REPRODUCTION

Handwritten Notes

Made with
by
GAURAV SUTHAR
The production of new organism form the already existing
organism of the same species is known as Reproduction.

- The process of reproduction ensures continuity of life on earth.

- Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on this

earth.

- The production of a new organism from a single parent without

the involvement of sex cells (or gametes) is called asexual
reproduction.

- The production of a new organism from two parents by making

use of their Sex cells (or gametes) is called Sexual
reproduction.

Ques - Differentiate between Asexual Reproduction and Sexual

Reproduction.
- In this process of fission, a unicellular organism splits or
divides into two or more new organism.
- The breaking up of the body of a simple organism into two or
more pieces on maturing, each of which subsequently grows to
form a complete new organism, is called fragmentation.

- Example – Spirogyra
 +

Fig. Fragmentation in Spirogyra Real photo of Fragmentation in

Spirogyra

The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is
called Regeneration.

Example - Hydra and Planaria

 Real photo of Planaria

- In budding, a small part of the body of the parent organism

grows out as a 'bud' which then detaches and becomes a new
organism.

- Example - Hydra
 Real photo of budding in Hydra

− The parent plant produces hundred of microscopic reproductive

units called 'spores'. When the spore case of the plant bursts,
then the spores spread into air. When these air-borne spores
land on food (or soil) under favourable conditions (like damp
and warm conditions), they germinate and produce new plants.

− Example - Rhizopus

Real photo of Spore Formation in Rhizopus

− In Vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from the
parts of old plants (like Stem, roots and leaves) without the
help of any Reproductive organs.
− Sexual Reproduction involves the fusion of gametes or sex cells
resulting in the formation of zygote

− Due to the fusion of gametes, the chances of variations are

very high during sexual reproduction

Ques - What is the advantage of Sexual reproduction?

Ans – Sexual reproduction results in genetic variation which

ultimately leads to evolution of new species.

The Sex Organs (or reproductive organs) of a plant are in its

flowers.
• It is the male reproductive part of the flower.

• It is composed of two parts - Anther and Filament.

• Stamen produces pollen grains that are yellow in colour.

• It is the female reproductive part of the flower.

• It is composed of three parts - Ovary, Style and Stigma.

• Ovary : The swollen bottom part

• Style : Middle elongated part

• Stigma : Terminal sticky part

• The green, leaf-like parts of the flower are called

Sepals.

• Its function is to protect the flower in its initial stages.

• The colourful parts of a flower are called Petals.

• Its function of petals is to attract insects for
pollination and to protect the reproductive organs.

Real photo of parts of Flower

• Contains either Stamens or Pistil

• Example - Papaya, Watermelon

• Contains both Stamens and Pistil

• Example - Hibiscus, Mustard
The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to the
stigma of a carpel is called pollination.

- Pollination can be of two types:

• The pollen grains from the anther of a

flower are transferred to the Stigma of the same
flower (or another flower of the same plant)

• The pollen grains from the anther of

a flower on one plant are transferred to the Stigma of a
flower of another similar plant.

Fertilization occurs when the male gamete present in the pollen

grain joins with the female gamete (or egg) present in ovule.
 Easy Diagram of Ovary

Both Diagrams are of same thing but

Left Diagram is of NCERT book
And the Right Diagram is easy to understand
 Complete process of Reproduction in Flower
Just in one Diagram

• After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form

an embryo within the ovule.

• The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into Seed.

• The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a form of Fruit.

• The Seed contains the future plant which develops into a

Seedling.

• The radicle grows to form the root.

• Plumule grows upward to form the shoot.

• Cotyledon contains stored food that helps radicle and

plumule to grow.
 • The age at which the Sex hormone and gametes begin to be
produces and the Boy and Girl become sexually mature is
called Puberty.

• In males, after Puberty, testes starts producing sperms and

the Male sex hormone called Testosterone.

• In females, after puberty, ovaries starts producing Ova (or

eggs) and Female sex hormone, Estrogen.

• Male and female also starts developing secondary sexual

characters.

