(Academic year 2022-2023)
Project File
Topic:
To study Electrical Impedance
and Its Applications
Under the guidance of “Mr. Prashant Sir”
Board roll no : ________________
Preyrit Jain
12th – (PCM)
CERTIFICATE
This project entitled “To Study of electrical impedance
And its Applications”
is the investigatory project work of Physics.
Successfully completed during the academic year 2022-2023, by
Mr. Preyrit Jain.
Student of class
XII-PCM
St. Anthony Sr. Sec. School, Barabanki.
Under the supervision of Mr. Prashant Sir.
_____________
_______________
(External Examiner) (Principal)
______________
(Internal examiner)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Mr. Prashant sir
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of physics on
“TO STUDY ON ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE AND ITS APPLICATION”
Who also helped me in completing my project . I came to
know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot In finalizing this project
withing the given time frame.
IMPEDENCE
Impedance is one of the attributes of electronic components that measure
resistance or opposition to the alternating current or direct .
Impedance is a vector quantity that consists of two independent one-
dimensional phenomena, viz: resistance and reactance.
The symbol for impedance is Z. It is similar to that of the resistance, the
formula for the impedance is as follows:
Z = V (in volts) / I (in amperes)
On this page, we will discuss the impedance definition and how is
impedance measured.
What is Electrical Impedance?
Impedance reduces the opposition to the steady direct current ‘electric
current’ flowing through the circuit.
The magnitude of the impedance is equal to the potential difference
applied across the circuit divided by the maximum current flowing
through the circuit.
Bow, let’s consider a scenario to understand the ‘Impedance Definition’
most simply:
Electrical Impedance
Let’s suppose that you are in hurry for your tuition classes and your
mother asks you to pour two gallons of milk into small cans and deliver
these to your neighbours.
Now, using a funnel would take a lot of time and you would get late for
your classes. So, this time the potential difference applied by you is more,
also, the milk flow too but the resistance offered is high and because of
which you got late and got punishment from your teacher.
Another day, you chose a funnel with a big hole and it saved a lot of time.
You did your job well and reached tuition class on time.
Here, the small funnel is the resistance, because of which the current flow
or the milk flow to milk cans took time. However, a big funnel is an
impedance that reduced opposition to the milk flow.
So, the impedance of the milk flow reduces time.
As we discussed the electrical impedance with real-life scenarios, now, let’s
understand what is impedance in Physics.
What is Impedance in Physics?
Electrical Impedance (Z) is the total opposition/resistance that a circuit
offers to alternating current.
Impedance is measured in ohms and may include resistance (R), inductive
reactance (X ), and capacitive reactance (X ); the total impedance is the
L C
algebraic sum of the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance. Since the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are 90 o
out of phase with the resistance and therefore, their maximum values
occur at varying times, we can use vector addition to calculate impedance.
(Image to be added soon)
Impedance
The relationship between impedance and its two components, viz:
resistance and inductive reactance can be represented using a vector as
shown in the image below:
(Image to be added soon)
In the above image, the amplitude of the resistance component is
represented by a vector along the x-axis & the amplitude of the inductive
reactance is a vector along the y-axis. The amplitude of the impedance is
shown by a vector that initiates from zero to a point that represents both
the resistance value in the x-direction and the inductive reactance in the y-
direction.
The electrical impedance in an electrical circuit with resistance and
inductive reactance can be calculated by using the following equation. If
capacitive reactance is present in the circuit, its value is added to the
inductive reactance term before squaring.
So, the equation for the above statement is given by:
Z=
Xl2+R2−−−−−−−−√Xl2+R2
Impedance & Ohm’s Law
In the above text, Ohm's Law is stated for a purely resistive circuit. When
an inductive reactance or capacitive reactance present in the circuit,
Ohm's Law can be written to include the total impedance in the circuit.
Therefore, Ohm's law takes the following form:
I=V/Z
In the above equation, Ohm's law simply states that the current (I), in
amperes, is proportional to the voltage (V), in volts, divided by the
impedance (Z), in ohms.
Please note that the values of resistance or the inductive reactance must
be changed to vary the impedance in the circuit.
Impedance vs Resistance
Impedance is just like resistance. It is a value that shows the amount of
resistance that a component offers to the flow of electrical current. And
just like resistance, the unit of impedance is Ohms (Ω).
However, unlike resistance, the impedance varies with the amount of
resistance that a component has to a signal varies on the frequency of the
signal. This means that the resistance of the component varies directly
with the frequency of the signal entering the electronic component.
Resistance is a value and its measure is independent of frequency; also, it
doesn't take into account the frequency of the signal passing through it,
because frequency doesn't affect the resistance of non-reactive
components. However, reactive components change the amount of
resistance they offer in a circuit relies on the input signal's frequency. But
impedance varies with the frequency of the signal passing via it. So, this
was the difference between resistance and impedance.
BIBLOGRAPHY
www.Google.com
https://www.wikipedia.org/
www.byjus.com
www.toppr.com
NCERT Physics Part – I
Prashant Sir’s Notes
