Appendix A

TABLES OF FILTER
FUNCTIONS
378 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 379
380 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 381
382 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 383
384 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 385
386 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 387
388 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 389
390 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 391

In Tables A.15 through A.18, it is assumed that the network functions

have the form

where represents the real pole when is odd. The pass band
has been normalized to unity. In other words, The coefficient
K has been calibrated such that
392 Appendix A
Tables of Filter Functions 393
394 Appendix A
Bibliography

[AM] D. Åkerberg and Mossberg, “A versatile active RC building block

with inherent compensation for the finite bandwidth of the ampli-
fier,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, vol. CAS-21, pp. 75-78,
Jan. 1974.

[An] A. Antoniou, “Gyrators using operational amplifiers,” Electron-

ics Letters, vol. 3, pp. 350-352, Aug. 1967; and “Realization of
gyrators using operational amplifiers and their use in RC-active
network synthesis,” Proc. IEE, vol. 116, pp. 1838-1850, Nov.
1969.

[Ba] J. R. Bainter, “Active filter has stable notch, and response can
be regulated,” Electronics, vol. pp. 115-117, Oct. 2, 1975.

[Bo] H. W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design,

D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1945.

[BGH] R. W. Brodersen, P. R. Gray, and D. A. Hodges, “MOS switched

capacitor filters,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 67, pp. 61-75, Jan. 1979.

[Br] L. T. Bruton, “Frequency selectivity using positive impedance

converter-type networks,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 1378-1379,
Aug. 1968; and “Network transfer function using the concept of
frequency dependent negative resistance,” IEEE Trans. Circuit
Theory, vol. CT-18, pp. 406-408, Aug. 1969.

[Bu] S. Butterworth, “On the theory of filter amplifiers,” Wireless

Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 536-541, Oct. 1930.

[Ca] W. Cauer, Siebschaltungen, V.D.I. Verlag, G.m.b.H., Berlin,

1931.

[Da] S. Darlington, “Synthesis of reactance 4-pole which produce pre-

scribed insertion loss characteristics,” Journ. Math. Phys., vol.
18, pp. 257-353, Sept. 1939.
396 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[De1] T. Delyiannis, “RC active allpass sections,” Electronics Letters,

vol. 5, pp. 59-60, Feb. 1969.
[De2] T. Delyiannis, “High-Q factor circuit with reduced sensitivity,”
Electronics Letters, vol. 4, p. 577, Dec. 1968.
[DSF] T. Delyiannis, Y. Sun, and J. K. Fidler, Continuous-Time Active
Filter Design, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999.
[FT] P. E. Fleischer and J. Tow, “Design formulas for biquad active
filters using three operational amplifiers,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 61,
pp. 662-663, May 1973.
[GG] F. E. J. Girling and E. F. Good, “Active Filters–12 and 13; The
leap-frog or active ladder synthesis, Application of the active lad-
der synthesis,” Wireless World, vol. 76, pp. 341-345, July 1970,
and pp. 445-450, Sept. 1970.
[Go] J. Gorski-Popiel, “RC-Active synthesis using positive-immitance
converters,” Electronics Letters, vol. 3, pp. 381-382, Aug. 1967.
[Gr] A. J. Grossman, “Synthesis of Tchebycheff parameter symmetri-
cal filters,” Proc. IRE, vol. 45, pp. 454-473, April, 1957.
[GS ] R. L. Geiger and E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “Active filter design us-
ing operational transconductance amplifier: a tutorial,” IEEE
Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 20-32, March,
1985.
[Gu] E. A. Guillemin, Synthesis of Passive Networks, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, 1957.
[HBG] B. J. Hosticka, R. W. Brodersen, and P. R. Gray, “MOS sampled
date recursive filters using switched capacitor integrators,” IEEE
Journ. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-12, pp. 600-608, Dec. 1977.
[Hu] G. Hurtig, III, U. S. Patent 3,720,881, March 1973.
[Ka] T. Kailath, Linear Systems, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
1980.
[KHN] “W. J. Kerwin, L. P. Huelsman, and R. W. Newcomb, “State-
variable synthesis for insensitive integrated circuit transfer func-
tions,” IEEE Journ. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-2, pp. 87-92,
Sept. 1967.
[Ma] K. Martin, “Improved circuit for the realization of switched-
capacitor filters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, vol. CAS-
27, pp. 237-244, April 1980.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 397

[Mi] S. K. Mitra, Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Active Networks,

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1969.

