging chain with respect to the edge of table. mob W=—2.— 0 On [Ww =mgL/2n"| > Auniform chain of mass'm' and length Lrests on ith aasmooth horizontal table with p part ofits length is hanging from the edge ofthe table. Work done in pull I ing the chain pataly, such that par ishanging from the edge of the table is given by nym > Abody of mass 'm is on a smooth inclined plane of inclination'g 'to horizontal. If is the length of in- Work done by gravitational force in pulling the block down from top to bottom of the incline is W, =mg sind ( Here Work done by normal reactions zero > Abody of mass 'm'is sliding down a rough in- clined plane of inclination g to horizontal. If ¢ "is the length of incline and jt is the coefficient of kinetic fric- tion Work done by gravitational force in pulling the block downto the incline is W, =mg sin® ¢ Work done by frictional force is Wy=- fy 6 =~ mgcosg.¢ Dearne aac Net work done by the resultant force on the body, W = Fk. W = (mgsin 0 jiqme conde 4, Kinetic Energy -. Kinetic energy of the body 5. Potential Energy Potential energy of the body [T= mah] 6. Spring Force : ‘To calculate the work done on the block by the spring force as the block moves from undeformed position X =0to X=, . dW = F.dx. = -Kxdx; [aW = Joka 2 ‘The work done By the spring force is always negative, + Ifthe block moves from X =x, to X= xp, the work done by spring force is Wye {Kea wy =2K(x} x] ‘A spring of force constant 'k' is stretched by small length 'x'. Find the work done in stretching, it farther by asmall length 'y', Ww =2Ky(y-+29) 29 Scanned with CamScannerDieraeleaeen each 7. Potential energy stored in a spring: [-v, =P 2 8. Relation between Kinetic Energy and Linear Momentum Lamy _ pp KE=1m'= 2 bps 2 Om am FP 9. Work - Energy Theorem Statement : "The work done on a particle by thenet force is equal to the change in its kinetic W=K,-K, where K, and K, are the final and initial kinetic energies ofthe particle, 10, Special cases in. work energy theorem, 9) A particle of mass ‘mis thrown vertically up with aspeed u'. Neglecting the air friction , the work done by gravitational force, as particle reaches maximum heightis Wy = Ak =K-K, W, zm [ek, =0] i) A pariticle of mass ‘m'falls freely froma height 'h' in air medium onto the ground. If'V'is the velocity with which it reaches the ground , the work done by air friction is W, and work done by gravitational force W, = mgh W, +0, =Ak, mgh+W, = my r lw, = +m 1°52 ii) A block of mass 'm'slides down a neh frictionless smooth incline of inclination +g° to the horizontal . If his the height of incline , the velocity with which the body reaches the bottom of incline is 1 my? 0 > 28h W, =Ak=mgh 30 es iv) A body of mass im’ starts from rest from the top of arough inclined plane of inclination 'g "and length ? ‘The velocity 'v with which it reaches the bottom of incline if jz, is the coefficient of kinetic friction is W,4+W, =Ak mg sin6)¢+(-y4mg cos6)¢=+ mwv*—0 ng Heng 2 ¥) Bob of pendulum of length’ ¢'is projectile hori- zontally with a speed 'v' at its lowest position then the speed of the bob when it makes an angle g with the lower vertical is, Ww, =Ak, W, vi v vi) A block of mass 'm' attached to a spring of spring constant ‘k’ oscillates on a smooth horizontal table ‘The other end of the spring is fixed to a wall .Ithasa speed 'V' when the spring is at natural length .‘The dis- tance it moves on table before it comes to instanta- neous rest is Ns —x— ee Wop +W, +Wy = Ak Let the mass be oscillating with amplitude x on ‘compressing the spring. Scanned with CamScannerae Wer =- Kx"; W, = mgx cos 90°= W, =Nx cos 90!" sine no work is done by gravity and normal re- nN) — MV i,t, = ¥,-¥, ie Relative velocity of approach before collision = Relative velocity of separation after collision ‘Velocities after collision are Special cases: If colliding particles have equal masses ie m=m,=m; |¥,=,], 1 Iftwo bodies are of equal masses and the second body is at rest i. Allighter particle collides with heavier particle which is at rest m, <<< m, ii, =6 Abeavier body collides with lighter body at rest m.