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Relational Algebra in DBMS

Relational algebra is a set of operations used to manipulate data stored in relational databases. There are several basic relational algebra operations including unary operations like select and project, binary operations like join, and set operations like union, intersection, and difference. Select operations retrieve rows that satisfy a given predicate, project operations extract certain columns while removing duplicates, and union combines the rows from two tables and removes duplicates.

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326 views5 pages

Relational Algebra in DBMS

Relational algebra is a set of operations used to manipulate data stored in relational databases. There are several basic relational algebra operations including unary operations like select and project, binary operations like join, and set operations like union, intersection, and difference. Select operations retrieve rows that satisfy a given predicate, project operations extract certain columns while removing duplicates, and union combines the rows from two tables and removes duplicates.

Uploaded by

Vipul kumar Jha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Relational Algebra in DBMS

Basic Relational Algebra Operations:


Relational Algebra devided in various groups

Unary Relational Operations


 SELECT (symbol: σ)
 PROJECT (symbol: π)
 RENAME (symbol: )

Relational Algebra Operations From Set Theory


 UNION (υ)
 INTERSECTION ( ),
 DIFFERENCE (-)
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT ( x )

Binary Relational Operations


 JOIN
 DIVISION

SELECT (σ)
The SELECT operation is used for selecting a subset of the tuples according to a
given selection condition. Sigma(σ)Symbol denotes it. It is used as an
expression to choose tuples which meet the selection condition. Select
operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate.
σp(r)

σ is the predicate

r stands for relation which is the name of the table

p is prepositional logic

Example 1

σ topic = "Database" (Tutorials)


Output - Selects tuples from Tutorials where topic = 'Database'.

Example 2

σ topic = "Database" and author = "guru99" ( Tutorials)

Output - Selects tuples from Tutorials where the topic is 'Database' and 'author'
is guru99.

Example 3

σ sales > 50000 (Customers)

Output - Selects tuples from Customers where sales is greater than 50000

Projection(π)
The projection eliminates all attributes of the input relation but those
mentioned in the projection list. The projection method defines a relation that
contains a vertical subset of Relation.

This helps to extract the values of specified attributes to eliminates duplicate


values. (pi) The symbol used to choose attributes from a relation. This operation
helps you to keep specific columns from a relation and discards the other
columns.

Example of Projection:

Consider the following table

CustomerID CustomerName Status

1 Google Active

2 Amazon Active

3 Apple Inactive

4 Alibaba Active
Here, the projection of CustomerName and status will give

Π CustomerName, Status (Customers)

CustomerName Status

Google Active

Amazon Active

Apple Inactive

Alibaba Active

Union operation (υ)


UNION is symbolized by ∪ symbol. It includes all tuples that are in tables A or in
B. It also eliminates duplicate tuples. So, set A UNION set B would be expressed
as:

The result <- A ∪ B

For a union operation to be valid, the following conditions must hold -

 R and S must be the same number of attributes.


 Attribute domains need to be compatible.
 Duplicate tuples should be automatically removed.

Example

Consider the following tables.

Table A Table B
column 1 column 2 column 1 column 2

1 1 1 1

1 2 1 3

A ∪ B gives

Table A ∪ B

column 1 column 2

1 1

1 2

1 3

Intersection
An intersection is defined by the symbol ∩

A∩B

Defines a relation consisting of a set of all tuple that are in both A and B.
However, A and B must be union-compatible.

Example:
A ∩ B

Table A ∩ B

column 1 column 2

1 1

Cartesian product(X)
This type of operation is helpful to merge columns from two relations.
Generally, a Cartesian product is never a meaningful operation when it performs
alone. However, it becomes meaningful when it is followed by other operations.

Example – Cartesian product

σ column 2 = '1' (A X B)

Output – The above example shows all rows from relation A and B whose
column 2 has value 1

σ column 2 = '1' (A X B)

column 1 column 2

1 1

1 1

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