Chapter 4
Boolean Algebra and
Logic Simplification
Dr Abdelaziz Yousif Ahmed
22-03-23
Ext: 7845
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Recap Logic Gates
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Course Outcome
1. Explain number systems, codes, digital arithmetic operation
and circuits.
2. Use Boolean algebra and Karnaugh Maps to minimize
Boolean expressions for the design of digital logic circuits.
3. Explain and use flip-flops, latches, counters, multiplexers and
de-multiplexers.
4. Design and construct combinational digital logic circuits
using appropriate logic design techniques.
5. Design and construct synchronous sequential digital logic
circuits using appropriate logic design techniques.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Learning Outcome
1. Apply the basic laws and rules of Boolean algebra
2. Apply DeMorgan’s theorems to Boolean expressions
3. Describe gate combinations with Boolean expressions
4. Evaluate Boolean expressions
5. Simplify expressions by using the laws and rules of Boolean algebra
6. Convert any Boolean expression into a sum of-products (SOP) form
7. Convert any Boolean expression into a product of-sums (POS) form
8. Relate a Boolean expression to a truth table
9. Use a Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean expressions
10. Use a Karnaugh map to simplify truth table functions
11. Utilize “don’t care” conditions to simplify logic functions
12. Apply Boolean algebra and the Karnaugh map method in an
application
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Outline
1. Boolean Operations and Expressions
2. Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra
3. DeMorgan’s Theorems
4. Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
5. Logic Simplification Using Boolean Algebra
6. Standard Forms of Boolean Expressions
7. Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables
8. The Karnaugh Map
9. Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization
10. Karnaugh Map POS Minimization
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Addition
In Boolean algebra, a variable is a symbol used to
represent an action, a condition, or data. A single
variable can only have a value of 1 or 0.
The complement represents the inverse of a variable and is
indicated with an overbar. Thus, the complement of A is A.
A literal is a variable or its complement.
Addition is equivalent to the OR operation. The sum term is 1 if
one or more if the literals are 1. The sum term is zero only if each
literal is 0.
Determine the values of A, B, and C that make the sum
term of the expression A + B + C = 0?
Each literal must = 0; therefore A = 1, B = 0 and C = 1.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Addition
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Multiplication
In Boolean algebra, multiplication is equivalent to the AND
operation. The product of literals forms a product term. The
product term will be 1 only if all of the literals are 1.
What are the values of the A, B and C if the
product term of A.B.C = 1?
Each literal must = 1; therefore A = 1, B = 0 and C = 0.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Laws Rules of Boolean Algebra
Commutative Laws
The commutative laws are applied to addition and
multiplication. For addition, the commutative law states
In terms of the result, the order in which
variables are ORed makes no difference.
A+B=B+A
For multiplication, the commutative law states
In terms of the result, the order in which
variables are ANDed makes no difference.
AB = BA
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Laws of Boolean Algebra
Associative Laws
The associative laws are also applied to addition and
multiplication. For addition, the associative law states
When ORing more than two variables, the result is
the same regardless of the grouping of the
variables.
A + (B +C) = (A + B) + C
For multiplication, the associative law states
When ANDing more than two variables, the
result is the same regardless of the grouping of
the variables.
A(BC) = (AB)C
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Laws of Boolean Algebra
Distributive Law
The distributive law is the factoring law. A common
variable can be factored from an expression just as in
ordinary algebra. That is
AB + AC = A(B+ C)
The distributive law can be illustrated with equivalent
circuits:
A
AB
B B
B+ C
C X
X A
A AC
C
A(B+ C) AB + AC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
1. A + 0 = A 7. A . A = A
2. A + 1 = 1 8. A . A = 0
. =
3. A 0 = 0 9. A = A
4. A . 1 = A 10. A + AB = A
5. A + A = A 11. A + AB = A + B
6. A + A = 1 12. (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
1. A + 0 = A
2. A + 1 = 1
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Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
3. A . 0 = 0
4. A . 1 = A
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Rules of Boolean Algebra
5. A + A = A
6. A + A = 1
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Rules of Boolean Algebra
7. A . A = A
8. A . A = 0
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Rules of Boolean Algebra
=
9. A = A
10. A + AB = A
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Rules of Boolean Algebra
11. A + AB = A + B
12. (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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DeMorgan’s Theorem
DeMorgan’s 1st Theorem
The complement of a product of variables is
equal to the sum of the complemented
variables.
AB = A + B
Applying DeMorgan’s first theorem to gates:
A A
AB A+B Inputs Output
B B
A B AB A + B
NAND Negative-OR 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
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DeMorgan’s Theorem
DeMorgan’s 2nd Theorem
The complement of a sum of variables is
equal to the product of the complemented
variables.
A+B=A.B
Applying DeMorgan’s second theorem to gates:
A A Inputs Output
A+B AB
B B
A B A + B AB
NOR Negative-AND 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
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DeMorgan’s Theorem
Apply DeMorgan’s theorem to remove the
overbar covering both terms from the
expression X = C + D
To apply DeMorgan’s theorem to the expression,
you can break the overbar covering both terms and
change the sign between the terms. This results in
=
X = C . D. Deleting the double bar gives X = C . D
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
Combinational logic circuits can be analyzed by writing
the expression for each gate and combining the
expressions according to the rules for Boolean algebra.
Apply Boolean algebra to derive the expression for X.
Write the expression for each gate:
A (A + B )
C (A + B )
B
C X = C (A + B )+ D
D
Applying DeMorgan’s theorem and the distribution law:
X = C (A B) + D = A B C + D
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Logic Simplification Using Boolean
Algebra
Using Boolean algebra techniques, simplify this expression:
AB + A(B + C) + B(B + C)
Step 1: Apply the distributive law to the second and third terms in the
expression, as follows: AB + AB + AC + BB + BC
Step 2: Apply rule 7 (BB = B) to the fourth term.
