NEcliU g- Moe Ol aN, ACADEMIC PATH Lesson A: Identifying sequence in an expository text Lesson B: Synthesizing information trom multiple texts Lesson ©: Using a time line to plan a paragraph Writing a process paraaraph Think and Discuss Se Cnc Pree user wy Teac hich of these natural events are reese Werte aea ne sen ae ing is extremely hot—it can heat the air around it to enor ecm une ockoa eas + li most cases, lighlniny is caused Ly electical activity in clouds. Sey matsExploring the Theme eee Teme ae ne eae ose 4. This event is always happening somewhere in the world. eee eet ee tae eRe CL een . Read the information and check your answers to A. Then discuss the questions. Se ere nec Rea on naa ee 2, Which events can cause other natural events’ Tornadoes Oi CRC ogres oma feel Cee tcae mn fee ceccoie ne Pa easton Ohm eel nny ese ects) etree mre Wa Sn ae Cu MMM ea Mn one Semen ome anne ecm tein! oan adloes in the U.S, ogcur in a region called Tomado Alley, between Tees Mec MCC bart soul cost Pa r ea ANF pat Scaeas “al fs coe elo ™ a ‘ Wildfire Oe ieee tnt eon to ueocd np OMe egy Reta Piero tanta ee ene see Oc eer warmer, the warm air rises Sac ae}124 UNIT 7 ‘A | Building Vocabulary. Find the words in blue in the reading passage on pages 125-126. ac D Read the words around them and try to guess their mear below to make definitions. 6. Then match the sentence parts 1. ___ The elimate of a place is a. they begin to exist and take shape 2,__If things collide, ba facts and statistics that yous ean analyze 8. ____Acandition is 6 the weather conditions thar are 4 __Mata are normal there. 5.2___ Ifsomething extends from one. they happen. place to another, €. an area of a country or the world, 6 ‘When things form, 1. tt uses physical force to hurt or kill people. 1 When events occur, 4. they crash into each other, . 8.___Aregionis th. it covers that area or distance. 9, ___Ifan object strikes other things, |, the state that something is in. ; 10, _ If something is viotent, J. it hits them, Using Vocabulary. Ariswer they questions. Stare your idvas with @ classmate, 41. What is the climate like in your area? 2, What is an example of a violent natural event? What causes it to be violent? 3, What extreme natural events occur in your region? Brainstorming. What are some possible effects of a tornado? Complete the cause-and-effect chart. Cause Effects deees fall down, tornado Predicting. Scan the reading on pages 125-126. Note the dates and names of places you find. Now look at the information you wrote. What do you think the reading is mainly about? a. facts about past tornadoes around the world b. information about recent tornadoes in the United States ©. predictions ahont fire tornadoes in the United Srates Partners (Use ocour wit): apetaents uecur, changes occur, avents ari (ed) frequently occur, naturally occur, ‘normally occur, offen occur,a «4A powerfultornad in Kansas trew this van against a hotel bulding 4 rhe tomado that hit Joplin, Missouri, on April 26 2011, threw cars into the air as if they ‘vere toys. It pulled buildings apart and even broke up pavement'—something that only the strongest twisters can do. The Joplin tornado was strong, but it was just one of an amazing number of powerful twisters to strike the United States recently A huge number of intense tornadoes hit several regions of the southern United States in 2011. In fact, more violent tornadoes struck the United States in April 2011 than in any other month on record. In just two days, from April 26 to April 27, there were more than 100 separate twisters. The tornadoes moved through six states and killed at least 283 people. * The “Perfect Storm” From April 26 to April 27, “perfect storm” conditions gave birth to a monster twister in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. “Perfect storm” conditions occur when warm, wet air rises and ides with cold, dry air at high altitades.* * The pavementis the ard surtace ofa roa * It somethings on record, t's writen down and remembered * ir gomething ata particular altitude, iis at that helght above sea ove, NATURE'S FURY | 125ely > aoe | ‘The Tuscaloosa tornado was 1.0 mile (1.6 kilometers) wide, with winds over 260 mph (400 kph). It stayed ‘on the ground for an unusually long time. Tornadoes usually touch the ground for only a few miles before | they die Rur experts think the Tuscaloosa tarnada stayed an the ground and traveled 300 miles (480 | kalometers) across a region extending from Alabama to Georgia, “there were no limitations,” said tornado expert Tim Samaras. “Jt went absolutely crazy. It had nothing but hundreds of miles w grow aud develop.” Strong, But Not Surprising? What caused the violent tornadoes in 2011? Experts disagree. Some think warmer-than-normal water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico were the cause, Other people, such as Russell Schneider, director of the U.S. Swrm Prediction Center, Unink i's because ofa weather pattern called “La Nita.” La Nita can affect the climate in the United States. It makes air drier or wetter and causes temperatures to rise and fall, Some | experts, such as Samaras, think we simply don’t have enough data to decide a Because their cause is unclear, sciemtists around the world continue 10 studly wortmidues, One day theit 1 research will help us to better understand the conditions that cause tornadoes to form, Eventually, we may ‘even be able to predict how strong they will be and where they will hit. How Twisters Form @vamar @ cosar ‘A First, warm air and cold gai colide and for & ‘ube of rotating air Next, the rotating air tus to hecome a vertical column. Warm, A [| mo’stair rotates upward, Cooler air moves downward and pushes rain to the ground. Then, movernants of warm and cold air caisa the rotating winds) to form a funnel’ shape. When the funnel touches the ground, it becumnes a tornado, ‘La Nina (Spanish forthe gris a weather nattem that oocuts when cold water inthe Pnific comes tothe surtana of tha ara aff tho coast ef South Ameria, 126 | UNIT? "A funnel is a shaps wit a wide, civular lop and a narrow, short tu0e ate Doom.Al acl wD! ae! ari Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answer for exercise D on page 124. Was your prediction correct? Identifvina Main Ideas. Write answers to the questions, 1, What made the April 2011 tornado season so unusual? 2, What was unusual about the Tuscaloosa tornado? Identitying Key Details. Find In the reading pesssaye the answers (0 thes following ‘questions, Note the paragraphs in which you find the information, Write the answers in your own wars. Then share your answers with a partner, 4. What are “perfect storm” conditions for a tornado? -Faragraph: 2, What may have caused the violent tornadoes of 2011? Paragraph: —__ Critical Thinking: Evaluating Sources. Find the following quote and paraphrase in "When Tornadoes Strike." Note the paragraphs where you find each one. Then discuss ‘your answers to the questions. Quote: “There were no limitations,” said tornado expert Tins Samaras. “I went absolutely crazy, Ie bad nothing but bundres of miles to grow and develop.” Paragraph: — Paraphrase: Other people, such as Russell Schneider, director of the U.S. Storm Prediction Center; think it’s because of a weather pattern called “La Nita.” Paragraph; 4, Why did the writer quote Samaras (What idlea does it support) Why did the writer paraphrase Schneider? (What idea does it support?) 2, How does the writer describe Samaras and Schneider? For which source do you have more specific information? Critical Thinking: Analyzing. Does the article give the cause of the unusual tomado outbreak? Discuss your answer with a partner. Critical Thinking: Inferring. According to the reading, tornadoes killed 283 prnple in April 2011. How else do you think people were affected by these tornadoes? Writrs often quote or paraphrase (restate) the Ideas of experts, 10 support information in anartice, They ‘may introduce these sources with Accoraing fo... orfhe ‘expert thinks / NATURE'S FURY | 127Reading SI Identifying Sequence ‘When writers describe procasses—how things happen—they use transition words and phrases to show the. ‘order, or sequence, ofthe steps or events in the process. Look at these sentences from page 126: First, warm air and cold air cole and form a tue of rotating ac. Next, the rotating air tums to become a vertical column. The words frat and next tell you that warm and cold air colide and form a tube boforo the rotating air boooman avvertcal cowumn, Other Vansition words Ural indicate seyuer ve include ther, seLund, atk finally. Tine clauses with before, after, when. as soon as, once, and during also show order Before you go out, check the weather report, After the storm passes, i's safe to,90 outside. Once the storm hts, go inside. i Note: When, as soon as, and anne dascrina an event that hanpans just hefore another event. During shows a period of time in which an event occurs. oop windowa loved during the atorm, Aa aeen ao tho ctorm atopa, it’ aafo to go outoldo. A | Analyzing. Head the information abpout what to do ita tornado strikes. Undertine tne words and phrases thal slow urdet. Q, What to Do When a Tornado Strikes” TF yom lve in a tornado region, it’s important to know what to ii «do when tornadoes strike, Follow these steps for what to do before, reat slaving, ad after woaado suikes and you will ave de beat cluave «2 online stay safe, Fiat, alwaye pay attention to weather reports during tornado vero season. In addition, keep your eye on the sky. Watch for dark, grechie colored clouds, and clouds that are close to the ground. This may mean that a tomado is coming. As soon as you know a tornado is about ro ‘company; oct hit, find shelter immediately if you are autdooss. Ifyou are indoors, scared 0 to the lowest level you can, for example, to a basement, Once the wea tornado hits, stay inside for the entire time. During a wruado, stay ‘callogc: gov away from windows, as tomadoes can cause them to break. When the Syeerarenn storm is over, make sure family members are safe. Check your home Neal ice and the area around it for damage. Finally, contact disaster reller source's organizations such as the American Red Cross for help with cleanup retaoiny. and other assistance, such as food and shelter. 