3.

0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS

Tutor:
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj
Paudel
Department of Civil
2018-07-30 Engineering
IOE, Tribhuvan University
 2

Objectives of the Presentation

 To know and understand the design procedures of sewers

 To know about the different types of sewer available

 To know about the various types of material used in construction of sewers

 To have a detailed knowledge on construction of sewers

 3
Presentation outlines

Shapes of Sewers
Design Criteria of Sewers
Sewer Materials
Design of Sewers of separate and combined systems
Numerical on design of sewers
Construction of sewers
 3.1 Design criteria of sewers 4

Types of Flow

Pressurized Flow Open channel flow Vacuum Flow

3.1 Design criteria of sewers(cont.)
5

Discharge

DESIGN

Velocity
 6
3.1 Design criteria of sewers(cont.)

 Design period
• 20 to 30 years

 Specific gravity of sewage

• Sewage consists of 99.9% water
• Specific gravity is nearly equal to 1

 Velocity of flow
• Velocity of flow must lie between self cleansing
velocity and limiting velocity.
 Camp Shield formula: 7
8β S − 1 gd
V=
f
where,
V=self cleansing velocity
β=dimensionless constant whose value
depends upon the characteristics of sediments
present in the Weisbach friction factor;
S=Specific gravity of sediments;
g=acceleration due to gravity;
d=diameter of solid particles
 Minimum Velocity:
 Also known as self-cleansing velocity. 8
 It is the velocity at which solid particles will remain in
suspension.
 Criteria for determining minimum velocity:
 For combined system, self cleansing velocity is 0.75m/s.
According to Badwin Latham self-cleansing velocity
depends upon the diameter of sewers.
Table 3.1 Self cleansing velocities

Diameter(cm) Velocity (m/s)

15-25 1.0
30-6 0.7
>60 0.6
Maximum Velocity: 9
 Also known as Limiting Velocity
 Velocity above which scouring or erosion of inner surface will
occur
 Scouring mainly due to abrasive action of harder materials
like sand, girt, gravel etc
 Limiting velocity depends upon the material of sewer

Sewer materials Limiting velocities

Vetrified tiles 4.5-5.5
Cast iron 3.5-4.5
Stoneware 3.0-4.0
Cement concrete 2.5-3.0
Ordinary brick lined 1.5-2.5
Earthen channels 0.6-1.2
 Minimum sewer size:
 Not less than 15 cm. 10
 Recommended size is 20 cm.
 In hilly areas it may be 10 cm.
 Standard pipe sizes are: 20 cm, 30 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm
with increase of 5 cm upto 2m.

 Sewer grades:
 It is the slope at which sewer is laid.
 Generally follows the natural slope of the ground.
 Not steeper than 1 in 20. Slope of 1 in 40 to 1 in 80 for
house sewer connected to public sewer.
 Gradients for self cleansing velocity of at least 0.6 m/s
is presented in the table 3.3.
 11
Table 3.3 Minimum gradient

Diameter of sewer(cm) Gradient

20 0.003
30 0.002
45 0.0015
60 0.0008
75 0.0006
100 0.0005
 Hydraulic formulae:
12
1. Chezy’s formula:
V = C RS
where,
V= velocity if flow;
C= Chezy’s coefficient;
R= Hydraulic mean depth;
S= Slope or gradient of sewer
 Different formulae for the calculation of Chezy’s coefficient:
a) Kutter’s expression:
0.00155 1
23+ +
𝑆 𝑛
𝐶 = 0.00155 where, n=roughness coefficient
23+ 𝑛
𝑆
1+
𝑅
b) Bazin’s formula:
157.6 13
C= m
1.81 +
R
where,
m is Bazin’s coefficient
2. Hazen-Williams Formula
𝑉 = 0.849 𝐶𝐻 𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54
where,
𝐶𝐻 is the Hazen- William’s coefficient
3. Manning’s formula:
1 2Τ3 1Τ2
V= R S
N
where,
5. Crimp and Bruge’s formula:
14
𝑉 = 83.47𝑅2Τ3 𝑆 1Τ2
Table 3.4 Manning’s coefficient n
Condition of interior
Conduit material surface
Good Fair
Salt glazed stoneware 0.012 0.014
Cement Concrete 0.013 0.015
Cast iron 0.012 0.013
Brick unglazed 0.013 0.015
Asbestos cement 0.011 0.012
Plastic smooth 0.011 0.011
 Hydraulic elements of sewers:
 Most commonly used sewers are circular. 15
 Hydraulic elements for different flow conditions are
presented below:

