Addy - 0 26/04] 22 - SS LAB AcTIVITY - 2 = [p> SETS AND SUBSETS 1 set theoretic operations by using Venn diagrams. pre-activity Knowledge “Concept of sets and its various types and subsets . Operations on sets ‘Venn diagrams jure ‘Cut rectangular strips of suitable size from a sheet of paper and paste - them on the hardboard. “Write the symbol U in the top right comer of each rectangle " Draw circles A and B inside each of the rectangular strips. Now U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle and circles A "and B represent the subsets of the universal set U “Coloured portion in figure 2(a) represent A U B, if there is no common “element in set A and set B. @e| Ee Figure (a) AU B Figure 2) AU B + Hardboard + White thick sheets of paper - Colour pencils |. A pair of scissors . Fevicol . Geometry box U uured portion in figure 2(b) represent AU B if there is one or more common elements in A and B. - Coloured portion in figure 2(c) is not seen when there is no common element between A and B. OO i Figure 2(¢) A. B= : a re AB =o Figure 1 A B 4 U figure? ion is seen when there is some common elements in A and B as shown it8. A’ denote the complement of the set A, and BY denote the complement of the set B. Now shaded portion in| 2(e) represents A’ while coloured portion in 2 o \(/) represents B’, 7 Figure 2(e) A’ Figure 2(/) BY 9. Complement of A B is represented by the coloured portion 2(g), Figure 2(@) (A U BY! 10. Complement of (A > B) is represented by shaded portion (A). Figure 2H (A > BY’ 11. Coloured potion in Figure 2 (i) represents A~B which is same as AB’. Figre 0 (AB) 12. Figure 2 (/) represents Bc A. i U ee Figure 2() (B < A) Lab Manual in Mathematics-XI1 5, Note: AU Hy diagrams will draw ow » & Glo, it ohare needed:Aebnt,-@ s/w|aa Las Activity -6 (objective : 1. Hardboard To distinguish between a relation and a function, 2. Different colour sheets U Pre-activity Knowledge 3. A pair of scissors QE : 4. Strings BE 1. Concept of relation 5. Nails 2. Concept of function 6. Fevicol U Procedure Hs Geometry box 1, Take a drawing board/ a piece of hardboard of suitable size and paste a coloured sheet on it. 2. Take 2 white drawing sheets and cut out the rectangular strip of size 7 cm x 4 em each and paste the one strip to left side of the drawing board and other strip to the right side of the drawing board as shown in figure 6(a). Figure 6(a) Figure 6(0) 3. Fix three nails on the strip pasted on the left side and mark them asa, b and c and fix two nails on the right hand side strip and mark them as | and 2 see figure 6(6). be 4, Joinnails of the left hand strip to the nails on the right hand strip by string in different ways. Some of such way| are shown in figure 6(c) to figure 6(g). : 5. Joining of nals by string in each figure constitute different ordered pairs representing elements of a relation. 6. Some of such ways are shown in figure 6(c) to figure 6(g). Figure 6() Se Se1 Aetivity E @® o7/n)22 SM Lab Activity -11 COMPLEX NUMBERS Gina: ee ‘Cardboard Sketch pens Geometry box Fevicol Nails a | ‘mutually perpendicular lines X'X and Y"Y intersecting at the point O. ofa unit length representing the number | along OX. Fix one end of the thread to the nail at 0 eee ee Figure 11 4 tepresent, respectively, 1, i, 1, -i, 1. i ele Band OAg= 1 =i x i xi xi = i490 on. Eachles > LINEAR INEQUALITIES . given inequality say r+ 39-26 <0, ofthe aaa 000 a ),¢ < 0 represents only one of the two half carta White chart paper Graph paper Sketch pens Geometry box Fevicol ayeere perpendicular lines X'OX and Y'OY to represent x-axis and y-axis, respectively. : graph of the linear equation corresponding to the given linear inequality 6x + 3y ~36 <0 os iit ii Figure 13 PsAC. 1),B(, 2), C (4, 3), D1, -1) in half plane I and points E (4, 7), F (8,46. (@ Now take the coordinates of 0 6x +3y-36<0, (0,0) and put the coordinates of O in the left hand side of the inequality | Value of LHS = 6 (0) + 3 (0)-36=- 36 <9 => Inequality holds good. So the coordinates of O which lies in haf plane I satisfy the inequality. (@) Put the coordinates of the point E (4, 7) in the left hand side of Othe inequality 6x + 3 -36 <0 Value of LHS 6 (4) +3 (7) — 36=9 £0 point E which iin the hat + 0 = Inequality does not hold and hence the coordinates of the lane II does not satisfy the given inequality. (ii) Put the coordinates of the Point F (8, 4) in the left hand side of the inequality. Value of LHS = 6 (8) + 3(4)~36=24 £0 So, the coordinates