>>>m;, ily A body of mass m, moving with a velocity v, collides elastically with a stationary mass m, a) Velocity of ‘first body after collision ¥ ») Velocity of second body after collision ees ©) Fraction of KE retained by I* body KE, l KE, | m+m d) Fraction of KE transferred from 1" body to second body (or) Fraction of KE lost by I* bodys KE, - Amm, ; KE, (m+m,) ©) Fraction of momentum retained by m, Bm, m,+m, ) Fraction of momentum transferred from I* body to second body Bah Ba }- 2m FRR mem) mm 2. — Coefficient of restitution (e) relative velocity of separation after collision along the line of impact relative velocity of approach before collision along the line of impact eet Fora perfectly elastic collision, e= 1 Foraperfectly inelastic collision, e=0 For other collisions, e lies between 0 and 1 a) Determination of coefficient of restitution ‘Ifa body falls from a height H, and strikes the level ground with velocity of magnitude 'V,' in a time 't,’ seconds and rebounds with velocity of magnitude V, upto a height H, ina time t, seconds Then the coefficient of restitution is given by t (ope=2 Yo c=, (one= 1b) Equation for the height attained by a freely falling body after number of rebounds on the floor A ball is dropped from a height H, . The ball strikes the ground and it rebounds to a height H,. It again falls from that height and rebounds to aheight H, Scanned with CamScannerand soon, ‘The height to which the body rebounds after the n* rebounceis given by H, =e"H, ©) Application1.6: Magnitude of the velocity with which it rebounds from the ground after n" colli- sion. V,=e'V where v=./2gH, @ Equation for time of asent of the body after n™ 2H, collision with groundis,t, = e"t where t g ¢) Total distance travelled by the ball before stops bouncing. [25] £) Total time taken by the ball to stop bouncing: 2H, (#) Ve 2) Average speed of the ball during its entire journey is given by Average speed = abs] D= Hea] _ false) PE te 2 (I4e) ‘Total distance travelled _ ~“Totaltimetaken h) Average velocity of the ball during its entire ‘Netdisplacement _ journey is given by fee (=e) ‘Total time taken PS] (+e) Average velocity = 4) Total change in momentum before it stops is Cem Application 4) Abody ‘A’ with a momentum ‘P” collides with another identical stationery body ‘B’ one dimensionally. During the collision, ‘B? gives an impulse ‘J? to the body ‘A’. Then the coefficient of restitution is wea 2eP_ 2 e= wy PP k) Aparticle of mass m moving with a speed u strikes asmooth horizontal surface at an angle a . The particle rebounds at an angle with a speed v. ‘The coefficient of restitution is ‘’. cosa = VCOS fh ne (1) By def of coefficient of restitution we get eusina=vsin B —(2) from (1) and (2) ,tan f= etanor tan (Onrsquaring eq (1) and (2) and adding we get =u (cos*a+e*sin? cr) veuvcos® c+e’ sin’ 1 Aballis projected with an initial velocity ‘n’ at an angle ‘gto the horizontal surface as shown, in figure. If ‘e” is the coefficient of restitution between the balll and the surface, then ad 35 Scanned with CamScannerEs b) The time interval between Ist and 2nd ©) Similarly, the time interval between 2nd and 3rd 2(eu)sin® 8 ®) a) The horizontal distance covered by the ball before Ist collision is = sine ycosoxT g b) ‘Thehorizontal distance covered by it between Ist and 2nd collisions is R, =ucos0xeT=eR ©) Similialy, the horizontal distance covered between 2” and 3" collisions is =eT R, =ucos8xe"T =eR ii) a) The maximum height reached by the ball before 1* collision is sin? _(usin6)" H 2g 2g +b) Maximum height it reaches between 1* and 2** collisions is (cusiney —— aH 2g ) Similarly maximum height between 2 and 3% collisions is (*usind) (Casino) os 2g 3, SEMIELASTIC HEAD ON COLLISION ©- ©= © O-O- Reforecolson —Dysingcalision —Afereallision =e(u-4) (aces) Bee ae m, +m, m, (1+ e)u, m, +m, 36 ee] 4. PERFECTLY INELASTIC HEAD ON COLLISION After collision Before collision my, +m,U, m, +m, ©.Common velocity, Loss of K.E (AK.E) of the system = Tnitial total KE — Final total KE mm; Fm,rmy 5. BALLISTIC PENDULUM Let the bullet gets embedded in the block and the system rises to.a height ‘h’ as shownin the figure. |AK.E= , Common velocity, ¥ mu m+M ., Velocity ofthe bullet, meM pag MM be c(i—cos0) m m = V2gh Scanned with CamScannerCENTRE OF MASS ‘ORMULAS| S.No | SHAPE OF THE BoDY| POSITION OF CENTRE OF FIGURE MASS 1 Circular ring At the centre of the ring 2 Circular dise At the dentre of the dise 3 | Tainusiform straight” | At the geometric centre rod 4 “Triangular plate Atlthe centroid 5 Suave plat At the point of intersection of the diagonals At the pojnt of intersection 6 | Rectangular plate athe ciagonale 7 Hollow or solid At the ceiftre of the sphere sphere : Hollow cone ‘Ata height of h/3 , from the base 5 Solid cone ‘Ata height of v4 from the base Pyramid 37 Scanned with CamScannerCai ao) ees S.No| SHAPEOF THEBODY| POSITION OF CENTRE OF FIGURE i a 11 | Anarcof radius | ata distance of PR sin] — subtending an angle @ at its centre from its centre of curvature of curvature a on the axis of symmetry 2R oo Ata distance of | from its A semi-circle of, ® radius ‘R” centre on thd axis of symmetry Ata distance of |“ distance of | —~ ii) A quadrant of a m2 circle of radius “R’ | its centre ‘o’ on the axis of symmet AR Ata distance of from its 12 | Semi-circular dise centre ‘o’ on the axis of symmetry Ata distance of FE from 13 | Solid hemi-sphere . centre ‘o’ on the axis of symmetry R Hollow hemi-sphere | Ata distance of | — from its 2 4 (or) . Hemi-spherical shell centre ‘o’ on the axis of symmetry Atits centre Within the 15 | Horse-shoe magnet boundary limits 38 Scanned with CamScannerae 1. CO-ORDINATES OF CENTRE OF MASS OF DISCRETE SYSTEM OF PARTICLES (i For two - particle system along a line [ One- dimensionap stem] a SE x SMF = My ooo WD ox, =mabms, oem, Em, ° a4 @) md Similarly =~ lr tm, (4) Ifthere are n- particles of masses m, , m, ,.... situated along x - axis having co - ordinates x,, Xp ous X, Respectively, then the x-co-ordinate of their center of mass [x,.J is given by TR EMR EM My PM tenn My ii) Centre of mass of a system of particles in (two dimensional) Plane : Caixa Also, distance of centre of mass from origin in a plane is d= YK + Von iii) Centre of mass of a system of particles in (Three dimensional) Space : Then position co - ordinates of centre of mass yg VounZan) AEC expressed as 1 TAY EM, Hank MY, my bem, _ mz tmz, im, tm, Fen, Also, distance of centre of mass from originin space is = re Feu Fen iv) Position vector of Centre of mass Let ji, &, Ff, be the position vectors of n-particles having masses m,, m,, .....m, respectively. If & is position vector oftheir CM, then mht. mF m, + Where aityjtak salty,j+ek and Ft ydbek 2. MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS 4) Velocity of centre of mass : m,¥, +m,¥ +. M 39 Scanned with CamScannerCai ao ii) For two particle system velocity of centre of mass, . m,¥, +m,¥, m,+m, a) If particles move in same direction. Then magnitude of velocity of centre of mass from parallelogram law of vectors is m,y,+m,v, =m, +m, b) _andifthey move in opposite direction then m,+m, ©) _Ifthey move perpendicular to each other then (oy) +(mavs Yew m, +m, ii) Momentum of centre of mass : 1 HB Fann AB iv) Acceleration of centre of mass : Ea ma, +m, a, a) When two particles of masses m, and my are moving froma point with accelerations a, and @,at an angle @ with each other, then the acceleration of their centre of mass is given by fmbod + mad +2(mya)(maaa)cos® faa = m,+mz )Ifthey move in the same direction, then @ = 0° = mat mzay and toMy ©) Ifthey move at right angles to each other, then mpa? +m3ay 7 id dey = = 90? and aM in emg 4) If they move in opposite directions, then maj ~myay = 180° and 40M = my 40 eee 3. The acceleration of center of mass of the locks of masses m, and m, (m, >m,) in Atwood’s machine: teu =| mom] t= am, | 2 ‘The magnitude of displacement of centre of mass in tis 55= saul” time “tis §,,= 5 Ton = 4, Mutual forces between two bodies : > When two particles approach each other due to their mutual interaction, then they always meet at their centre of mass. > To asystem of particles m(x,y,), m,(x,y,) another particle of mass m, is added so: that centre of mass shifisto the origin then coordinates of third particle are (my, + mx) (myst) x= mF ™ > Inasystem of two particles of masses m, and ‘m,, when m, is pushed towards m, through a distance d then shift in m, towards m, without altering CM positionis =. > A boy of mass mis at one end of a flat boat of mass M and length / which floats stationary on water. If boy moves to the other end, 4) The boat moves in opposite direction through ml adistance “—Git+m) 4) The displacement of boy with respect to ground. =a (em > Aboy of mass mis standing ona flat boat floating stationary on the surface of water. Ifthe boy starts ‘moving on the boat with velocity V, with respect to boat, then is -mv, {) Velocity ofthe boat wrt. grounds V = 7 indicates boat moves in opposite direction to the velocity of the boy. ii) Velocity of boy wart. ground is V" Scanned with CamScannerRai 5. Iftwo cireular dises of radii r, and r, of same ‘material are kept in contact then the distance of centre of mass of system from centre of a disc of radius r, is given by 6. If two spheres of radii r, and r, of same material are kept in contact, then the distance of centre of mass of the system from centre of a 