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=> Ve smallest hes highesl probablyNy An assembler of computer routers and modems uses parts from two sources. Company A "2
supplies 80% of the parts and Company B supplies remaining 20% of the parts. From the past
experience, the assembler knows that 5% of the parts supplied by Company A are defective and
3% of the parts supplied by Company B are defective. An assembled modem selected at random
is found to have defective part. Which of the two Companies is more likely to have supplied the
defective part?
|Due to inaccuracies in drug testing procedures (e.g. false positive and false negative), in the
medical field the results of a drug test represent only one factor in a physician's diagnosis. Yet
when Olympic are tested for illegal drug use (i.e. doping), the result of a single test are used to
ban the athlete from competition. In Chance (Spring 2004), University of Texas biostatistician D.
A. Berry and L. Chastain demonstrated the application of Bayes’ Rule for making inferences about
testosterone abuse among Olympic athletes. They used the following example. In 2 population
of 1000 athletes, suppose 100 are illegally using testosterone. Of the user, suppose 50 would test
positive for testosterone. Of the non-users, suppose 9 would test positive.
a. Given the athlete is a user, find the probability that a drug test for testosterone will yield
positive result. This probability represents the sensitivity of the drug test).
b. Given the athlete is a non-user, find the probability that a drug test for testosterone will
yield positive result. This probability represents the specificity of the drug test).
c. If anathlete test positive for testosterone, use Bayes’ Rule to find the probability that the
athlete is really doping. (This probability represents the positive pre-dictive value of the
drug).The local area network (LAN) for the College of Business Computing system at a large university
is temporarily shut down for repairs. Previous shut downs have been due to hardware failure,
software failures, or power failure. Maintenance engineers have determined that the
probabilities of hardware, software, and power failures are 0.01, 0.05, and 0.02, respectively.
They also have determined that if the system experiences hardware problems, it shuts down 73%
of the time. Similarly, if software problems occur, the system shuts down 12% of the times and if
power failure occurs, the system shuts down 88% of the times. What is the probability that the
current shut down of the LAN is due hardware failure? Software failure? Power failure?5 / SEB BEERS eee eee
3.49 Electric wheelchair control. Electric wheelchairs are diffi-
cull to maneuver for many disabled people. In a paper pre-
sented at the /st International Workshop on Advances in
Service Robotics (March, 2003), researchers applied
Bayes’ Rule to evaluate an “intelligent” robotic controller
that aims to capture the intent of a wheelchair user and aid
in navigation. Consider the following scenario. From a
certain location in a room, a wheelchair user will either (1)
turn sharply to the left and navigate through a door, (2)
proceed straight to the other side of the room, or ( 3) turn
slightly right and stop at a table. Denote these three events
as D (for door), S (Straight), and T (for table). Based on
previous trips, P(D) = .5, P(S) = .2, and P(T) = 3. The
e6h, ooh oo
s
wheelehatir ic inctallad «a:el Pa andiGGAGS). Based on
previous trips P(S) = .2, and P(T) = .3. The
wheelchair is installed with a robot-controlled joystick.
When the user intends to go through the door, he points
the joystick straight 30% of the time; when the user in-
tends to go straight, he points the joystick straight 40% of
the time; and, when the user intends to go to the table, he
points the joystick straight 5% of the time. If the wheel-
chair user points the joystick straight, where is his most
likely destination? i
|
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