AB + AB + AC + B + BC
Step 3: Apply rule 5 (AB + AB = AB) to the first two terms.
AB + AC + B + BC
Step 4: Apply rule 10 (B + BC = B) to the last two terms.
AB + AC + B
Step 5: Apply rule 10 (AB + B = B) to the first and third terms.
B + AC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Sum-of-products and product-of-sums
Boolean expressions can be written in the sum-of-
products form (SOP) or in the product-of-sums form
(POS). These forms can simplify the implementation of
combinational logic. In both forms, an overbar cannot
extend over more than one variable.
An expression is in SOP form when two or more product terms are
summed as in the following examples:
ABC+AB ABC+CD CD+E
An expression is in POS form when two or more sum terms are
multiplied as in the following examples:
(A + B)(A + C) (A + B + C)(B + D) (A + B)C
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SOP Standard form
In SOP standard form, every variable in the domain
must appear in each term.
You can expand a nonstandard term to standard form by
multiplying the term by a term consisting of the sum of the missing
variable and its complement.
Convert X = A B + A B C to standard form.
The first term does not include the variable C.
Therefore, multiply it by the (C + C), which = 1:
X = A B (C + C) + A B C
=ABC+ABC+ABC
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POS Standard form
In POS standard form, every variable in the domain
must appear in each sum term of the expression.
You can expand a nonstandard POS expression to standard form
by adding the product of the missing variable and its complement
and applying rule 12, which states that (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC.
Convert X = (A + B)(A + B + C) to standard form.
The first sum term does not include the variable C.
Therefore, add C C and expand the result by rule 12.
X = (A + B + C C)(A + B + C)
= (A +B + C )(A + B + C)(A + B + C)
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Karnaugh maps
The Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool for simplifying
combinational logic with 3 or 4 variables. For 3
variables, 8 cells are required (23).
The map shown is for three
variables labeled A, B, and C. ABC ABC
Each cell represents one
ABC ABC
possible product term.
Each cell differs from an adjacent ABC ABC
cell by only one variable.
ABC ABC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Karnaugh maps
Cells are usually labeled using 0’s and 1’s to
represent the variable and its complement.
C The numbers are entered in
AB 0 1
gray code, to force adjacent
00 cells to be different by only
one variable.
01
Gray
code Ones are read as the true
11
variable and zeros are read as
10
the complemented variable.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Alternatively, cells can be labeled with the variable
letters. This makes it simple to read, but it takes
more time preparing the map.
CC CC
Read the terms for AB ABC
AB ABC
the yellow cells.
AB ABC
AB ABC ABC
The cells are ABC and ABC. AB ABC
AB ABC
AB ABC
AB ABC
ABC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
K-maps can simplify combinational logic by grouping
cells and eliminating variables that change.
Group the 1’s on the map and read the minimum logic.
C 0 1
AB
1 1. Group the 1’s into two overlapping
00
B groups as indicated.
changes 01 1 1 2. Read each group by eliminating any
across variable that changes across a
this 11
boundary.
boundary
10 C
3. The vertical group is read AC.
changes 4. The horizontal group is read AB.
across
this X = AC +AB
boundary
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Karnaugh maps
A 4-variable map has an adjacent cell on each of its
four boundaries as shown.
Each cell is different only by
CD CD CD CD
one variable from an adjacent
AB
cell.
AB Grouping follows the rules
AB
given in the text.
The following slide shows an
AB
example of reading a four
variable map using binary
numbers for the variables…
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Group the 1’s on the map and read the minimum logic.
C changes
across outer
boundary
CD
AB
00 01 11 10 1. Group the 1’s into two separate
00 1 1 groups as indicated.
B changes 2. Read each group by eliminating
01 1 1 any variable that changes across a
11 boundary.
1 1
B changes 3. The upper (yellow) group is read as
10 1 1 AD.
C changes
4. The lower (green) group is read as AD.
X
X = AD +AD
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Karnaugh maps
Group the 1’s in each of the Karnaugh maps below
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
1. The associative law for addition is normally written as
a. A + B = B + A
b. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
c. AB = BA
d. A + AB = A
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
2. The Boolean equation AB + AC = A(B+ C) illustrates
a. the distribution law
b. the commutative law
c. the associative law
d. DeMorgan’s theorem
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Quiz
3. The Boolean expression A . 1 is equal to
a. A
b. B
c. 0
d. 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
4. The Boolean expression A + 1 is equal to
a. A
b. B
c. 0
d. 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
5. The Boolean equation AB + AC = A(B+ C) illustrates
a. the distribution law
b. the commutative law
c. the associative law
d. DeMorgan’s theorem
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
6. A Boolean expression that is in standard SOP form is
a. the minimum logic expression
b. contains only one product term
c. has every variable in the domain in every term
d. none of the above
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
7. Adjacent cells on a Karnaugh map differ from each other by
a. one variable
b. two variables
c. three variables
d. answer depends on the size of the map
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
8. The minimum expression that can be read from
the Karnaugh map shown is
C C
a. X = A
AB
b. X = A AB
c. X = B AB 1 1
d. X = B AB 1 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
9. The minimum expression that can be read from
the Karnaugh map shown is
C C
a. X = A
AB 1 1
b. X = A AB
c. X = B AB
d. X = B AB 1 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Quiz
Answers:
1. b 6. c
2. c 7. a
3. a 8. a
4. d 9. d
5. a
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Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