50) +5) n+p sphere of radius ‘r,’ is given by 5G) +8)| ote 7. Iftwo thin uniform rods oflength aL, of same material are joined to form ‘T”shape as shown in the figure, then the distance of centre of mass of the system from centre of mass of first rod of length L, is given by L E L, 20, +L) ate Ken = 8. Iftwo cylinders of lengths L, anh .» and r, made up of same material are kept in contact. as shown in the figure, then distance of centre of mass of the system from the centre of first cylinder is given by 9. Ifa wire of length ‘2? is bent in the form a circular ring then the shift in center mass is, t Qn ou x 1 10. Ifauniformrod of length Lis bent at the mid point so that the two halves are inclined by anangle g with each other then the shift in center of Caixa) 3} L x==Cos| mass, X=] Proof: Note: If the angle between the two parts is 90° , L 4V2 1. Acireular portion of radius ‘r’ is removed from uniform circular plate of radius ‘R’, then the shift dr? then the shift in centre of mass is * = in centre of mass is, x Where ‘d’ is distance of C.M of removed part from centre of original disc. 12 : Similarly if a spherical portion of radius (r) is removed froma sphere(R) to forma cavity then, then shift in centre of massis given by Where ‘d’ is distance of C.M of removed part from centre of original sphere. 13. Asquare portion of diagonal equal to radius isremoved froma uniform circular plate of radius Ras shown in figure-Then shift in center of mass —k 2(47-1) is, Xsnin = a4 Scanned with CamScannerCai ao 14, A uniform square of side 2L is divided into four equal quadrants. If one of the quadrent is, removed. Then shift in center of mass is Kae =e ND 15. From a uniform square plate of side 2L, a circular portion is removed from one of the quadrant then shift in centre of mass is, *ain 2(16— x) e OL ‘Note-1: The blocks are arranged in such a manner, that each block projects out by same distance, so that the blocks will not fall then the distance of projection of each block from the edge of its bottom, i block is (4) : n Note-2: Ifthe entire system is placed at the edge of a table, so that the blocks will not fall then the equal distance of projection of each block from the edge 42 L ofits bottom block is (4) n+l Scanned with CamScanneraie ROT: TORY MOTIO! ‘ORMULAS| 1, CIRCULAR MOTION : 4) The angle swept by the radius veetor in a given interval of time is called angular displacement . Q=22 N rad, N-Number of rotations, ) Rate of angular displacement is called angular velocity. © = Oltor @ =dg st. ©) ITT is time period and n is frequency then © =2nn= 20/7 4) Ate particle revolving along a circle with uniform speed completes revolutions in t sec, then @=2nmt €) Other units of @ are revolutions per minute(epm). revolutions per second(tps) 1 rps = 60 rpm Iepm= 1/30 rads? Laps=2n rad s! {) Angular velocity of seconds hand 2 2 Zrad $ T 60 30 Angular velocity of minutes hand eg = Gox60~ T8004 § Angular velocity ofhours hand 2n 7 sag + 12x3600 21600 In case of self rotation of earth about its own Qn 24x 60%60 2) Rate of change of angular velocity is called axis @ rad [see angular acceleration = <> e at 2, Relation between linear and angular variables > Relation between linear and angular displacement is ds=rd0 > Relation between linear and angular velocities is v=", v=oxr > — Relation between tangential and angular accelerationis a, qu If angular velocity of a rotating body increases at uniform rate from @, to @, int sec then 1 O=ot+oat? 2 Centripetal acceleration (a) a,=vo =Vit=r0%, Tangential acceleration ‘a," ) IF body moves in a circular path with changing speed it possesses (i) tangential accelaration(a,) (i radial accelaration (a,) ‘nd (ii) angular acceleration (ot) ) a, =dv/dt. (in ms*) ) Resultant linear accelaration of the body a= far tap If a is the angle made by ‘a’ with a, then Tana =" a Centripetal force (F,) 4) Centripetal force Fy = =m mvo r b) Tangential force F, = mrat ©) For a body in non uniform circular motion, resultant force F= Fe +FP = ewer +(mra)’ =mrfo* +a? Applications a) [fan electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e’ moves around the nicleus of atomic number ‘2’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r', centripetal force on it is my’ ot Tr 4ne, b) When a planet of mass ‘m’ moves around the sun ina circular orbit of radius r, | my? _GMm centipetal foree on it =~ ©) If a stone of mass m attached at the end of a string is whirled ina horizontal circle of radius * ¢”, 43 Scanned with CamScanner