Source: Neupane, 2016

Source:Neupane,2016
i. Circular sewers running full:
π 2 16
Area of flow section A= D
4
Wetted perimeter 𝑃 = π𝐷
𝐴 𝐷
Hydraulic mean depth 𝑅= =
𝑃 4
Manning’s formula:
1 2Τ3 1Τ2
Velocity of flow V= R S
N
𝐴 2Τ3 1Τ2
Discharge 𝑄= 𝐴. 𝑉 = R S
𝑁
0.3116 8/3 1Τ2
= 𝐷 𝑆
𝑁
ii. Circular sewers running partially full:
17
θ 2𝑑
Central angle θ is given by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 1 −
2 𝐷
𝐷 𝐷 θ 𝐷 θ
1. Depth 𝑑 = − cos = 1 − cos
2 2 2 2 2
𝑑 1 θ
Proportional depth = = 1 − cos
𝐷 2 2

π 2 θ 𝐷 θ𝐷 θ
2. Area 𝑎 = 𝐷 × − cos sin
4 360 2 22 2
π 2 θ sin θ
= 𝐷 −
4 360 2π
𝑎 θ sin θ
Proportional area = = −
𝐴 360 2π
 θ
3. Wetted perimeter p= π𝐷 18
360
𝑝 θ
Proportional perimeter= =
𝑃 360

π 2 θ sin θ
𝑎 𝐷 −
4 360 2π
4. Hydraulic mean depth𝑟 = = θ
𝑝 π𝐷
360
𝐷 360 sin θ
= 1−
4 2πθ
Proportional hydraulic mean depth
𝑟 360 sin θ
= = 1−
𝑅 2πθ
 19
1 2Τ3 1Τ2
5. Velocity of flow v= R S
N
𝑣 𝑁 𝑟 2Τ3
Proportional velocity = =
𝑉 𝑛 𝑅
𝑁
Taking = 1,
𝑛
2Τ3 2Τ3
𝑣 𝑟 360 sin θ
= = 1−
𝑉 𝑅 2πθ
 20

1 2Τ3 1Τ2
6. Discharge 𝑞 =𝑎×𝑣 = r S
n
𝑁
Taking = 1,
𝑛
𝑞 𝑎 𝑣
Proportional discharge= =
𝑄 𝐴 𝑉
𝑎 𝑟 2Τ3
=
𝐴 𝑅
5Τ3
θ 360 sin θ
= 1−
360 2πθ
 Partial flow Diagram:
• Flow fluctuation occurs in sewer line so it is always 21
designed for partial flow.
• Crimp and Berges have developed the following
diagram for the calculation of hydraulic elements of
sewers known as partial flow diagram.

Source:Modi, 2001
 22

Source:B.C Punima,1998
 23
3.2 Shapes of Sewers

Source:en.Wikipedia.org
1
 Self
24
cleansing
velocity in
DWF

Sufficient
Structurally Selection of freeboard in
safe and Shape max.
stable discharge

Easy
cleaning
and
maintenanc
e
 25
Classification

Circular Sewer

Source:en.Wikipedia.org
 Advantages 26

Easily manufactured
Gives maximum area for a given perimeter
Most efficient since it gives greatest hydraulic mean depth
when running half or full
Economical since it utilizes minimum quantities of material

Circular Sewer Less settlement of deposits due to uniform curvature

Disadvantages
Self cleansing cannot be maintained at DWF conditions in
combined system

Suitable only when variation of discharge is not large

 27

d/D a/A v/V q/Q

1.0 1 1 1
0.9 0.949 1.124 1.066
0.8 0.858 1.140 0.988
0.7 0.748 1.120 0.838
0.5 0.5 1 0.5
0.4 0.373 0.902 0.337
0.3 0.252 0.776 0.197
0.2 0.143 0.615 0.088
 Non-Circular Sewer 28

Horse
Semi shoe
elliptical
Rectangular
Parabolic
Egg shaped
 29
Egg shaped sewer(Ovoid Shape)

 Type of closed sewer

 Depth is one and half times of their width
 Smaller radius at bottom and larger at the top
 Mostly constructed with RCC

d/D v/V
Ovoid Circular
0.25 0.7 0.698
0.20 0.62 0.61
0.1 0.44 0.4 Source:28dayslater.co.uk

