ADAS

Contents:

 What is ADAS?
 Components of ADAS.
 Working of components.
 Systems come under ADAS.
 Advantages & dis advantages.

ADAS:

 ADAS is an advanced technology that provides a safer driving

experience.
 Almost all vehicle accidents are caused by human error, which can be
avoided with ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
[ADAS]. The role of ADAS is to prevent death sand injuries by reducing
the number of accidents and the serious impact of those that cannot be
avoided.
 There are many different types of ADAS technologies which can make it
difficult to understand how they all fit under the larger umbrella of
“ADAS”. However, ADAS technologies can generally be categorized
into four different types of ADAS systems: adaptive, automated,
monitoring, and warning.
 Adaptive: adaptive systems help vehicles make small adjustments to
drive more safely based on data from the surrounding environment.
 Ex:  adaptive cruise control [ACC] user’s radar or liar sensors to detect
the distance between vehicles and automatically adjust vehicle speed to
maintain optimal distance.
 Automated: automated systems can take over and control the vehicle in
case of an impending collision.
 Ex: automatic emergency braking [AEB] alerts a driven a to an
imminent crush and automatically applies the brakes to help avoid a
collision.
  Monitoring: monitoring system use cameras and sensors to provide
increased visibility into safety-critical data, like harsh braking, rolling
through stops, and collision.
 Ex: traffic sigh recognition [TSR] use advanced camera technology to
recognize traffic signs and provide information to drives or safety
managers.
 Warning: warning systems are automated; in cab alerts that help drivers
anticipate possible safety risks in real time.
 Ex: forward collision warning [FCW] measures the distance, angle, and
relative speed between vehicles and other objects in the road to warn
drivers of impending collisions with audio alerts.

Levels of ADAS:
Level 0 
 No automation: Manual control. The human performs all driving tasks
[steering, accelerating, braking etc.].

Level 1 
 Driver assistance: The vehicle features single automated system [e.g. it
monitors speed through cruise control].
Level 2 
 Partial automation: ADAS the vehicle can perform steering and
acceleration. The human still monitors all tasks and can take control at
any time.

Level 3
 Conditional automation: Environmental detection capabilities. The
vehicle can perform most driving tasks, but human override is still
required.
Level 4
 High automation: The vehicle performs all driving tasks under specific
circumferences. Defencing is required. Human override is still an option.

Level 5 
  Full automation: The vehicle performs all driving tasks under all
conditions. Zero human attention or interaction is required.

Components:
 Camera.
 Radar.
 LIDAR.
 Ultrasonic.
 GPS.
 V2v.

Camera:
 In the advanced driving support system [ADAS] the camera is an
important device that supports various functions, including parking
assistance by assisting the driver’s visibility and monitoring the rear
image.
 Cameras are positioned outside the vehicle on the front, back and sides to
capture images of the road, street signs, pedestrians, vehicles, and other
obstacles.
 ADAS systems rely on cameras to detect and recognize other vehicles,
pedestrians, obstacles, traffic signs, and lane lines etc. the information
captured by ADAS cameras is quickly analysed by supporting software
and used to triggers a response by the vehicle to improve safety such as
automatic emergency braking, lane departure warning, driver awake and
alert monitoring, blind sport alerts etc. quickly and accurately
 A digital camera has image sensor known as CCD- charged coupled
device behind the lens. The CCD has many dots known as pixels that are
arranged on a grid.
 Each pixel contains a photodiode that absorb light energy converting the
light energy to voltage. The converted light energy now a voltage is sent
to a capacitor and then transferred to a memory.
 The CCD collects the light at collecting array where each color of the
spectrum, based on the intensity of the light, is sent to a capacitor.
 The capacitor will send it to the amplifier where it is converted to a
voltage and then sent to the controller for calculation. Many recordings
are taken over given period which the controller will use to calculate the
 distance and identify deviation from normal conditions based on location,
speed and distance.
 The algorithm uses the image and vehicle speed to calculate how closely
and rapidly the vehicle is approaching an object.
 When white light shines into a camera or your eye you are blinded as a
result all colors have combined if there is nothing to act as a prism that
would reflect or bend the seven individual colors of white, light from the
sun will blind you. You are not actually blinded; you are only seeing
white. White is created by all the colors being combined.
1 electron volt [eV] equal 1. OE-18 volts [v].

color Electron volt Volts

red 1.91 0.00000000000000000191.

orang 2.06 0.00000000000000000206.

e

Yellow 2.14 0.00000000000000000214.

Green 2.25 0.00000000000000000225.

Cyan 2.48 0.00000000000000000248.

Blue 2.75 0.00000000000000000275.

violet 3.1 0.00000000000000000031.

 Most vehicles uses mono or singular camera mercers Benz and Subaru
use stereo camera.

