Networks in Your Daily Life
In this step we will look at the various networks you’ve learned about so far and how they
are used together in today’s world. We will also briefly cover Bluetooth.
Ubiquitous networks
In our daily lives, we have become so used to technology that it seems a natural part of our
existence. We know we are using technology when we use our mobile phone or computer,
but are largely unaware of exactly how these devices work or how they are connected.
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
The cellular telephone network was initially designed to provide voice services, and most
of it can now also transfer data through the 3G and 4G networks. In more urban areas a
range of paid-for and free wireless hotspots maybe be available, e.g. in pubs and cafes.
Some cities are providing city-wide, free wireless networks, so people there do no need to
use their 3G/4G data. If we work for a large organisation, we should be able to visit any of
the sites and connect to the corporate network.
Where any organisation has a set of networks that cover a large geographic area, the
collection of all of these networks is called a Wide Area Network, or WAN.
When we interconnect WANs that share a common set of protocols, we also refer to this
as a WAN. Thus the internet is the biggest WAN in existence.
Local Area Networks (LANs)
In offices or schools, dedicated wireless networks may exist for authorised users. Often,
users can physically connect devices to a wired network through an Ethernet cable or use
a computer that is already physically connected. Where all of the connected devices are
in the same building or on the same site, the network is called a Local Area Network,
or LAN; since wireless networks and Ethernet ables have a limited range, LANs usually
cover a small geographic area.
Perhaps confusingly, we also use the term ‘LAN’ to specifically refer to a set of
computers connected to the same switch or set of interconnected switches. In a building
or on a small site, we may interconnect several of these LANs with a router. Where these
LANs are geographically close, the set of networks is still called a LAN.
Personal Area Networks (PANs) and Bluetooth
PANs have been around for some time (mainly in the areas of home automation with the
Z-wave and Zigbee protocols). PANs are wireless, meshed networks with a typical range
of 10–20 metres; the meshed nature of a PAN means one device can act as a relay for
others.
The most well-known PAN protocol is Bluetooth. Bluetooth is used mainly to connect
smartphones to devices in their direct vicinity, e.g. speakers, health monitors, bike
computer, etc.
Bluetooth was designed to operate with little power consumption so that battery-powered
devices can remain Bluetooth-connected for several hours on a single charge. This protocol
is more convenient in this context than a WiFi connection, because there is no need for a
central access point, and setting up a connection is easy: devices just ‘pair’, i.e. run a
Bluetooth connection between them. Once paired, they remember their connections and
automatically re-pair when they come in range of each other.
The reach of a Bluetooth network can vary between 1 and 100 metres, depending on how
the device is powered. The first version of Bluetooth, launched in the mid-90s, had a data
rate of 700 kbps; the current version 4 has typical data rates of 2.1 Mbps.
With increasing use of Bluetooth connections has come a greater focus on security to
prevent hacking of devices containing personal data. To combat hacking, most Bluetooth
connections now require a shared personal identification number (PIN), which is
generated by one of the devices and physically entered into, or confirmed on, the other
devices.
With the improvements in data rates and better security, Bluetooth is now also being used
to provide a data connection between devices for internet traffic. For example, some
smartphone models, when they have a data connection over the 3G/4G network, can extend
this connection to a laptop using Bluetooth (you may know this as a personal hotspot).
You can also connect your smartphone to your computer using a USB cable to use your
phone’s data to access the internet on the computer; this is still considered a PAN.
Questions for conversation
Consider these questions thinking about your average day.
• How many times do you connect to a network in some way?
• What device do you use to connect? Which is your favourite? Why?
• What technology is the device using to connect?