0.05 0.29 0.25

 Advantages 30

 Provides slightly higher velocity for low

flows over circular sewer of equal capacity
 Effective in combined system

Egg Shaped Sewer Disadvantages

 Unstable as small end of egg is down and
has to support weight of upper broader
section
 Difficult to construct
 Expensive as more material is required
 High construction cost
 Not self cleansing in absence of adequate
gradient
 31
Rectangular Shaped

Ease in construction
More stability

Hydraulically
Source:en.Wikipedia.org inefficient
 Horse shoe Shaped Sewer 32

 Used for large sewer with heavy discharges such

as trunk and outfall sewers
 Suitable when headroom for the construction of
sewer is limited
 Invert of the section may be flat , parabolic or
circular
 Crown is semicircular and can support extra
external load without the aid of backfilling

Source:www.corrugatedmetalc
ulvert.com
 Parabolic Shaped Sewer 33

 Upper arch of sewer forms the shape of

parabola
 Used for carrying comparatively small quantity
of sewage
 Invert of the section may be elliptical or
parabolic

Source:www.corrugatedmetalc
ulvert.com
 Semi Elliptical Shaped Sewer 34

 Used for soft soil as it is more stable

 Useful only for carrying large amount of sewage
 Adopted when sewers have width greater than
2m

Source:www.corrugatedmetalc
ulvert.com
 U Shaped Sewer 35

 Used for combined sewer having maximum flow

of storm water
 Used for long sewers and specially in open cuts
 Invert is in the form of semi circular arch

Source:www.slideplayer.com
 Semi circular Shaped Sewer 36

 This section gives a wider base at bottom and

hence it becomes suitable for constructing large
sewers with less available headroom
 It is outdated

Source:www.slideplayer.com
 Basket handle Shaped Sewer 37

 Bottom portion is narrower in width than upper

portion
 Carries small discharge through bottom narrow
portion and runs full during monsoon
 Useful for maintaining self cleansing velocity in
DWF
 Outdated

Source:www.slideplayer.com
3.3 Sewer Materials 38
Points to be considered 39

Resistance to corrosion

Resistance to abrasion

Strength Durability Cost

Hydraulic efficiency Imperviousness

 40

Asbestos
cement
Plastic
Vitrified clay or
stoneware Brick

Plain or
Steel
Reinforced
Cement
Cast Iron
concrete
 41
Asbestos cement

 Manufactured from mixture of asbestos

fibre,silica and cement
 Size 75 to 500 mm in diameter and length up
to 4.0 m
 Light in weight , easy to cut and assemble
without skilled manpower , quick laying and
backfilling
 Structurally not very strong

Source:www.shutterstock.com
 42
Vitrified clay or stoneware

 Manufactured from clay and shales of

special qualities and grades
 Used mainly in house drainage and lateral
sewers
 Size available 5 to 30 cm internal diameter
with 0.9 to 1.2 m in length

Source:en.Wikipedia.org
 • Highly resistant to sulphide corrosion due to 43
high velocity
• Inner surface is smooth hence hydraulically
efficient
Merits • Posses high compressive strength
• Enough resistant to erosion due to grit and silt
• Highly impervious
• Cheap and easily available

• Weak in tension
• Brittle in nature
Demerits • Quite bulky and heavy
• Difficulty in laying and transportation
 44
Brick

 Used for construction of large sized

combined sewers
Advantage:
 Can be constructed to any required shape
and size
Disadvantages:
 Higher cost
 Large space requirements
 Slow work progress

Source : www.teamipr.com
 45
Steel

 Used for main , outfall and trunk sewers

having large diameters where high external
and internal pressure are encountered.
 Perfectly impervious , light in weight , easily
welded
 Can absorb vibration and shock loads due to
its flexibility
 Made corrosion resistant by heavy
galvanization or bituminous coating
 Cost is high compared to cast iron pipes
Source :http://peoriapublicradio.org
 46
Cast Iron

 Available in diameter from 150mm to 750mm

and 3 to 3.5 m length
 Stronger to withstand tensile,compressive
and bending stress
 Can withstand vibration,high external and
internal pressure
 Easy to join and watertight
 Brittle in nature and expensive
 Easily acted upon by acids
 Difficult to transport and handle Source : www.indiamart.com
Used Under following circumstances 47