Advantages:
 Fast.
 Accurate.
 Facial recognition to determine if a pedestrian is going to more
indirection of harm’s way.

Disadvantages:
  Does not work well in bright sun light.
 Does not work well in fog.
 Does not work in the road lane markers are covered in ice or snow.

Radar:
 Radar [radio and detection and ranging] is a detection system that uses
radio waves to determine the distance [range] angle, or velocity of
objects.
 The technique, called radar [radio detection and ranging], works on the
principle of a source transmitting the radio wave, being reflected by a
surface, and received and processed by a receiver system. One such
application, where RADAR is seeing an unprecedented uptake, is the
automotive application and more specifically ADAS solution that deliver
enhanced safety and comfort.

Most simplistically a radar system typically consists of the following

sub-systems:
 Transmitter-powered by amplifier signals are generated here using a
wave form generator.
 Wave guides-as name suggest they facilitated transmission of radar
signals.
 Antenna-transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space. 
 Receiver-used for detection and capture of signals.
 Processing unit-uses captured signals and their properties to derive
detection, ranging and other useful information.
 Automotive radar typically works on 77GHZ and falls into three
categories.
 Short range radar [SRR]-0.5 to 20 meters, most SRR sensors are placed in
two rear corners of the vehicle to accommodate ADAS features like blind
spot detection, rear collision warning, lane change assistance, cross
traffic alerts, and parking assistance.
 Medium range radar [MRR]-1 to 60 meters.
 Long range radar [LRR] 10 to 250 meters, LRR sensors are used for
automatic emergency braking systems [AEBS] and adaptive cruise
control [ACC] technologies.
Advantages:
 Operates well in fog.
 Operate well in bright light sun/sunlight.
 Operate behind plastic enclosures, i.e., bumper fascia.

Disadvantages:
 Does not operate covered in snow.
 Does not operate covered in ice.

LIDAR:
 Lidar stands for light imaging, detection and ranging.
 LIDAR sensor emits invisible laser lights to scan and detect objects in the
near or far vicinity of the sensors and create a 3D map of the objects and
the surroundings on the display screen.
 Lidar- light detecting and screen.
 In automotive applications of the LIDAR technology, most of the LIDAR
sensors are installed on the top of the vehicle. LIDAR sensors
continuously rotate and generate thousands of laser pulses per second.
These high-speed laser beams from LIDAR are continuously emitted in
the 360-degree surroundings of the vehicle and are reflected by the
objects of the way with use of complex machine learning algorithms, the
data received through this activity is converted into real-time 3D graphics,
which are often displayed as 3D images or 3D maps of the surrounding
objects.
 Automotive LIDAR sensors can be classified in two categories based on
the technology in use:
 Electro-mechanical LIDAR:  electromechanical LIDARs are traditional
LIDAR systems, which can be considered as first-generation LIDAR
sensors for automotive applications. These mechanical spinning LIDAR
systems sensors are assembled from multiple moving parts, which are
arranged to produce and emit an array of larger beams towards the
targeted area. Electro mechanical LIDARs are quite bulky, very expensive
and prone to wear and tear in tough terrain. They are installed on the
 top of the vehicle and continuously rotate to scan the surroundings of

the vehicle and typically cover a long range.

 Solid state LIDAR: solid state LIDARs are built entirely on a single chip.
All the components of the LIDAR systems like emitter, receiver and
processors are integrated on the single chip of the solid-state LIDAR.
 Solid state LIDARs is compact in size. Also, they are not visible upon
installation, light in weight and cost efficient.
 Solid state LIDARs has optical emitters, which send a burst of laser
photons without having to adjust the direction of the transmitters. The
light, emitted in specific patterns, collides with the objects in the way
and bounces back to the system’s receiver. The processor in the LIDAR
system fetches this data constantly and produces a real time 3D map of
the vehicle’s surroundings.

ADVANTAGE:
 sponsors              
 Fast response.

 Accurate.

Disadvantage:
 Cannot penetrate dense forest.
 Expensive.
 Large amounts of data to process.

Ultrasonic distance ranging:

 The ultrasonic range finder is used to measure the distance between the
sensor and its object. When it works, it first emits a sound wave at a
specific ultrasonic frequency. After a certain period of time, it receives
the sound wave reflected by objects in the detection area.
 The amplitude of the returning wave determines the distance.
 A large strong wave the object is in proximity.
 A small weak wave the object is father away.

The ultrasonic sensor components

  Amplifier to create the electrical signal.
 Piezoelectric transmitter to convert the electrical signal to a sound wave.
 A to D converter to convert the analogy sound wave to a digital signal.

Advantage
 Inexpensive.
 Uses very little memory due in part only need to know value of the acceptable distance for
an alert.