2% B | Identifying Sequence. Discuss your answors to these questions: What should you do bofore a tornado? What should you do during a tornarlo? What should you do whan a tomada is over? ‘33 ¢ | Critical Thinking: Evaluating Sources. Discuss your answers to these questions: What is the source of the paragraph in exercise A? Is this a reliable source of information on tornadoes? Why, or why not? D | Identifying Sequence. Look back at "How Turrrauues Furi” on paye 126, Underline the words and phrases that show order. Then write an anewor to the following question: When does a funnel become a tornadoy 128 | UNIT7Before Viewing Al Hore are 2eme words you will hear in the video. Match cach word with the correct dofntion Use your dictionary to help you. er bigger charge the type of electricity that something contains expend (either positive or negative) flash 3 4 measurement unit for electricity particle i Lot avery small piece of matter vole 5, a sudden burst of light BI You are going to watch a video about lightning. What do you already know about lightning? Read the sentences, Circle T for true and F for false. 4. Lightning is electricity TF 3, Most lightning occurs in Europe. ear 2, Lightning occurs 1000 times 4, Lightning is usually not as dangerous a second worldwide. TOF asa tornado. TOF While Viewing ‘A | Watch the video about lightning. As you watch, check and correct your answers to exercise B above. B | As you view the video, think about the answers to these questions. 4. Where in the world does lightning 8, What causes the loud noise you usually strike the most? hear with lightning? 2. What does lightning often look like when 4, What should you do to stay safe during, it strikes ue Barth? a lightning storm? After Viewing A | Discuss answers to questions 1-4 above with a partner. B| Compare lightning and tornadoes. Where in the world do they happen? ‘What causes them? How do they affect people and communities? NATURE'S FURY | 129A | Building Vocabulary. Read the sentences below. Use the context to help you identity the part of speech and meaning of each bold word. Write your answers. Check your answers in a dictionary. |, Putting outa fire is not always the most appropriate thing wo do, Suiietimes it's better to Jet a fie burn, 2. Firefighters look for natural objects that can block a fire, such as river. Part of speech: —————_________ Meaning: A Ryperience chews that fires are less dangerems when people call the fire department immediately, When firefighters arrive quickly, the fire doesn’t have a chance to spread. Part of epee: Meaning: 4, Frequent lightning storms are dangerous. Many storms ina short period of time can * cause fies. Part of speech ‘Meaning: 5. The 2008 Santa Rarhara fire wae dangerons heranse there was alot of fuel in its path, such as trees, grass, and homes. Part of speech: Meaning: 6. One method for preventing dangerons fires is cutting down dead trees. Part of speech: Meaning: 7. Many fires are the result of accidents, However, firefighters sometimes set small fires om purpose to prevent larger, more dangerous fires Part of speech: ‘Meaning: - Partners Use experience with adjectives: protessional excerence, valuable arnerience, past exrevianoe, shared exec loarning oxporionce You con aleo uso experience vith nove: Work experince, le exueretve, perience danger. 130 | unit?8. Fires that occur in places where a lot of people live are particularly dangerous because many people may be at risk. Part of speech: Meaning: 0. Ifyou want significant data on fircs in your arca, look on your local fixe departunat’s website Other sites may not have the most up-to-date or important information Pact of speech. Meaning: 10. You can avoid fires if you do not build houses near dry, dead plants, This strategy saves many lives Part of speech: Meaning &B | Using Vocabulary. Answer the questions in complete sentences. Then share your sentences : with a partner. 1, Ifthereis a fire in a crowded building, what is the appropriate thing to do? 2. What weather conditions are particularly dangerous, in your opinion? 