 Heavy external loads

 High internal pressure
 Crossing low level areas
 Under expensive road surface
 Protection against contamination
 Temperature variations
 Vibrations
 Wet ground conditions
 48
Plastic

 Used for internal drainage works in house

 Size 75 to 315 mm external diameter
 Smooth internal surface
 Offer resistance to corrosion,light in
weight,economic in laying, jointing and
maintenance
 Tough and rigid
 Ease in fabrication
Source:www.dreamstimecom
 49
Plain or Reinforced Concrete

 Used from 80mm to 450mm diameter with

thickness varying from 25 to 35mm
 Equally strong under internal and external
pressure
 Easily manufactured even at site
 Economical for medium and large sized
installations
 Easily corroded by action of contents of
sewage.Such corrosion is known as crown
corrosion Source:www.kanapipeline.com
 Precast concrete and Cast insitu concrete pipes
 Crown Corrosion
50

With the gradual deposition of organic and

inorganic matter at the bottom of sewer,the flow
of sewage in the lower layer become stale
leading to the anaerobic conditions favourable
for the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria which
convert sulphate to H2S as shown.Thiobacillus
thioxidans convert H2S to H2SO4. The sulphuric
acid deposited at the crown of the sewer reacts
with concrete and forms CaSO4 which falls down
as droplet making the crown of sewer uneven
and thinner.
51
3.4 Design of sewers of separate and
combined systems 53

Fig: Separate system

Source:en.Wikipedia.org 52
 53

Fig: Combined system

Source:en.Wikipedia.org
Design the section of combined circular sewer from the data given below:
Area to be served is 150 hectares 54
Population of locality is 1,00,000
Maximum permissible velocity 3.2 m/s
Time of entry is 5 minutes
Time of flow is 20 minutes
Rate of water supply is 270 lpcd
Runoff coefficient is 0.45
Assume suitable data if necessary.
Solution:
Assuming 80% of the water supplied will be reaching the sewers as sanitary sewage
,quantity of sanitary sewage produced;
Average quantity of sanitary sewage flow (DWF)
=1,00,000 x 270 x 0.8 lit/day
=(100000x270x0.80) / (1000x24x60x60) m3/s
=0.25 m3/s
Maximum or peak quantity of sanitary sewage
=Peak factor x DWF (Assuming peak factor = 2 )
3
55
=2 x 0.25 m /s
=0.5 m3/s
Tc = Te + Tf
where Tc= time of concentration
Te = time of entry
Tf = time of travel or flow
The quantity of storm water will be maximum when storm duration is equal to time of concentration.
Thus, t = tc= 25 minutes
1020
𝑖=
𝑡 + 20
1020
𝑖= = 22.67 mm/hr
25+20
The storm water runoff is given by rational formula ,as
𝐶𝑖𝐴
𝑄= , where C=0.45, i=22.67 mm/hr , A=150 hectare
360
=4.25 m3/s
Therefore, combined discharge (Q) = 0.5+4.25
= 4.75 m3/s 56
𝑄 4.75
Now, 𝐴 = = = 1.48 m2
𝑉 3.2
All velocities must lie between (0.75-3.2) m/s . Hence, 3.2 m/s is assumed.
4𝐴
Diameter of sewer , 𝐷 =
𝜋
=1.374 m
Adopting commercially available size 1.4 m,
𝜋𝐷2
𝐴=
4
𝜋𝑥 (1.4)2
= = 1.54 m2
4
𝑄 4.75
𝑉= = = 3.08 𝑚/𝑠<3.2 m/s. Hence,ok.
𝐴 1.54
Check for cleansing velocity during dry weather flow
𝑞 0.25 1
= = = 0.0526
𝑄 4.75 19
360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5/3
𝑞
𝑄
=
𝜃
360
[1 −
2𝜋𝜃
]
 18.94 3/5 360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
[ 𝜃
] +
2𝜋𝜃
-1 = 0
Solving, 𝜃 = 93o 57
360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2/3
𝜗
𝑉
= 1− [ 2𝜋𝜃
]
Or, v= 3.08 x 0.529 = 1.629 m/s
0.75 m/s < 1.629 m/s < 3.2 m/s Hence,ok.