[Ri] R. H. S. Riordan, “Simulated inductor using differential ampli-

fiers,” Electronics Letters, vol. 3, pp. 50-51, Feb. 1967.

[SK] R. P. Sallen and E. L. Key, “A practical method of designing RC-

active filters,” MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report No. 50,
May 6, 1954; also IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, vol. CT-2, pp.
74-85, March 1955.

[Sa] W. Saraga, “Sensitivity of 2nd-order Sallen-Key-type active RC

filters,” Electronics Letters, vol. 3, pp. 442-444, October 10, 1967.
[Ste] J. J. Friend, C. A. Harris, and D. Hilberman, “STAR: An active
biquadratic filter section,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems,
vol. CAS-22, pp. 115-121, Feb. 1975.

[Sto] L. Storch, “Synthesis of constant-time-delay ladder networks us-

ing Bessel polynomials,” Proc. IRE, vol. 42, pp. 1666-1675, 1954.
[Su1] K. L. Su, Active Network Synthesis, McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany, New York, 1965.

[Su2] K. L. Su, Time-Domain Synthesis of Linear Networks, Prentice-

Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1971.

[Su3] K. L. Su, Handbook of Tables for Elliptic-Function Filters,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1990.

[SV] R. Schaumann and M. Van Valkenburg, Design of Analog Filters,

Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.

[Sz] G. Szentirmai, “Synthesis of multiple-feedback active filters,”

Bell System Tech. Journ., vol. 52, pp. 527-555, Apr. 1973.
[Ths] L. C. Thomas, “The Biquad: Part I— Some practical design
considerations,” IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, vol. CT-18, pp.
350-357, May 1971.

[Thn] W. E. Thomson, “Delay networks having maximally flat fre-

quency characteristics,” Proc. IEE, pt. 3, vol. 96, pp. 487-490,
1949.

[To] J. Tow, “Active RC filters—A state-space realization,” Proc.

IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 1137-1139, June 1968.
Index

Akerberg, D., 249, 395 Biquad, see Op amp-RC biquad,

Akerberg-Mossberg biquad, 249 OTA-C biquad,
Allpass biquad characteristic, 208 Switched-capacitor biquad
Allpass characteristics, 5 Biquad magnitude characteristics
Allpass networks, 70 allpass, 208
delay of, 73 bandpass, 208
All-pole function, 68, 70, 149, 272 bandreject, 208
Amplifier highpass, 208
buffer, 193 lowpass, 208
differential, 327, 332 parameters of, 208
Biquads, 189
inverting voltage, 192, 327
cascade of, 189, 253
noninverting voltage, 192
coupled, 274
OTA 347, 350
sequencing of, 264
unity-gain, 193
switched-capacitor, 334-337
Analysis
two-integrator, 238-247
ladder, 10
see also Op amp-RC Biquad,
node, 9
OTA Biquad, Switched-
Antoniou, A., 289, 395
capacitor Biquad
Antoniou GIC, 289 Bode, H. W., 174, 395
Approximation, 21, 25
Bode sensitivity, see First-order
Attenuation, stopband, 6 sensitivity
Available power, 146 Brodersen, R. W., 322, 324, 395,
396
Bainter, J. R., 250, 395 Bruton, L. T., 299, 395
Bainter biquad, 250 Buffer amplifier, see Voltage
Band center, 82 follower
Bandpass characteristics, 5 Butterworth, S., 26, 55, 395
of biquads, 82 Butterworth filter, 27
Bandreject characteristics, 5 delay characteristic of, 71
of biquads, 208 Butterworth lowpass character-
Bandwidth, 81 istics, 26
Bessel polynomial, 69 application of, 29
Bessel-Thomson filters, 66 high-frequency behavior, 27
network functions for, 67-69, network function, 53,
389-390 377-378
400 Index