3. Do fires occur frequently in your community? Why, or why not? 4, What are some strategies that you use to stay safe in bad weather conditions? 5. Describe something you did recently on purpose. Why did you do it? ¢ | Predicting. Skim the reading on pages 182-183, What do you think itis mainly about? 1 How to escape trom a wildfire How to keep wildfires rom starting D_ How to prevent wildfires from spreading NATURE'S FURY | 131eli) READING 4 Afareis shot onto a burning hilside in Montana, ackive, Wildfires occur all around the world, but they are most frequent in areas that have wet seasons followed by long, hot, dry seasons. These conditions exist in parts of Australia, South Africa, | Southern Europe, and the western regions of the United States. Wildfires can move quickly and destroy large areas of land in just a few minutes. Wildfires need three [5 conditions: cl, oxygen, anda heat source. Fuel is anything in the path of the fire that can burn: trees, grasses, even homes. Air supplies the oxygen, Heat sources include lightning, cigarettes, Or just heat from the sun. » From past experience we know that it i difficult to prevent wildfires, but it is possible to stop them = a from becoming, ton hig. One strategy is ta cnt down trees. Another strategy is to start fires ‘on purpose. Both of these strategies limit the amount of fuel available for future fires. In addition, people who live in areas where wildfires occur cans build fire-resistant! homes, according to fire researcher Jack Cohen. Cohen says that in some recent California fires, “there were significant cases of communities that did not burn .. . because they were fire-resistant.” However, most experts agree that no single action will reduce fires or their damage. The best method is to consider all these strategies and use each of them when and where they are the ust appropriate catch fe easy. + Amilltery campaign iso planned act facies for tgring a war. 2 A traneh ie along, naeows channel Chemical fire retardant is \ypy of chara that slows down the burnina of re * Backburning ia eovng fu, ouch oo panto ‘ana Wee, a es path, say by burr 132 | unit?Fighting Fighting fires is similar to a military campaign? Attacks come from the air and from the ground. The firefighters must consider three main factors: the shape of the land, the weather, and the type of fuel in the path of the fire, For example, southern sides of mountains are sunnier and drier, so they are more likely to burn than the northern sides. Between two mountains, in the canyons, strong winds can suddenly change the direction of afire.@ These places, therefore, experience particularly dangerous fires. control a wildfire, firefighters on the ground first look for something in the area that can block the fire, such asa river ora road. @ Then they dig a deep trench. This is a “fie line,” a line that fire cannot cross. ‘* While firefighters on the ground create a fire line, planes and helicopters drop water or chemical fire retardant! on the fire. @ Pilots communicate with firefighters on the ground so they know what areas to hit: + As soon as the fire line is created, firefighters cut down any dead trees in the area between the fire line and the fire, @ This helps keep flames from climbing higher into the treetops. + Ac the same rime, other firefighters on the ground begin backburning’ in the area between the fire line and rhe fireama | Evaluating | sources: WWhen | you s80.a quote fro ean eapcnt inanartole, ‘hin about ‘iy tho writer Inludeait ane the ideas it supports, 134 | unit 7 A | Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answer for exercise G on page 131. Was your prediction correct? 2% B | Identifying Key Ideas. Find answers to questions 1-3 in the reading. Note the paragraphs In which you find the information. With a partner, lake luins explaining your answers. 4, Where are wildfires most common?. Paragraph: —_ 2 Paragraph: 3, What are some ways to prevent wildfires from getting bigger. Paragraph: BB © | Critical Thinking: Evaluating Bources. Dioouos your anowors to thoeo quoetior Why doos the writer quota Jack Cohen? What ida cles his quote suppnrt? D Identifying Supporting Examples. According to the two reading pascages, what arc the main factors that firefighters consider when they are fighting a fre? What are examples of each one? Complete the chart. Factor shape of the land Examples dry grass, plants E | Cnitical Thinking: Making Gomparisons. How is rgnting fre similar to a miltary campaign? In both military campaigns and fighting fires, F | Identifying Sequence. Underline the sequencing words and phrases in the reading “Fighting Fire?” on page 193. Then number the events below in the correct order. If two events happon at the same time, give them the same number. 