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Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that contain only hydrogen and carbon. Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons based on their different boiling points, with smaller hydrocarbons reaching higher in the distillation column. Kerosene, used as jet fuel, is a mixture since it boils over a range of temperatures rather than a single temperature.

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421 views2 pages

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that contain only hydrogen and carbon. Fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons based on their different boiling points, with smaller hydrocarbons reaching higher in the distillation column. Kerosene, used as jet fuel, is a mixture since it boils over a range of temperatures rather than a single temperature.

Uploaded by

Abertly Mohammud
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL

• a mixture of hydrocarbons
What is crude oil? • hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and
carbon only

• fractional distillation
How is it separated? How does this work?
• oil is vaporised by heating
< 40°C
°
25 C
FUEL GASES
Calor gas, LPG
• passed into tower/column that is hotter at bottom than top
C1-C4
• hydrocarbons cool and condense as they rise
40-90°C • as they have different boiling points
40°C
GASOLINE
C4-C12 petrol for cars • the smaller the molecule, the higher up the tower/column
they reach
90-160°C
110°C
NAPHTHA
C7-C14 petrochemicals

160-250°C
200°C
KEROSENE
C11-C15 jet fuel

250-350°C
300°C
DIESEL (GAS OIL)
C15-C19 fuel for diesel engines

vaporised
crude oil

>350
350°C
°C
RESIDUE
> C20 distilled further at lower
pressures to give FUEL OIL,
LUBRICATING OIL, WAXES
and BITUMEN

• a mixture
Are the fractions pure substances or mixtures?
How can you tell? • the fraction boils over a range of temperatures rather than
one specific temperature

Small Big
hydrocarbons hydrocarbons

Boiling points low high

How does the size of the hydrocarbons affect its catch fire
Flammability hard to ignite
properties easily
Cleanliness of
clean smoky
flame

Viscosity runny viscous

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 11-July-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1230


1) Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. What are hydrocarbons.

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

2) The hydrocarbons in crude oil have different properties. Which of these properties does separation by
fractional distillation depend on?

different boiling points

3) Two of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are decane and pentane.

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C C C C H H C C C C C H

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

decane pentane

Which of these molecules

a) has the higher boiling point? decane

b) is more runny? pentane

c) catches fire more easily? pentane

d) burns with the smokier flame? decane

e) collects higher up the fractionating column? pentane

4) Kerosene is a fraction of crude oil used as fuel for aeroplanes. Is kerosene a pure substance or a mixture?
Explain your answer.

a mixture as the fraction boils over a range of temperatures rather than one specific temperature

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 11-July-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1230

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