Introduction to Social Computing
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Program Learning Outcome (PLO)
Mahasiswa mempunyaipengetahuan dan pemahaman sejumlah
tema informatika termasuk abstraksi, kompleksitas dan evolusi
dari perubahan/pengembangan keilmuan dan prinsip prinsip
umum informatika..
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Course Learning Outcome (CLO)
CLO-1: memiliki pengetahuan tentang hubungan antara teknologi Informatika dan problem
sosial (15%)
CLO-2: memiliki pengetahuan tentang crowdsourcing (28%)
CLO-3: memiliki pengetahuan tentang sistem pemberi rekomendasi (15%)
CLO-4: memiliki pengetahuan tentang pemanfaatan data dari jejaring
sosial dan teknologi untuk menggali fenomena sosial (42%)
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Social Computing
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Introduction
Factors contributed to the quick evolution and development of computing technology
and applications over the past decade:
- The advance in Internet and web technology
- The devicesincreasing accessibility of computing
resources and mobile
- The prevalence of rich media contents, and the
ensuing social, economic, and cultural changes
Now computing technology and applications go beyond personal computing, facilitating
collaboration and social interactions in general.
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Background
The idea of social computing can be traced back to the 1940s in Vannevar Bush’s
seminal 1945 Atlantic Monthly paper “As We May Think.”
His ideas before anyone has researched on them include:
- Augmentation of human power related to technologies to increase human
ability to achieve their goals
- Groupware and computer-supported cooperative work
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Background
1960s: J.C.R. Licklider headed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
and cowrote a paper on “The Computer as a Communication Device” with
Robert Taylor.
• In this paper, Licklider and Taylor outlined
methods of computer-aided group
collaboration
• ARPA ultimately led to ARPANET (The
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network), the predecessor to Internet.
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Background
Meanwhile, Douglas Englebart’s lab at SRI created the first hypermedia online
system, NLS (oNLine System).
= > led to GUI and groupware
1970s: The 1st collaborative software, EIES (Electronic Information Exchange
System)
1980s: Groupware appeared
1989: World Wide Web was invented
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Background
1990s: SixDegrees was founded
2000s: term ‘web 2.0’ was introduced. A lot of web 2.0 tools were founded, such as
Friendster (2002), del.icio.us (2003), Yelp (2004) which
2001: Semantic web was invented by Tim Berners Lee
Social media that enable crowdsourcing, for Facebook (2004), Youtube(2005), Twitter
(2006), Collaborative Protégé (2009).
2010s: Instagram
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Technologies <=> social phenomena lead to new sciences
Introduction Social
Informatics
Social Computational
Computing Social
Science
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Definisi
Social Computing / Informatics
The body of research and study that examines social aspects of
computerization — including the roles of information technology in
social change and the ways that the social organization of information
technologies are influenced by social forces and social practices.
(Rob Kling Center for Social Computing)
Computational Social Science
An interdisciplinary field, that includes mathematics, statistics, data
science, and social science to understand social phenomena through
social simulation, modeling, network analysis, and media analysis.
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Social Computing
Acknowledges that the
relationship between
technology and people
is
reciprocal
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Definition
Refers to the study of social aspects of computerization, including:
- the role of information technologies in social changes,
- the use of information technologies in social contexts,
- the ways social forces and social practices influence information technology
developments.
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Social Computing
Ensure that technical research agendas and system designs are relevant to
people’s lives. The key word is relevance.
=> Relevance has two dimensions: process and substance.
Technical work is socially-driven rather than technology-driven.
Design and implementation processes need to be relevant to the actual social
dynamics of a given site of social practice, and the substance of design and
implementation (the actual designs, the actual systems) need to be relevant to
the lives of the people they affect.
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Key Concepts in Social Computing
Technological access: physical availability of suitable
equipment for a given activity.
Social access : a mixture of technical skills and
resources that allows people to use technologies which
can enhance professional practices or social life.
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Other Terms for Social Computing
Social impacts of computing
Social analysis of computing
Studies of computer mediated communication
Information policy
Computers and society
Organizational Informatics
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Examples of Social Computing
Unobtrusive system for fall detection in multiple occupancy residences
Online tablet-based group-exercising among older adults
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Examples of Social Computing
Technology-Enhanced Accessible Interactions for Visually Impaired People
Intelligent tutoring system for teaching math for kids
Computer-based sport training
A Computer Game for Training Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Examples of Social Computing
Computer-based sport training
A Computer Game for Training Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Is Social Computing
Introduction always about web or
internet matters ??
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Computational Social Science
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Definition of Computational Social Science
An integrated, interdisciplinary pursuit of social inquiry with
emphasis on information processing and through the medium of
advanced computation.
An understanding of social phenomena as a result of social
interactions among individual agents who are embedded in
complex social systems.
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Why important?
From statista.com 23
Why important?
Source:
ADEC group
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Distribution of Instagram users worldwide as of October 2021, by age group
From statista.com 25
Computational Social Science
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Terms in Computational Social Science
Crowdsourcing
Human computation
Collective intelligence
Social machine
…etc.
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Web as Social Machine
The Web, Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia
Trip Advisor
Zooniverse
Ushahidi – open source project which allows users to crowd source
crisis information to be sent via mobile
The OpenStreet Map of Haiti created after the earthquake
(https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/WikiProject_Haiti)
The list goes on … Amazon, e-Bay, YouTube ….design your own
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Web Science
1989: World wide web
2001: Semantic web
2006: Web Science Research Initiative
2009: Web Science
Web Science = Social Computing web engineering
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Interdisciplinary Field
By Nigel Shadbolt, WSRI 30
Social Machine Dimension
By Wendy Hall, WSRI 31
More about Social Machine
a social machine will start with an incomplete specification that grows
and evolves to cover more of the problem via interaction
a social machine achieves participation through local incentives which
become reinforced
incentive for an individual to supply data to the algorithm increases as
more individuals participate
a social machine has a notion of completeness that is a social rather
than mathematical issue
a social machine will not usually have a notion of the correct output or
termination… rather it runs continuously
https://www.sociam.or
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An Example of Social Machine
https://www.sociam.org
Amazon mechanical turk https://www.mturk.com/
…
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To conclude..
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Major Application Areas of Social Computing
Social computing applications are driven by the needs (but not limited) to :
• Develop better social software to facilitate interaction and communication
among groups of people (or between people and computing devices),
• Computerize aspects of human society, and
• Forecast the effects of changing technologies and policies on social and
cultural behavior
• Harness the collective intelligence of people using techniques and insights
from artificial intelligence and social science.
• Solve social problems by developing tools that apply computational
methods.
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Issues in social computing
Privacy and security
Ethics and Law
Data analytics
Network analytics
…
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Catatan: Gambar-gambar ilustrasi diambil dari internet, berbagai websites.
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