4, ___ Firefighters backburn the area between the fire and the fire Line. b Firefighters look far something in the area ta block the fre. ©, —— Firefighters cut down dead trees in the area between the fire and the fire line d, —— Plancs and helicopters drop fire retardant on the fire. ©. Firefighters dig # reel wo create a fire line. | Critical Thinking: Synthesizing. Liscuss the questions in small groups. 4. What is the role of weather iu each of the natural events you leaned about ius dis wait? 2. Which events can we predict? Which ones can we control? Which ones can we prevent? Esplain your answers.2A | Brainstorming. You aro going to write a process paragraph. A process can be either an explanation of how to do something or an explanation of how something happens. Work will @ particr, Make 2 list uf processes Ural you are fariliat wilh, Put @ CLEC next WO Une Gres al YOU. can explain. Then take tums explaining them to your partner. . DI what to do when lightning strikes [] Oo a Oo ao 6B | Journal Writing. Wille in your journal aboul one Uf tne provesses thal you checked In exercise A. ; Write for three minutes, | Analyzing. Read the information in the box. Complete the sentences (1-8) with the correct form of the verb in parentheses, « Language for Writing: Verb Forms for Describing a Process Writers usually use two verb forms when they describe a process—the imperative and the simple present. {you are explaining how to do something, use the imperative. The imperative is the base form of a verb. You do not use a subject with the imperative. For example: First, remove fuel in the fire's path. . ‘The subject, you, is understood. Remove is the base form of the verb. ‘ If you are explaining how something happens, use the simple present. For example: Then warm air moves upward. Then firefighters look for something in the area that can block the fire. Remember to make subjects and verbs agree when you use the simple present, 1, ____ (move) indoors during a lightning storm, if possible. , 2. Firefighters __ (alg) a trench to block the fire, 3 First, warm air____ (colle) with cold air at high altitudes. D | Applying. Write three imperative sentences and three sentences in the simple present. Use the ideas from exercises A and B above, NATURE'S FURY | 135,Writing Skill: Organizing a Procass Paragraph \wnen you write @ process paragraph, you expan sieps or events ina process in chronological ‘order—the fret evant appears frst, then the next event, and so on To plan a process paragraph, frst list each stop or event in the correct order. When you write your pparagraoh, use transition words and phrases to help the reader tollow the order. first, second. third: then. next. in adattion: finally before, after, once, when, as soon as. during, while [Note that during and while have similar meanings but are used differenti in a sentence, During the storm, it isn't sata to go outside. (during + noun) While tha starm is happening, stay indoors. (while + noun + be + verb + -ing) {As you saw on page 195, writers usually use the simple present or the imperative to describe a process. You can also use the present perfect with after and once. After / Once the storm has nassad, it's safe fo go outsiae. Note: A process paraaranh fs more than a list of steos. Is also important to include details that help the reader understand the steps or events, E | Sequencing. Look at the list of events for a process paragraph. Numnber thein to put them in.” the best order. Then underiine any transition words or phrases that show ordor. After that, tun off any of your home energy sources that can act as fuel, such as natural gas nally, eave the area as quickly as possible. Do not return home tintil it is safe. Then go back inside and close all windows, doors, and other openings. Ihis helps prevent the fire from moving easily through the house, fa fire 1s approaching your home, first go outside and move any items that can act as fuel for the fire, such as dead plants. Thu fill large containers such as garbage cans and bathtubs with water. This will slow down the fire ‘Source: ntpz/envranmentatioalyeograptit-cur! eironmertinatural-dsasterswidire-safely-tos! ‘Now write the paragraph. Wildfires move quickly and are extremely dangerous, but you can avoid danger ifyon follow sheer tap . Uf'y0u follow these steps, you will bave the best chances for staying safe if a wildfire occurs 136 1 UNIT?A | Planning. Follow the steps to plan your process paragraph. Step 1 Write your topic on the line. Step 2 _ List the steps or events for your process in the correct order in the chart below. on't write complete sentences. ‘Step 3 Write a topic sentence that introduces your process. Stop 4 Now write any details that will halp the reader to better understand your steps ar avants. Topic: Topic sentence: ‘Steps or events Details 1. ” 2. 3 4 5 6 . 