Check for self cleansing velocity during minimum flow

Assume Qmin = 1/2 of DWF
𝑞
= 0.0263
𝑄
360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5/3
𝑞
𝑄
=
𝜃
360
[1 −
2𝜋𝜃
]
o
Solving, 𝜃 = 78.077
𝜗 360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2/3
= [1 − ]
𝑉 2𝜋𝜃

Or, v= 3.08 x 0.43 = 1.32 m/s

0.75 m/s < 1.32 m/s < 3.2 m/s Hence , ok.
 58
Calculate the diameter and velocity of a circular sewer at a slope of 1in 150 when it
is running just full at a discharge of 1.05 m3/s. The value of n in Manning’s formula
is 0.011. What will be the discharge and velocity when flowing 0.75 depth of pipe for
the same slope.
Solution:
Using Manning’s equation,we have
1
𝑄 = 𝐴 R2/3 S1/2
𝑛
Q = 1.05 m3/s , n=0.11, s=1/150
Thus, by substitution , we get
1 𝜋 𝐷 2/3 1 1/2
1.05 = 𝑥 𝐷2 𝑥 𝑥
0.11 4 4 400
or, D= 0.7436 m
1
Velocity (v) = R2/3 S1/2
𝑛
1 0.7436 2/3 1 1/2
=
0.011 4 150
= 2.42 m/s
When flowing depth of pipe = 0.75m
𝑑 59
= 0.75
𝐷
𝜃 2𝑑
Central angle (𝜃) is given by , cos = (1 − )
2 𝐷
= (1- 2 x 0.75 )
𝜃= 240o
360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5/3
𝑞
𝑄
=
𝜃
360
[1 −
2𝜋𝜃
]
Discharge(Q) = 1.05 m3/s
Therefore, q = 0.9575 m3/s
Now,
𝜗 360𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2/3
= [1 − ]
𝑉 2𝜋𝜃
Velocity (v) = 2.42 m/s
Therefore , 𝜗 = 2.74 m/s
 60

1. Calculate the velocity of flow in a sewer of circular section having diameter of 1m, laid at
gradient of 1 in 600. Use Manning’s equation taking n=0.012
n=0.012 Gradient =
1/600 61

V=
?
Q=
Solution:
62
For sewer running half full,
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝝅𝑫
A= ; P=
𝟖 𝟐
𝑨 𝑫
R= =
𝑷 𝟒
Hydraulic Radius(R)=0.25m
𝜋𝐷2
A= =0.3627m2
8

Using Manning’s equation;

𝟐 𝟏
1
Velocity(V)=R𝟑S𝟐=1.35 m/sec
𝑛
Discharge(Q)=AV=0.3927 * 1.35 =0.053 m3/sec
 63

2. Design a sewer to serve a population of 120000; the daily per capita

water supply allowance being 180 litres, of which 80% find its way into the
sewer. The permissible sewer slope is 1 in 1000, peak factor=2 and take
Manning’s n=0.012
64
65
66
 67

3. Calculate the diameter of a sewer to serve an area of 20 square

kilometer with a population density of 250 persons per hectare. The
average rate of sewage flow is 350 lpcd. The maximum flow is 50% in
excess of average together with the rainfall equivalent of 15 mm in 24 hrs,
all of which are runoff, take the Vmax as 3m/sec.
68
69
4.Calculate the diameter of combined circular sewer with the 70
following data:
Rate of water supply=100 lpcd
Population density=100 persons/hec
Peak factor=2.7
Area=35 hectares
Rainfall intensity=15 mm/hr
Slope=1 in 750
Rugosity coefficient=0.011
Runoff Coefficient=0.4
The sewer should run 0.6 full during peak flow
71
72
 73

5. A city has a population of 1 lakh with a per capita water supply

of 200 lpcd. Design sewer running 0.7 times full at maximum
discharge. Take n=0.013, slope=1 in 600 and peak factor=2.25.
Assume 80% of w/s contibutes for sewage.
74
75
 76
3.6 Construction of sewers

1.Sewers are expensive to construct and if not built

correctly remedial works can be disruptive, time
consuming, costly and, in some circumstances, have
adverse effects on a company’s reputation.

2.In many instances, a lot of mistakes can be avoided

by considering the specification and requirements
before and during construction.

3.This is an on-site guide for contractors and operatives

constructing sewers, with advice notes provided to
avoid some of the common on site errors.
 77
Trenching and bedding

1.Trenches must be adequately supported, free from

boulders and tree roots must be taken out.

