Class Notes
Class: XII
Topic: Unit-1:
Subject: Information Technology (802) Database Concepts (MySQL Functions)
MySQL Functions
A function is a special type of predefined command set that performs some operations and returns a single
value. The values that are provided to functions are called parameters or arguments.
MySQL functions have been categorized into various categories such as
Text functions (String) (A-65 to Z-90) , (a-97 to z-122)
Mathematical Functions (Numeric)
Date and Time functions.
1. CHAR(): It returns a string made up of the ASCII representation of the decimal value list. Strings in
numeric format are converted to a decimal value. Null values are ignored.
mySql>select CHAR (70,65,67,69);
MySql>Select Char(65, 67.3,69.3);
mySql>select CHAR (111, 112,106,115);
2. Concat(str1,str2,…): It returns argument str1 concatenated with argument str2
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(FIRST_NAME,SALARY AS 'NAME SALARY' FROM TEACHER;
3. LOWER()/LCASE(): It returns argument str, with all letters in lowercase.
mysql> SELECT LOWER(FIRST_NAME) FROM TEACHER;
4. UPPER()/UCASE(): It returns argument str, with all letters uppercase.
mysql> SELECT UCASE('pqrxyz');
5. SUBSTR() : It returns a portion of str, beginning at character m, n characters long.
SUBSTR(str, m[‘n])
SUBSTR(str from m [For n])
If m is negative the counting starts from back.
If n is omitted , MySQL returns all the characters.
If n is less than 1, a null is returned.
mysql> select substr('ABCDEFGH', 3,4);
mysql> select substr('ABCDEFGH', -3,4);
6. TRIM()
TRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [REMSTR] FROM] STR), TRM([REMSTR from] STR)
• It returns the str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed.
• If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING or TRAILING is given, BOTH is assumed.
• Remstr is optional and , if not specified , spaces are removed.
mysql> select trim(leading 'X' from 'XXXpqrXXX Periodic Test 1 is over XXXpqrXXX ');
mysql> select trim(trailing 'X' from 'XXXpqrXXX Periodic Test 1 is over XXXpqrXXX');
7. LTRIM(): It removes the spaces from the left of the given string.
mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' abcdefgh');
8. RTRIM() It removes the spaces from the right of the given string.
mysql> SELECT RTRIM('abcdefgh ');
9. INSTR: This function searches for given second string into the given first string.
mysql> select instr('O P JINDAL SCHOOL, KHARSIA ROAD RAIGARH, JINDAL STEEL AND
POWER LIMITED','JINDAL');
10. LENGTH:
mysql> SELECT LENGTH('O P JINDAL SCHOOL, RAIGARH');
mysql> SELECT LENGTH(12345 );
11. LEFT: Returns the leftmost len characters from the string str.
Returns NULL if any argument is NULL.
mysql> select left('JS12345/OPJS/XII/G',7);
mysql> select substr('JS12345/OPJS/XII/G',9,4);
12. RIGHT:
Returns the rightmost len characters from the string str.
mysql> select right('JS12345/OPJS/XII/A',5);
NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
1. MOD(): This function return modulus of given two numbers.
Syntax: MOD(m,n), m%n, m MOD n
mysql> select MOD(23,5);
2. POWER/POW(): This function returns mn , a number m raised to the nth power.
Syntax: POWER(m,n) or POW(m,n)
mysql> select power(3,4);
3. ROUND(): This function returns a number rounded off as per given specifications.
Syntax: ROUND(n[,m])
mysql> select ROUND(20.392,1);
4. SIGN() : This function returns sign of a given number.
If argument n<0, the function returns -1. If argument n=0, the function returns 0.
If argument n>0, the function returns 1.
mysql> select sign(-945);
mysql> select sign(945);
5. SQRT(): This function returns the square root of the given number.
Syntax: SQRT(n)
mysql> select sqrt(25);
6. TRUNCATE() : Returns numeric exp1 truncated to exp2 decimal places.
Syntax: TRUNCATE(n,m)
mysql> select truncate(129.345,1);
mysql> select truncate(129.345,2);
DATE & TIME FUNCTIONS
1. CURDATE() / CURRENT_DATE(): This function returns the current date.
mysql>SELECT CURDATE();
mysql>SELECT CURDATE() + 10;
2. DATE(): This function extracts the date part of a datetime expression
Syntax: DATE(expr)
mysql>SELECT DATE(‘2021-03-31 01:02:03’);
3. MONTH(): This function returns the month from the date passed.
Syntax: MONTH(date)
mysql>SELECT MONTH(‘2020-09-10’);
mysql>SELECT MONTH(CURDATE());
4. MONTHNAME(): This function returns the name of the month for a date.
Syntax: MONTHNAME(date)
mysql>SELECT MONTHNAME(‘2021-04-10’’);
mysql>SELECT MONTHNAME(CURDATE());
5. DAY(): This function returns the day part of a date.
Syntax: DAY(date)
mysql>SELECT DAY(‘2020-09-10’);
mysql>SELECT DAY(CURDATE());
6. YEAR(): This function returns the year part of a date.
Syntax: YEAR(date)
mysql>SELECT YEAR(‘2021-09-10’);
mysql>SELECT YEAR(CURDATE());
7. DAYNAME(): This function returns the name of weekday.
Syntax: DAYNAME(date)
mysql>SELECT DAYNAME(‘2020-09-10’);
mysql>SELECT DAYNAME(CURDATE());
8. DAYOFMONTH(): This function returns the day of month.
Syntax: DAYOFMONTH(date)
mysql>SELECT DAYOFMONTH(‘2020-08-31’);
mysql>SELECT DAYOFMONTH(CURDATE());
9. DAYOFWEEK(): This function returns the day of week.
(1=Sunday, 2=Monday, …..)
Syntax: DAYOFWEEK(date)
mysql>SELECT DAYOFWEEK(‘2021-03-31’);
mysql>SELECT DAYOFWEEK(CURDATE());
10. DAYOFYEAR(): This function returns the day of the year.
Syntax: DAYOFYEAR(date)
mysql>SELECT DAYOFYEAR(‘2021-02-25’);
mysql>SELECT DAYOFYEAR(CURDATE());
11. DATEDIFF(): Returns the number of days between two date values.
Syntax: DATEDIFF(date1, date2)
mysql>SELECT DATEDIFF('2017-06-25','2017-06-15');
mysql>SELECT DATEDIFF('2017-06-25 09:34:21','2017-06-15 15:25:35');
12. NOW(): This function returns the current date and time.
Syntax: NOW()
mysql>SELECT NOW();
13. SYSDATE(): This function returns the current date and time. But, it returns the time at which the
function executes.
Syntax: SYSDATE()
mysql>SELECT SYSDATE();
Note: ‘Content developed/prepared absolutely from home.