Butterworth polynomial, 54, 57 Differential sensitivity, see First-

order sensitivity
Canonic realization of lossless func- Differential weighted summer, 194
tion, 98, 104, 107 Digital signal processing, 1
Capacitances, parasitic, 326 Doubly-terminated lossless
Cascade of biquads, 182, 253 twoport, 145, 167
Cauer, W., 41, 395
Cauer filter, see Elliptic filter Elliptic filter, 41, 62
Cauer’s realizations of lossless func- delay characteristic of, 71
tion, 106 lowpass characteristic of an,
Center frequency, 82 41
Chebyshev filter, 30 network functions, 391-394
delay characteristic of, 71 Equalizer, delay, 71
network function, 58, 379-
388 FDNR, 299 ,
Chebyshev lowpass characteris- Fidler, J. K., 347, 396
tic, 26, 30, 31 Filter
high-frequency behavior, 35 active, 2, 182, 187
inverse, 38, 46 active bandpass, 308
Chebyshev polynomial, 31 analog, 1, 3
Chebyshev rational functions, 40 Bessel-Thomson, 66
Circuit analysis, 9 Butterworth, 27
Classical sensitivity, see First-order Cauer, 41
sensitivity Chebyshev, 30
Conformal transformation, 62 comparison of active and
Controller canonic form, 265 passive, 182,187
Converters, impedance, 287 digital, 1
Coupled biquads, 274 elliptic, 41, 62
first-order active, 195
Darlington, S., 148, 149, 159, 395 insertion, 145-167
Darlington’s realization, 148 maximally-flat delay, 66
Delay characteristics, 70 MOS, 323, 346
of allpass functions, 73 optimal, 1
of Bessel-Thomson filters, 70 OTA, 345-374
of standard lowpass filters, passive, 2, 182, 187
71 simulation of, 290-314, 337,
Delay, group, 4 360
Delay equalization, 71 specification, 16
Delay equalizer, 4 switched-capacitor, 321-340
Delyiannis, T., 250, 374, 396 with equal terminations, 149-
Delyiannis biquad, 250, 396 158
Denormalization, 13, 16, 21 with unequal terminations,
Differential amplifier, 332, 350 156-165
Differential lossy integrator, 332 First-order section, 195, 333,353
Index 401

First-order sensitivity Gains, change of internal, 277,

definition of, 173 305, 364
properties of, 174-175 Generalized impedance converter,
see also Sensitivity see GIC
Fleischer, P. E., 245, 396 GIC, 288
Fleischer-Tow biquad, 245 Antoniou, 289
Foster’s expansion, 96 Girling, F. E. J., 305, 396
Foster’s preamble, 115 Good, E. F., 305, 396
Foster’s realizations of lossless Gorski-Popiel, J., 296, 396
function, 99 Gray, P. R., 322, 395, 396
Frequency scaling, 13 Grossman, A. J., 62, 396
Frequency transformation, 77-88 Group delay, 4
element replacement, 87 Guillemin, E. A., 93, 95, 111,
Frequency-dependent negative re- 395
sistors, see FDNR Gyrator, 93n, 288
Friend, J. J., 397
Function Harris, C. A., 397
All-pole, 68, 70, 149, 272 Highpass biquad characteristic,
Chebyshev rational, 40 208
delay, 4 Highpass characteristics, 5
Jacobian elliptic, 41, 62 with equal-ripple in the stop
loss, 4n band, 37
lossless, 94 Hilberman, D., 397
magnitude, 3-4 HKN biquad, 335
minimum-phase, 51 Hodges, D. A., 322, 395
nonminimum-phase, 51 Hosticka, B. J., 322, 395
phase, 3-4 Huelsman, L. P., 239, 335, 396
positive real, 93 Hurtig, G., III, 277, 396
Function, network Hurwitz polynomial, 51n, 95,
for Bessel-Thomson filter, 103n
67-69, 389-390
for Butterworth filters, 53, Ideal filter characteristics, 5
377-378 Ideal transformer, 146, 148, 159
for Chebyshev filters, 58, 379- Impedance converter, 287, 316
388 Riordan, 316, 397
for elliptic filters, 62-66, 391- Impedance inverter, 287
394 see also Gyrator
from magnitude functions, 49 Impedance scaling, 14
standard lowpass, 54-69 Inductance-capacitance ladder,
see LC ladder
Geiger, R. L., 345, 396 Inductances, simulation of, 290-
Gain allocation, 258 298
Gain enhancement, 201 Infinite-gain multiple-feedback
Gain reduction, 201 biquads, see Biquads,
402 Index

