R1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

WEEK 1, 2, AND 3
HUMSS 12 – A 2022 | MR. TAMBO – ONG
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WEEK 1: NATURE AND INQUIRY OF PROCESSES IN RESEARCH

RESEARCH 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the
RESEARCH problem?
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What
• is an organized investigation and study of evidence is already presented?
materials and sources to create facts and 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we
reach new inferences. Research has come up going to find / look for the answer to questions
with developing appropriate solutions to being studied?
improve the individual’s quality of life. 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be
• Can be categorized into TWO: shown and with what population?
- BASIC: focused on improving the 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the
understanding of a particular phenomenon, data? Where do we find the data?
study or law of nature. This type of research 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the
examines data to find the unknown and fulfill research queries?
a sense of curiosity. 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the
- APPLIED: a type of examination looking to implications of the results?
find practical solutions for existing problems.
This research type uses empirical ETHICS IN RESEARCH
methodologies, such as experiments, to
collect further data in an area of study. According to Resnik (2007), ethical norms are
significant in conducting research studies as
explained in the following:
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth,
Prieto, et al. (2017) stated the following are the and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential
major characteristics of research: to collaborate work.
EMPIRICAL – research is based on observations Second, ethical norms help individuals to be
and experiments of theories. accountable in every act that the researcher/s
SYSTEMATIC – research follows orderly and undertake.
sequential procedures, based on valid Third, ensure that the researchers are held
procedures and principles. accountable to the public.
CONTROLLED – In research, all variables, Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public
except those that are tested / experimented on, awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher
are kept constant. before conducting the study because this may help a
EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS – Research refers to a certain population in an area once the study is
search for facts, answers to questions and completed.
solutions to problems. ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
ANALYTICAL – Research shows analytical HONESTY – this must be maintained in all
procedures in gathering the data, whether communication. Data should not be fabricated.
historical, descriptive, and case study.
OBJECTIVITY – Biases should be avoided in
OBJECTIVE – Research as unbiased and experimental design, data analysis, interpretation,
logical. All findings are logically based on real life expert testimony, and other aspects of research
situations.
INTEGRITY – To keep your promises and agreement
ORIGINAL WORK – It requires own examination and
produce the data needed to complete the study.
R1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
WEEK 1, 2, AND 3
HUMSS 12 – A 2022 | MR. TAMBO – ONG
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CAREFULNESS – Careless errors and • The main goals of quantitative research are to test
negligence should be avoided hypotheses, explore causal relationships, make
OPENNESS – To share data, results, ideas, and predictions, and generalize the findings within a
tools. Open to criticism and new ideas. population
• Compared to qualitative research, quantitative
RESPECT TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – research typically uses larger samples and primarily
To give proper acknowledgement or credit for all utilizes probability sampling. This type of sampling is
researchers. highly randomized. Because of this, quantitative
CONFIDENTIALITY – To protect confidential research is often said to exhibit a lower level of
communication. subjectivity and a higher rate of generalizability

RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION – Duplicate

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
publication should be avoided
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING – To help to Verbal,
Type of Data Numerical
Conceptual
educate, mentor, and advise students.
Exploration:
RESPECT COLLEAGUES – All peers should be Researchers
Confirmation:
treated fairly. Researchers
Purpose are not sure
know what they
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – To strive to what they are
are looking for
looking for
promote social good and social harm should be
avoided. Close ended
Open ended
“how many”,
NON-DISCRIMINATION – To avoid Question “what”, “how”,
“how often”, and
Types and “why”
discrimination against colleagues or students on “how much”
questions
the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, etc. questions
LEGALITY – To know and obey relevant laws Number of
Few, but in-
Many, to produce
and institutional governmental policies. depth
Participants reliable results
conversations
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Focus groups,
• is a systematic investigation of observable Typical in-depth
Surveys
phenomena where the researcher gathers Methods interviews,
quantitative or numerical data and subjects ethnographies
them to statistical methods. This method of
research is highly deductive as it uses data to
test hypotheses and theories STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• uses statistical methods such as the • It can be replicated or repeated in other contexts.
Pearson's r, which measures the relationship • It provides findings that are generalizable to a large
between two variables; t-test, which examines population.
the presence of a statistical differences • It can establish causality more conclusively.
between two means; analysis of variance • It can make predictions based on numerical,
(ANOVA), which looks into the statistical quantifiable data. Data analysis using statistical
difference among the means of two or more software is faster.
groups; and multiple regression, which tests • Data-gathering techniques are typically less
the relationship between several independent demanding compared with those in qualitative
variables and one dependent variable research.
• It has a low degree of subjectivity.
• Its validity and reliability can be measured.
R1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
WEEK 1, 2, AND 3
HUMSS 12 – A 2022 | MR. TAMBO – ONG
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH WEEK 2: IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE

• It cannot adequately provide in-depth RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT FIELDS
information necessary for describing and
WHY DO PEOPLE CONDUCT RESEARCH?
explaining a complex phenomenon.
• It lacks the ability to provide a comprehensive Two common reasons:
textual description of human experiences. 1. to find solutions to problem in order to develop,
• Numerical data may be insufficient in improve, or enhance ways of doing things; and
analyzing intangible factors, such as gender 2. to refute or offer new hypothesis or hypotheses
roles, socio-economic status, and social
norms of a given population. IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It has less flexibility in terms of study design. ACROSS FIELDS
• Responses of participants are strictly limited to
what has been asked. These responses may
not be extensive in some cases.
• Self-reported data may not be very accurate
as respondents may have the tendency to
underestimate or overestimate their skills and
behavior during self-assessment tasks

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

R1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
WEEK 1, 2, AND 3
HUMSS 12 – A 2022 | MR. TAMBO – ONG
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Example: academic grades such as A, B, C; clothing
WEEK 3: THE NATURE OF VARIABLES size such as S, M, L, XL; and measures of attitudes
like strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly
VARIABLE disagree
• From the root word “vary” or simple “can NOMINAL VARIABLES - These are variables whose
change” values cannot be organized in a logical sequence.
• It is also called a data item. Example: business types, eye colors, kinds of
• Any factor or property that a researcher religion, various languages, and types of learners.
measures, controls, and/or manipulates.
• It also a logical set of attributes, DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES - These are variables
characteristics, numbers, or quantities that represent only two categories.
can be measured or counted. Examples: gender (male and female), answer (yes or
no), and veracity (true or false)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES
POLYCHOTOMOUS VARIABLES - These are
NUMERIC VARIABLES variables that have many categories.
• Variables with values that describe a Examples: educational attainment (elementary, high
measurable numerical quantity and answer school, college, graduate and post graduate), and
the questions “how many” or “how much.” level or performance (excellent, very good, good,
These values are considered as quantitative satisfactory, or poor)
data. It has two kinds; continuous variables EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
and discrete variables.
• The experimental variable is usually one or several
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE - These variables of the sample attribute categories. It describes the
can assume any value between a certain set of factors that differ between the test and the control
real numbers. The values depend on the scale samples, which you are investigating. It has three
used. It is also called as interval variables. kinds; independent, dependent, and controlled.
Example: time, age, temperature, height, and
weight INDEPENDENT VARIABLES - These variables are
usually manipulated in an experiment. Thus, it is also
DISCRETE VARIABLE - These variables can called manipulated or explanatory variable.
only assume any whole value within the limits of
the given variables. DEPENDENT VARIABLES - There variables are
Example: number of registered cars, number of usually affected by the manipulation of the
children in the family, population of students, independent variables. They are also called response
and total number of faculty members or predicted variable.

CATEGORICAL VARIABLES CONTROLLED VARIABLES - There variables are

constant and unchanged throughout the course of the
• These are variables with values that describe research.
a quality or characteristic of a data unit like
“what type” or “which category.” It has four Example: Title of Research: An Experiment on the
kinds; ordinal, nominal, dichotomous, and Methods of Teaching and Language Achievement
polychotomous variables. among Elementary Pupils
Independent: Method of teaching
ORDINAL VARIABLES - These variables can Dependent: Language achievement
take a value which can be logically ordered or Controlled: Ventilation facilities, physical ambiance
ranked.
R1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
WEEK 1, 2, AND 3
HUMSS 12 – A 2022 | MR. TAMBO – ONG
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NON – EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
PREDICTOR - These variables changes the other
variable/s in a non-experimental study.
CRITERION VARIABLES - These variables are usually
influenced by the predictor variables.
Example: Title of Research: Competencies of Teachers
and Students’ Behavior in Selected Private Schools
Predictor: Competencies of teachers
Criterion: Students’ behaviors
VARIABLES ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER BEING
STUDIES
UNIVARIATE STUDY - Only one variable is being studied
BIVARIATE STUDY - Two variables are being studied
POLYVARIATE STUDY - More than two variables are
being studied

Helloooooooo long time no gawa ng reviewers

HAHAHAAHHA btw if gus2 niyo ng mas
malinaw na versions ng tables na nilagay ko,
tignan niyo na lang di2
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kyrZcR3
C4svCrK8uubkvPvlWeYkSa8BolMeEV-
O51fw/edit?usp=sharing yun lang happy
reviewing mga mahal <33

-kath ^___^