Secondary Sexual characters in Male :

a. Hair grow in Armpits, Pubic regions, Chest and

Face
b. Body becomes muscular.
c. The voice deepens.
d. Chest and Shoulders broaden.

Secondary Sexual characters in Female :

a. Hair grow in Armpits and Pubic regions.

b. Mammary glands develop and enlarge.
c. Hips broaden.
d. Fallopian tube, uterus and Vagina enlarge.
• The male reproductive system consists of portions which
perform two major functions-

- Produce sperms – Testes

- Deliver sperms to the site of fertilization - All the rest

(Vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Prostrate)

− It is primary reproductive organ in male.

 − It is located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum
because sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than the normal body temperature.

Functions of Testes –

• Formation of Sperms.
• Secretion of testosterone.

− Vas deferens delivers sperms from testes to urethra.

− Both of these gland add fluid secretions to the sperms

which makes the transport of sperms easier and provides
nutrition.
− Forms a common passage for both Sperms and Urine.
Human Body: Reproductive System
The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by hormones produced
by the pituitary gland in the brain, and the reproductive organs themselves.
Brain The Reproductive Organs
These organs make, mature, and store gametes, or sex cells, in
the human body. The male gametes are called sperm and female
gametes are called ova or egg cells. Each gamete contributes
half of an offspring’s DNA, providing genetic variation through
hypothalamus
sexual reproduction.

Male reproductive system

Pituitary gland Sperm is made in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the
spinal
cord epididymis. It travels through the vas deferens, where it mixes
with seminal fluids and passes through the urethra.

infundibulum
ureters
anterior posterior
pituitary pituitary
vas deferens
epididymis
Pituitary Gland bladder
head
The pituitary gland secretes hormones
that control the reproductive organs.
It signals the production of sex prostate
hormones and controls ovulation
and the menstrual cycle in women.
urethra
penis

testis
epididymis
body
seminiferous tubules epididymis tail

Female reproductive system

Immature eggs are found in the ovaries where they mature and are Developing
released into the fallopian tubes. An egg travels down the tube to Ovarian Follicle
the uterus, where it either implants and develops into an embryo or
is shed with the lining of the uterus at the end of a menstrual cycle.

fallopian tubes

ovary ovary
mature
uterus egg

vagina

© 2017 Carolina Biological Supply Company

− It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It performs
two major functions

• Production of - Egg/ Ovum.

• Secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone

− One egg is produced every month by ovaries.

− It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It performs
two major functions

− It acts as a site of fertilization.

− The Oviducts unite into an elastic - bag like structure

known as the uterus.

− Uterus opens into the vagina through cervix.

− It receives sperms from male partner, serves as a Birth

Canal.

− Uterus is connected to vagina through a narrow opening

called Cervix.
- The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual
intercourse.

- They travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they may
encounter egg.

- The fertilized egg (zygote) starts diving to form a ball of

cells or embryo.

- The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus where

they continue to grow and develop organs to become foetus.

- The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the
help of a special tissue called Placenta.

- The development of the child inside the mother's body takes

approximately nine months (Gestation period). The child is born
as a result of rhythmic contractions of the muscle in the
uterus.
- Every month, Ovary releases one egg and uterus prepares
itself to receive the fertilised egg by developing thick,
spongy lining.

- If fertilisation doesn't take place, egg along with the uterus

lining breaks down and comes out through vagina as blood
and mucus.

- This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known as

Mensuration.

- It lasts for about 2-8 days.

- Diseases which are spread by sexual contact with an infected

person are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD).

- Common STD are:

• Gonorrhoea

• Syphills Caused by Bacteria

• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Caused by

Virus
− The prevention of pregnancy in Women is called Contraception.

Condoms

Advantage : It helps in the prevention of STD

Oral pills

Disadvantage : It changes hormonal balance which can

cause side effects.

Copper -T

Disadvantage : Can cause irritation of uterus.

Vasectomy Tubectomy

Blocking of Vas deferens in male Blocking of fallopian tube in females.

- Surgical methods are safe in the long run but surgery itself can
cause infections if not performed properly.