MFB Key, E. L., 217, 397

Insertion filter, 145-167 KHN biquad, 239, 335, 358
with equal terminations, 149-
158 Ladder analysis, 9
with unequal terminations, LC ladder, 112, 123
158-167 doubly-terminated,
Integrator see Insertion filter
differential, 332 singly-terminated, 123-140
inverting, 193, 328, 330, 349 with a current source, 123
inverting lossy, 194, 329 with a voltage source, 136
inverting weighted summing, switched-capacitor simulation
195 of, 337
lossy, 332, 350 Leap-frog method
lossy differential, 332 op amp-RC, 302-314
noninverting, 330, 349 switched-capacitor, 337
OTA, 349 OTA-C, 363, 366
Integrator-summer combination, Linearizer, phase, 4, 71
330 Loss function, 4n
Internal gain change, 277, 305, Lossless function, 94
365 canonic realization of a, 98,
Inverse Chebyshev lowpass char- 104, 107
acteristic, 38 Cauer’s realization of a, 104
Inverter, impedance, 287 Foster’s expansion of a, 95
see also Gyrator Foster’s realization of a, 99
Inverting amplifier, 327 noncanonic realization of a,
Inverting integrator, 193, 328, 329, 109
330 properties of, 94
Inverting lossy integrator, 194, Lossless oneport, 94
329 properties of, 94
Inverting voltage amplifier, 192, Lossless twoport, 110
329 doubly-terminated, 145-167
Inverting weighted summer, 193, equal terminations, 149-158
328 unequal terminations, 159-
Inverting weighted summing in- 167
tegrator, 194 properties of, 111
Isolator, 93n terminated, 123, 134, 137
see also LC ladder
Jacobian elliptic functions, 41, 62 Lossy differential integrator, 333
Lossy integrator, inverting, 194,
Kailath, T., 265, 396 329
Kerwin, W. J., 239, 335, 396 Low sensitivity of passive filters,
Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb 182
biquad, Lowpass biquad characteristics,
see KHN biquad 208
Index 403

Lowpass characteristics, 5, 26 MOS active filters, 322, 346

Butterworth, 26 Mossberg, K., 249, 395
Chebyshev, 30, 35 Multiparameter sensitivity, 181
elliptic-function, 26, 39 Multiple-feedback biquads,
equal-ripple in pass band, 30, see Biquads, MFB
34
equal-ripple in both pass and Network function, see Function,
stop bands, 41 network
equal-ripple in stop band, 39 Networks
maximally flat, 26 passive, properties of, 93
standard, 26-41 pulse-forming, 3
Lowpass-to-bandpass transforma- see also Lossless function,
tion, 80, 274 Oneport, Twoports,
element replacement, 83, 87 and RC threeport
Lowpass-to-bandreject transfor- Newcomb, R. W., 239, 335, 396
mation, 86 Node analysis, 9
element replacement, 87, 87 Noncanonic realization of lossless
Lowpass-to-highpass transforma- functions, 109
tion, 78 Noninverting integrator, 330
element replacement, 79, 87 Noninverting voltage amplifier,
192, 329
Magnitude characteristics from Nonminimum-phase functions,
network functions, 25 51
Magnitude function, 3-4 Normalization, 13, 16, 21
Martin, K., 324, 396
MATLAB, 7, 11, 13, 22, 32, 53, Oneport, lossless, 94
55, 57, 62, 64, 65, 73, Op amp, 188, 190
75, 80, 85, 86, 98, 101, compensation of, 191
103, 106, 107, 150, 156, ideal, 190
177, 179, 217 Op amp-RC Biquad
Matrix Åkerberg-Mossberg, 249
ABCD, see transmission all-purpose, 245
chain, see transmission allpass, 206, 237
transmission, 286-289 Bainter, 250
Maximally flat magnitude char- bandpass, 206, 225
acteristic, 27 bandreject, 206, 227, 237
high-frequency behavior, 27 Delyiannis, 249
Maximally-flat delay filter, 69 Fleischer-Tow, 245
Maximum power, 146 highpass, 206, 223, 232, 237
Metal-oxide semiconductor filters, KHN 239, 335
321 lowpass, 206, 217, 231
MFB biquads, 230-238 MFB, 230-238
Minimum-phase functions, 51 allpass, 237
Mitra, S. K., 204, 397 bandreject, 237
404 Index