7s 8. B | Draft 4. Use your chart to write a first draft. NATURE'S FURY | 137¢ | Analyzing. Tho paragraphs bolow are on the topic of what to do when an earthquake hits. ‘Which is the first draft? Which is the revision? ° [Fyouare indoors whan en eerthquale oocore, there ere peverst thinges ko do to stay safe. First, try to stay in one place. You will be safer if you move as little as possible. Then drop to the ground. Try to find a strong object nearby that you can get under, such es 8 table or other piece of furniture. If you are not near # piece of furniture that you can get under, stand in a doorway. While the earthquake is happening, hold an to the furniture or the doorframe. As soon as the shaking stops, it’s safe to move around, After an earthquake, be careful opening cupboards and closets, as objacts may fall out. By following thase steps, you will keep youreelf as cafe as possible when an earthquake hits. o Earthquakes are extremely dangerous. Never go outside during an earthquake. After an earthquake. it can stil be dangerous because of attershocks— smaller earthquakes—and fires caused by the earthquake. If you are indoors when an earthquake occurs, try to stay in one place. Try to find a strong object nearby that you can get under, such as a table or other piece of furniture. if you are not near a piece of furniture that you can get under, stand in a doorway. Hold on to the furniture or Ube dour frame unl Ure shaking stups. Du ot gu uubside until the shaking stops, By following these steps, you will keep yourself as safe as pussible when ant earthquake hits. ‘Sauuroashipsuwus tema go 23D | Critical Thinking: Analyzing. Work with a partner. Compare the paragraphs above by answering the following questions about each one. ° ° ‘Does the paragraph have one main idea? Does the topic sentence introduce the main idea? Are the steps in the correct order? ‘Are there transition words and phrases to show order! N N N . Are there detail sentences for some of the steps? eg keep <<< <<< <<<<<«< wie eae ae. Is there a concluding sentence? Now discuss your answer to this question: Which paragraph is better? Why? E | Revising. Answer tne questions above about your own paraaraon. 138) unit?wel Peer Evaluation. Exchange your first draft with a partner and follow these steps: Step 1 Read your partner's paragraph and tall him or her one thing that you liked about it. Step 2 Write the steps or events of your partner's paragraph in the chart below. Topi Topic sentance: Steps or avants Step 3 Compare your list of steps with the stops that your partnor wrote in exercise A on page 137. Step 4 — The two lists should be similar. If they aren't, discuss how they ciffer. Draft 2. Write a second draft of your paragraph. Use what you learned from the peer evaluation activity, and your answers to exercise E. Make any other necessary changes. Editing Practice. Read the information in the box. Then find and correct one verb form mistake in each of the sentences (1-5) In sentences using imperatives and the simple present, remember to: ‘use the base form of the verb in the imperative * use verbs that agree with subjects in the simple present “Most earthquake injuries happens when people go outside before the quake is over. Before a tornado hits, listens carefully to weather reports. ‘When lighting strike, move indoors a» quickly as possible. Finding the lowest area in a building when a tornado is about to hit. ‘A firefighter try to remove fuel in the fire’s path, such as dead trees and plants. peeps NATURE'S FURY | 139140 H | Editing Checklist. Use the checklist to find errors in your second draft. ; Editing Checklist Yes No ‘ Are all the words spelled correctly? Is the fst word of every sentence capitalized? ‘Does every sentence end with the correct punctuation? Do your subjects and vert agree? Did you use the imperative correctly? a 0 Bo ‘Are ather verb tenses correct? Final Draft. Now uso your Editing Chocklist to writo a third draft of your paragraph. Make any other necassary changas nn UNIT QUIZ 4. Another word for a tornado is ain) 2, The region where tornadoes ovvur the most in the United States: 's called 3. Tomadoes ocour when warm air _______with cold ai. 4. The underlined word below shows that the event in the tirst sentence happens before / at the same time as the event in the sacond sentence. Firefighters on the ground dig a trench and cut down dead trees between the trench andthe fire. While they are citing clown trees in the fre's path, other firefighters drop fire retarciant from the air 5, Ap) ie a euddan bright ight. 6 _________e the matorial that fires bun, such as trees and grasses, 7. Not all fires are the results of accidents: Firefighters sometimes set fires because it can keep forests healthy. 8. A process parayrapli shows lie order / results of events,