2.Muddy ground, water and soft areas in the trench base

must be removed.

3.Materials, spoil and equipment must be stored safely

and plant should be operated within a safe working
distance.

4.The trench must be adequately protected from slips,

trips, falls, site traffic, and have a safe means of access
 Trenching and bedding
78

1. Trenches should be adequately

dewatered to provide a firm base but
not dug wider than necessary as
excessive loading may be placed on
the pipe.

2. Should ground conditions be

unsuitable for pipe laying
and manhole construction,
an engineer must be consulted to
design a solution.

Fig.1-Trenching and bedding

Source:
Trenching and bedding 79

1.In addition, care must be taken to prevent site debris,

sludge or silt from entering the sewer network which
could ultimately cause flow restrictions, blockages
,flooding , pollution and also affect the receiving
wastewater treatment works.

2.Costs associated with such incidents may be

recovered from those responsible.

3.In addition, should an inappropriate discharge of

site groundwater or construction material cause
a pollution incident, this may lead to prosecution.
 80
Installation of sewage pipes

The installation of sewage pipe consist of the following

steps.
1. Locate the positions of the manhole on the ground along
the longitudinal section of the sewer line. It is common
practice to lay sewer line between two manholes at a time.
2. The center line pegs of the sewer are driven at a
distance of every 7.5 m or 15m.
3. The center line of the sewer line should be properly
maintained by providing an off-set line usually marked at a
distance of 2m to 3m. The off-setline helps in locating the
sewer center line when excavation is carried out to laying
of sewer pipe.
 Pipe laying and beddings 82

1.Pipes must be evenly bedded along the length of the

pipe, usually full bed and surround for semi rigid and
flexible pipe materials.

2.Rigid pipes may require less granular bedding material.

3.Sewers located within highway or areas of traffic should

have 1.2 m of cover. In other areas, 0.9 m of cover is
required.

4.Where this is not possible, a full protective concrete bed

and surround must be provided, inclusive of flexible joints.

81
Pipe laying and beddings 82
1.Pipes should be laid in 3 m maximum lengths
with the joints ‘pushed home’ into sockets.

2.Furthermore, care must be taken to ensure the

pipe jointing seals are free from grit, silt etc. which
will likely cause the pipe length to fail later air
testing.

3.It is recommended that sewers are air tested at

regular intervals as pipes are laid.

4.Pipes should be cleanly cut, be free

from defects and laid without back fall and dips.
 83
Jointing of pipe

1.Pipes should be laid in 3 m maximum lengths with the

joints ‘pushed home’ into sockets.

2.Furthermore, care must be taken to ensure the pipe

jointing seals are free from grit, silt etc. which will likely
cause the pipe length to fail later air testing.

3.It is recommended that sewers are air tested at regular

intervals as pipes are laid.

4.Pipes should be cleanly cut, be free from defects

and laid without back fall and dips.
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Gradients and backfilling

1.It is recommended that sewers are laid using pipe lasers to

achieve a single consistent gradient.
2.Where there is little fall such as gradients up to 1:150 extra
care should be taken to prevent dips.
3.Back laying of pipes should be avoided where possible as
level errors and the positioning of unforeseen
existing services may require corrective measures which can
be either expensive or impossible to rectify.
4.Pipes should be backfilled and compacted in 150 mm
layers to 300 mm above the pipe crown.
5. Care should be taken during compaction so that
the sewer remains in good line and level, in particular
adjacent to manhole chambers.
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Testing of sewer

1.The straightness of the sewer

pipe can be tested by placing a
mirror at one end of the sewer line
and a lamp at the other end. 2.If the
pipe line is straight, the full circle of
light will be observed. 3.However, if
the pipe line is non-straight, this
would be apparent and the mirror
will also indicate any obstruction in
Fig: Testing of sewer
Source: www.ejprescott.com the pipe barrel.
 Testing of sewer 86

1.Any obstruction present in the pipe can also be tested

by inserting at the upper end of the sewer a smooth
inserting at the upper end of the sewer a smooth ball of
diameter 13mm less than internal diameter of the sewer
pipe.

2.In the absence of any obstruction, such as yarn or

mortar projecting through the joints etc. the ball shall roll
down the invert of the sewer pipe and emerge at the lower
end.
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