highpass, 232 Passband ripple, 6

lowpass, 230 Passband variation, see Passband
Sallen-Key, 217-230 ripple
bandpass, 225 Passive filters, 182, 187
bandreject, 227 simulation of, 292-314
highpass, 223 Passive network, properties of,
lowpass, 217 93
Steffen, 250 Phase function, 3-4
Tow-Thomas, 242, 336, 376 Phase linearizer, 4
see also Biquads Pole, private, 198
Op amp-RC filters realization Pole Q, 73, 82n
by element simulation, 290- Pole removal
301 at infinity, 100
by functional simulation, 301- at the origin, 104
314 complete, 100, 104, 106
leap-frog method of, 301-314 finite nonzero, 106
using integrators, 307 partial, 109, 131-136
using FDNR, 299 Pole sensitivity, 180
using cascade of biquads, 253 Pole-zero pairing, 263
using lossy integrators, 270 Polynomial
using primary resonators, 276 Bessel, 69
using state-variable method, Butterworth, 54, 57
266 Chebyshev, 31, 58
Operational amplifier, see Op amp Hurwitz, 51n, 95, 103n
Operational transconductance Positive impedance invertor, 287
amplifier, see OTA Positive real function, 93
OTA, 347 Power, available, 146
OTA biquad Power, maximum, 146
a simple, 354 Primary resonators, 276
five-OTA, 359 Private pole, 103, 198
four-OTA Pulse-forming network, 3
lowpass notch, 356
OTA filter realization Q, 73, 82n
by element simulation, 360 Q enhancement, 235
by functional simulation, 363- Quadrantal symmetry, 50
371 Quality factor, 82

Parasitic capacitances, 324 Ratio, transition band, 6

Parasitic insensitive circuit, RC threeport, 197
324 with one finite-gain
Partial removal of poles, 109, amplifier, 197
131-136 with one infinite-gain
Pass band, 5 amplifier, 199
definition of, 6 RC-CR transformation, 204
Index 405

RC-op amp circuit, 197 orientations of, 123, 139, 140,

Reactance function, see Lossless 141
function with a current source, 123
Realization, 21 with a voltage source, 140
Reciprocity theorem, 139, 164 Specification, filter, 16
Reflection coefficient, 147 Standard lowpass characteristics,
Relative sensitivity, see First-order 26-41
sensitivity comparison of, 41
Removal of poles, see Pole State-variable methods, 264
removal Statistical sensitivity, 181
Residue, 94, 95, 111 Steffen biquad, 250
Residue condition, 111 Stop band, 6
Resistors Stopband attenuation, 6
switched-capacitor simulation definition of, 6
of, 323 Storch, L., 67, 397
OTA simulation of, 348 Su, K. L., 3, 65, 69, 288, 397
Riordan, R. H. S., 317, 397 Subtractor, 194
Ripple, passband, 6 Summer
Root sensitivity, 180 differential weighted, 194
inverting weighted, 193, 328
Sallen, R. P., 217, 397 OTA, 351
Sallen-Key biquads, 217-230 Summer-integrator combination,
Sánchez-Sinencio, E., 345, 396 330
Saraga, W., 220, 397 Summing integrator
Scaling inverting, 329
frequency, 13 inverting lossy, 329
impedance, 14 Sun, Y., 374, 396
Schaumann, R., 374, 397 Switched-capacitor biquad
Section sequencing, 264 KHN, 335
Sensitivity, 171, 219, 241 Tow-Thomas, 336
calculation of, 177 Switched-capacitor filters
comparison of biquad, 219 realization
first-order, 172 by functional simulation of
multiparameter, 181 passive ladders, 337
of filter performance, 175 Switched-capacitor resistors, 323
of passive filters, 182 Synthesis, 20
pole, 180 Szentirmai, G., 313, 397
root, 180
statistical, 181 Thomas, L. C., 243, 376, 397
unnormalized, 180 Thomson, W. E., 66, 397
zero, 180 Thomson filter, see Bessel
Sequencing of biquads, 264 -Thomson filters
Signal processing, 1 Threeport, RC, see RC threeport
Singly-terminated lossless twoport Time-domain applications, 3
406 Index

Tolerancing, 182
Tow, J., 242, 245, 376, 397
Tow-Thomas biquad, 245, 336,
376
Transformation
conformal, 62
frequency, 77-88
lowpass-to-bandpass, 80, 274
lowpass-to-bandreject, 84
lowpass-to-highpass, 76
RC-CR, 205
Transformer, ideal, 146, 148, 159
Transition band, 6
Transition band ratio, 6
Transmission coefficient, 146
Transmission matrix, 286-289
Transmission zeros, 125, 133, 134,
149, 198, 200
at infinity, 125
at the origin, 125
finite nonzero, 133
Two-integrator biquads, 238-246
Twoport, lossless, see Lossless twoport
Twoports
active, 286
convention of a, 110
LC ladder, 112, 123
lossless, see Lossless twoport

Unity-gain amplifier, see Voltage

follower
Unnormalized sensitivity, 180

Van Valkenburg, M, 374, 397

Voltage follower, 193

Zero sensitivity, 180

Zero shifting, 131-133
Zeros, transmission, see
Transmission zeros