Object Oriented Design and Programming
CS 201
Dr. Deepika Gupta
Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD
Sept 23, 2022
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 1 / 14
Lecture No.: 07-08
Function Overloading and
Friend Function
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 2 / 14
Today’s Agenda
1 Function Overloading
2 Overloading Constructor
3 Friend function
4 Friend Classes
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 3 / 14
Function Overloading
Function overloading is the process of using the same name for two or more
functions.
Each redefinition of the function must use either different types of parameters
or a different number of parameters.
These differences make the compiler knows which function to call in any
given situation.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 4 / 14
Function Overloading
Function overloading is the process of using the same name for two or more
functions.
Each redefinition of the function must use either different types of parameters
or a different number of parameters.
These differences make the compiler knows which function to call in any
given situation.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 4 / 14
Function Overloading
Function overloading is the process of using the same name for two or more
functions.
Each redefinition of the function must use either different types of parameters
or a different number of parameters.
These differences make the compiler knows which function to call in any
given situation.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 4 / 14
Function Overloading
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3 i n t myfunc ( i n t i ) ; // t h e s e d i f f e r i n number o f p a r a m e t e r s
4 i n t myfunc ( i n t i , i n t j ) ;
5 i n t main ( )
6 {
7 c o u t << myfunc ( 1 0 ) << " " ; // c a l l s myfunc ( i n t i )
8 c o u t << myfunc ( 4 , 5 ) ; // c a l l s myfunc ( i n t i , i n t j )
9 return 0;
10 }
11 i n t myfunc ( i n t i )
12 {
13 return i ;
14 }
15 i n t myfunc ( i n t i , i n t j )
16 {
17 return i ∗ j ;
18 }
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 5 / 14
Function Overloading: Incorrect Overloading
1 i n t myfunc ( i n t i ) ; // E r r o r : d i f f e r i n g r e t u r n t y p e s a r e
2 f l o a t myfunc ( i n t i ) ; // i n s u f f i c i e n t when o v e r l o a d i n g .
1 v o i d f ( i n t ∗p ) ;
2 v o i d f ( i n t p [ ] ) ; // e r r o r , ∗p i s same a s p [ ]
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 6 / 14
Constructor Overloading
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 #i n c l u d e <c s t d i o >
3 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
4 c l a s s date {
5 i n t day , month , y e a r ;
6 public :
7 d a t e ( c h a r ∗d ) ;
8 d a t e ( i n t m, i n t d , i n t y ) ;
9 v o i d show_date ( ) ;
10 } ;
11 // I n i t i a l i z e u s i n g s t r i n g .
12 d a t e : : d a t e ( c h a r ∗d )
13 {
14 s s c a n f ( d , "%d%∗c%d%∗c%d " , &month , &day , &y e a r ) ;
15 }
16 // I n i t i a l i z e u s i n g i n t e g e r s .
17 d a t e : : d a t e ( i n t m, i n t d , i n t y )
18 {
19 day = d ;
20 month = m;
21 year = y ;
22 }
23 v o i d d a t e : : show_date ( )
24 {
25 c o u t << month << " / " << day ;
26 c o u t << " / " << y e a r << " \n " ;
27 }
28 i n t main ( )
29 {
30 d a t e ob1 ( 1 2 , 4 , 2 0 0 3 ) , ob2 ( " 10/22/2003 " ) ;
31 ob1 . show_date ( ) ;
32 ob2 . show_date ( ) ;
33 return 0;
34 }
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 7 / 14
Friend Function
It is possible to grant a nonmember function access to the private members
of a class by using a friend.
A friend function has access to all private and protected members of the class
for which it is a friend.
To declare a friend function, include its prototype within the class, preceding
it with the keyword friend.
A derived class does not inherit friend functions.
Friend functions may not be declared as static.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 8 / 14
Friend Function: Example
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3 c l a s s myclass {
4 int a , b;
5 public :
6 f r i e n d i n t sum ( m y c l a s s x ) ;
7 void set_ab ( i n t i , i n t j ) ;
8 };
9 void myclass : : set_ab ( i n t i , i n t j )
10 {
11 a = i;
12 b = j;
13 }
14 // Note : sum ( ) i s n o t a member f u n c t i o n o f any c l a s s .
15 i n t sum ( m y c l a s s x )
16 {
17 /∗ B e c a u s e sum ( ) i s a f r i e n d o f m y c l a s s , i t can
18 d i r e c t l y a c c e s s a and b . ∗/
19 return x . a + x . b ;
20 }
21 i n t main ( )
22 {
23 myclass n ;
24 n . set_ab (3 , 4) ;
25 c o u t << sum ( n ) ;
26 return 0;
27 }
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 9 / 14
Friend Function: Observations
Although there is nothing gained by making sum( ) a friend rather than a
member function of myclass.
There are some circumstances in which friend functions are quite valuable.
First, friends can be useful when you are overloading certain types of
operators (we will discuss with operator overloading).