Disadvantage
 Care must be taken when repairing damaged component, painting the
sensors results in replace the sensor with pre-painted components.

GPS & V2V

 The GPS [global position system or sensor] tracks in the direction of
travel obstacles up to 2.5 miles ahead. If direction of travel changes it
will rack obstacles ahead of the new direction level.
 V2V is a local network of vehicle-to-vehicle communications.
 Vehicle –to-vehicle [V2V] communication’s ability to wirelessly exchange
information about the speed and position of surrounding vehicle shows
great promise in helping to avoid crashes, ease traffic congestion, and
improve the environment.
 Vehicles equipped with appropriate software [or safety applications] can
use the message from surrounding vehicle to determine potential crash
threats as they develop. The technology can them employ visual, tactile,
and audible alerts- or, a combination of these alerts-to warn drivers.
These alerts allow drivers the ability to take action to avoid crashes.

IMU
 The term IMU stands for ‘inertial measurement unit’ and we use it to
describe a collection of measurement tools. When installed in a device
these tools can capture data about the device’s movement IMUs contain
sensors such as accelerometer, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.
  IMUs can measure a variety of factors, including speed, direction,
acceleration, specific force, angular rate and [in the pressure of a
magnetometer], magnetic fields surrounding the device.

ADAS applications
 ADAS systems actively improve safety with the help of the embedded
vision by reducing the occurrence of accidents and injury to occupants.
 Some of the most common ADAS applications are:
 Adaptive cruise control.
 Glare-free high beam and pixel light.
 Adaptive light control.
 Automatic parking.
 Autonomous valet parking.
 Navigation system.
 Night vision.
 Blind spot monitoring.
 Automatic emergency braking.
 Cross wind stabilization.
 Driver drowsiness detection & driver monitoring system.
 5G & V2X.

Adaptive cruise control

 Adaptive cruise control [ACC] is particularly helpful on the high way,
where drivers can find it difficult to monitor their speed and other cars
over a long period of time.
 Advanced cruise control can automatically accelerate, slowdown, and at
times stop the vehicle, depending on the action’s other objects in the
immediate area.
 Adaptive cruise control is one of 20 terms used to describe its functions
so that you might see adaptive cruise control as the following in
advertisements and vehicle descriptions:
 Active cruise control [ACC].
 Dynamic cruise control [DCC].
 RADAR cruise control [RCC].
 Automatic cruise control [AMCC].
  Intelligent cruise control [ICC].
 ACC functions by sensory technology installed within vehicles such as
camera, lasers, and radar equipment, which creates an idea of how close
one car is to another, or other objects on the road way. For this reason,
ACC is the basis on the road for future car intelligence. 
 These sensory technologies allow the car to detect and warn the driver
about potential forward collisions. When phrase ‘brake now’! Appears
on the dash board to help the driver slow down. There might also be a
warning.

Advantage
 Include an increase in road safety, as cars with this technology will keep
the adequate spacing between them and other vehicles.

Limitations
 One of the main faults in this system is the fact that it is not entirely
autonomous. The driver of the vehicle still heads to practice safe driving
habits that will work in tandem with this technology to produce the best
results.
 Adverse weather conditions like snow, rain, or fog might confuse the
system’s sensors, as well as environmental factors such as driving
through tunnels.

GLARE-FREE HIGH BEAM AND PIXEL LIGNT:

 Glare-free high beam and pixel light uses sensors to adjust to darkness
and the vehicle surround dings without disturbing oncoming traffic.
 This hew needling application detects the lights of other vehicles and
redirect the vehicles light away to prevent other road users from being
temporarily blinded.
 Automatically switches headlight to low beam burden this system
automatically switches the headlights system to low beach vehicle ache

ADAPTIVE LIGNT CONTROL:

  Adaptive light control adapts the vehicle headlights to external lighting
condition it changes the strength depending on the vehicle on the
vehicle sever on mint and darkness.
 The modern directional headlamps come with sensors so they can sense
when the vehicle is turning and adjust the lights according this means
that the needling’s rotary the venial trues and shine light In time.
 The cornering lamp function is activated when turning depending in to
the parking will workings pace cosmoses in to the systems will hand like
elation systems will on your behalf.

AUTOMATIC PARKING:

DIFFERENT NAMES FOR SELF-PAKING TECV:

 Parking ass instant plus (BMW)

 Automatic parking assist coverlet Mercedes-Benzes Cadillac
Buick (GMC).
 Park assists Volkswagen jaguar land rover Audi.
 Auto Park (VOLVO).
 Park assists pilot.
 Park sense active park assist cram Alfa Romeo jeep Chrysler.
 Active Park assists (Lincoln).
 Intelligent parking assists (Toyota).