Second, friend functions make the creation of some types of I/O functions
easier (will discuss with templates).
The third reason that friend functions may be desirable is that in some cases,
two or more classes may contain members that are interrelated relative to
other parts of your program.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 10 / 14
Friend Function: Example
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3 c o n s t i n t IDLE = 0 ;
4 c o n s t i n t INUSE = 1 ;
5 c l a s s C2 ; // f o r w a r d d e c l a r a t i o n
6 c l a s s C1 {
7 i n t s t a t u s ; // IDLE i f o f f , INUSE i f on s c r e e n
8 // . . .
9 public :
10 void set_status ( int state ) ;
11 f r i e n d i n t i d l e ( C1 a , C2 b ) ;
12 };
13 c l a s s C2 {
14 i n t s t a t u s ; // IDLE i f o f f , INUSE i f on s c r e e n
15 // . . .
16 public :
17 void set_status ( int state ) ;
18 f r i e n d i n t i d l e ( C1 a , C2 b ) ;
19 };
20 v o i d C1 : : s e t _ s t a t u s ( i n t s t a t e )
21 { status = state ; }
22 v o i d C2 : : s e t _ s t a t u s ( i n t s t a t e )
23 { status = state ; }
24 i n t i d l e ( C1 a , C2 b )
25 {
26 i f (a . status | | b . status ) return 0;
27 else return 1;
28 }
29 i n t main ( )
30 {
31 C1 x ; C2 y ;
32 x . s e t _ s t a t u s ( IDLE ) ;
33 y . s e t _ s t a t u s ( IDLE ) ;
34 i f ( i d l e ( x , y ) ) c o u t << " S c r e e n can be u s e d . \ n " ;
35 e l s e c o u t << " I n u s e . \ n " ;
36 x . s e t _ s t a t u s ( INUSE ) ;
37 i f ( i d l e ( x , y ) ) c o u t << " S c r e e n can be u s e d . \ n " ;
38 e l s e c o u t << " I n u s e . \ n " ;
39 return 0;
40
Dr. }
Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 11 / 14
Friend Function: Example 2
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3 c o n s t i n t IDLE = 0 ;
4 c o n s t i n t INUSE = 1 ;
5 c l a s s C2 ; // f o r w a r d d e c l a r a t i o n
6 c l a s s C1 {
7 i n t s t a t u s ; // IDLE i f o f f , INUSE i f on s c r e e n
8 public :
9 void set_status ( int state ) ;
10 i n t i d l e ( C2 b ) ; // now a member o f C1
11 } ;
12 c l a s s C2 {
13 i n t s t a t u s ; // IDLE i f o f f , INUSE i f on s c r e e n
14 public :
15 void set_status ( int state ) ;
16 f r i e n d i n t C1 : : i d l e ( C2 b ) ;
17 } ;
18 v o i d C1 : : s e t _ s t a t u s ( i n t s t a t e )
19 { s t a t u s = s t a t e ; }
20 v o i d C2 : : s e t _ s t a t u s ( i n t s t a t e )
21 { s t a t u s = s t a t e ; }
22 // i d l e ( ) i s member o f C1 , b u t f r i e n d o f C2
23 i n t C1 : : i d l e ( C2 b )
24 {
25 i f ( status | | b . status ) return 0;
26 else return 1;
27 }
28 i n t main ( )
29 {
30 C1 x ; C2 y ;
31 x . s e t _ s t a t u s ( IDLE ) ;
32 y . s e t _ s t a t u s ( IDLE ) ;
33 i f ( x . i d l e ( y ) ) c o u t << " S c r e e n can be u s e d . \ n " ;
34 e l s e c o u t << " I n u s e . \ n " ;
35 x . s e t _ s t a t u s ( INUSE ) ;
36 i f ( x . i d l e ( y ) ) c o u t << " S c r e e n can be u s e d . \ n " ;
37 e l s e c o u t << " I n u s e . \ n " ;
38 return 0;
39 }
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 12 / 14
Friend Classes
It is possible for one class to be a friend of another class.
When this is the case, the friend class and all of its member functions have
access to the private members defined within the other class.
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 13 / 14
Friend Class: Example
1 // U s i n g a f r i e n d c l a s s .
2 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
3 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
4 c l a s s TwoValues {
5 int a;
6 int b;
7 public :
8 TwoValues ( i n t i , i n t j ) { a = i ; b = j ; }
9 f r i e n d c l a s s Min ;
10 };
11 c l a s s Min {
12 public :
13 i n t min ( TwoValues x ) ;
14 };
15 i n t Min : : min ( TwoValues x )
16 {
17 return x . a < x . b ? x . a : x . b ;
18 }
19 i n t main ( )
20 {
21 TwoValues ob ( 1 0 , 2 0 ) ;
22 Min m;
23 c o u t << m. min ( ob ) ;
24 return 0;
25 }
Dr. Deepika Gupta (Department of CSE, IIITV-ICD) Object Oriented Design and Programming Sept 23, 2022 14 / 14