NAVIGATION SYSTEM:
 Navigation systems provide on-screerinrructions and voice prompts to
Nell driers follow arouse while concentrating on the road some
navigation systems can on display exact traffic data and if nieces.
 Amatole GPS system just like a motors clef on uses satellites situated to
of us location.
 The satellites send coordinates that help determine the bike s exact
locution which in turn helps you in fin ding your way.

NIGHT VISION:
  An automotive hint vision system uses a the remigration camera to
increase a craver perception and seeing distance in deception in
darkness or poor weather by nod the reach of the vehicles is based on
the manic.
 This techno poles is based on the vision devices any electronically
enhanced opiate’s devices operate in three modes Image enouncement
thermal imaging and active illumination.
 The automotive night vision systems com donation of NAD such infrared
cameras radar objects.

BLIND SPOT MONITORING:

 Blind spot detection system uses sensors to provide drivers with
important in from action that is other is difficult or impossible to botulin.
 Blind-spot monitoring uses a set of sensors mounted on the side mired
or rear bumper to detect vehicle in the adjacent lanes if they alert you
via an audible and or visuals warning.

AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING:

 Automatic emergency breaking uses sensors to detect whether the
driver is in the process of knitting another vehicle or other objects on the
road.
 This application can measure the distance of nearly traffic and alter the
driver to and danger some preventive safety measures sensate collision.
 If the automatic emergency dealing detects that the dis trance to the
preceding critically short at ankles speed above 30km in (18MPN) it
prepays the braking system for potential emergency speed and gives the
time to react.

AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING:

 As soon as the driver presses the brake pedal the system provides
braking support to do this the system continue sully calculates the
degree of venial of vehicle deckle required to avoid the Collision.
 If the system detects that the driver failed to apply sufficient brake to
the required level so that the driver cantata more to during occurs.
  If the driver falls to react to risk of collision the auto omit emergency
braking determines that a readout manically of the crash for the
passengers of the vehicles.

CROSSWING STABILL ZATION:

 This relatively new ADAS features supports the vehicle in counteracting
strong crossed ds.
 The sensors in this system can detect strong pressure action on the
venae while driving and apply brakes to the disturbance.
 Anyone who has logged a lot of hours be niche the certainly experiences
power full cross wind s at one point.
 Crossing stabilization technology uses special sensors to detect when a
car is being pushed is being changes those sensor system which in the
gently.

CORSSWLND STABILIZATION:
 The working of this system is based on a simple principle that the action
or of any undesirable the minimized by applying a counter fore is a force
acting in the oppose dire action to it.
 Similarly cross wind-assist applier resisting force by intelligently breaking
the wheels on the side facing the wind tells under is addle yaw motor of
the vehicle is avoided and the vehicle out of the program.

MOTORCYCLE STABILY CONTROLS (MSC):

 Bosch has developed motor cycle stably con troll (MSC) system that
supports the rider daring both braking and accelerating and while either
riding straight or cornering.
 The system aids by continuously monitoring a comprehensive of key
vehicle data if necessary.
 This results in a sign adiantum provident in both riding stability and
performance.

MOTOR CYCLE STABILLTY CONTROL (MSC):

  Motor cycle stability com troll system uses a raiding dynamic of the two-
wheel the riding dynamics measure the rotations speed sensors measure
the times per second.
 The MSc system offers various kings of control even intends which
depend on the vehicle clean and paten angles.
 If detects that a wheel is starting to lock it active tees the pressure to
modulator in the NY dialect drake circuit this lowers the by dialect it up
again within a fraction of a second resulting in beguiler in braking dire.
 Traction control regular s the maximum engine torque stature driving
force is icicle only transfers transferred to the road surfaces.

DRIVER DROWSINGESS DETECTION:

 Driver drowsiness detection warns drivers of sleepiness or dither road
distractions.
 There are several ways to determine whether a driver attention is
decrease the move mint of the drivers the driver s head and heart
drivers the driver s head and heart drowses.

STEERING PATTERN MONLTORING: prim aril uses see ring from electric a
power steering system monitoring a driver this way only works if driver instead
of using atom lysate.

DRIVEN EYELFACE MONITORING: uses com puller vision to observe the

drivers face either using a built-in camera or on keeping system.
PNYSIOLOICAL MEAUEMENT: requires dobby sponsors to measure
parameter like brain heart rate skin activity.

5G AND V2X:
 This not new 5G ADAS feature with increased reliability and lower
latency communication between the normally referred to as v2x.
 Vehicle to everything (v2x) is a tonal is a tonal refers to high-
bandwidth low latency and highly reliable communication between a
broad Range to vehicle (v2v) and vehicle to Ina communications.
 To dux mill ions of vehicles connect to cellular ne works for real time
navigation this application will enhance improve solution al awareness
or Sung.