of the point F which lies inthe half plane II do not satisfy-the inequality. (i) Put the coordinates of the point C (4, 3) in the left hand side of the given inequality. Value of LHS = 6 (4) +3 (3)-36=-3 <0 So, the coordinates of C which lies in the half plane I satisfy the inequality. (») Put the coordinates of the point D (1, ~1) in the left hand side of the inequality. Value of LHS = 6 (-1) +3 (1) -36=-45<0 So, the coordinates of D which lies in the half plane, I, satisfy the inequality. (vi) Similarly points A (1, 1), lies in a half plane I satisfy the given inequality. the points G (9, 5) and H (7, 5) lies in half plane I do not satisfy the given inequality. ‘Thus, all points O, A, B, C, satisfying the linear inequality 6x +3y~36 <0, lie only in the halfplane I and all the points E, F, G, H which do not satisfy the linear inequality lie in the half plane Il, Hence, we can say that the graph of the given inequality represents only one of the two corresponding half planes. Q Observation 1. Coordinates of the point asalul. am) 2. Coordinates of E ..£4h}-4.. Satisfy/not satisfy) the given inequality. 3. Coordinates of F.5M4/4..(Satisfy/not satisfy) the given inequality Gore : ff The activity can also be per- : ae satisfy) the given inequality formed for the inequality of the and is in the half planet...%...(VM. oe 5. Coordinates of H. HY (Satisty/not satisfy) the given inequality. 6. The graph of the given inequality is only half plane... Q Resutt The graph of the form ax + by + ¢ <0, a, b> 0, ¢<0 represents only one of the'tworhalf planes. SS es eee ~fif>> . (Satisfy/not satisfy) the given inequality and is in the half planeAdiinty -@ — cs/y2 /22 eae Y> = (as Activity - 15 BINOMIAL THEOREM Q Objective Bae Toconstruct a Pascal’s Triangle and to write binomial expansion fora given positive integral exponent, Q Pre-activity Knowledge 1. Concept of permutations and combinations 2. Binomial theorem and coefficient of binomial expansion 1. Drawing board 2. White Paper 3. Matchsticks 4, Fevicol 5. Geometry box O Procedure 1. Take a drawing board and paste a white paper on it. 2. Take some matchsticks and arrange them as shown in figure. 15. | >For | | 1-> Second Row Bet = ine Figure 15 3. The above figure looks like a triangle and is referred to as Pascal’s Triangle. ssAhn i © 06 /)2]22 LAB AcTIviITy — 20 [> SEQUENCE AND SERIES objective ‘To demonstrate that the Arithmetic mean of two different positive numbers is always greater than the Geometric mean. CERN REGUD) Pre-activity Knowledge + Coloured chart paper 1, Concept of arithmetic progression, arithmetic mean, geometric progression and geometric mean Seale |. Sketch pens 2, Area of squares and rectangles Procedure |. Cutter 1, From coloured chart paper, cut off four rectangular pieces - Fevicol of dimension a « b (a> b). . Geometry box 2. Arrange the four rectangular pieces as shown in figure. 20, <4, b Vv Z _ 5 ab a 1 S ab R m1 B by @ Figure 20 Here ABCD is a square of side (a + 6) units. Area of ABCD = (a + 5)? sq. units. , ‘Area of rectangular piece CXSY ~ Area of rectangular piece RXDW = WAZQ = PZBY = ab sq. units Area of four rectangular pieces = 4 (ab) = 4ab sq. units. Clearly, PRS is a square of side (a ~ b) units. ‘Area of ABCD = Sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces + area of square PQRS. ‘Area of ABCD > sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces ie, (a+ bP >4ab , eiNieee6 aaaeAdbu'ty - FB) ony) ae 18> conic sections 0 objective To construct a parabola. : Q Pre-activity Knowledge MRRETEUCE CECT anh . Concept ralated to conie section : i 1 Co ic section : parabola and its standard iGhed Nerd 0. rrecedinn “ '. White Chart Paper 1, Take a cardboard of a suitable size and it . Sketch Pens |. Fevicol . Geometry box Paste a white chart paper on 2. Mark a point N on the white chart paper on the board (see figure 24), 3. Through the point Ndraw tine, Draw another line / perpendicularto the line through N at some distance k units to the left of N. Deaw Hus M, he 3 Aue Moat M PM =P,N M Pom = PW Ms Ps = Ps a $40 on- g. Ml 2 cite : icular to / at this point. 7 the line / and draw the perpendicu 2 A eaeeeee a My atthe point Pj. : ee ae ‘on the line / and repeat this process as done in (5) above to obtain the point P>. ae oe ‘Mg, Ms... on the line J and repeat the above process to obtain points P3, Ps, Ps Take some more poit 7” we 8. Daw oe Pi, Pa, Ps, Py, .. (see figure 24) . a SS et tematn Matec s0159 eae a)& Acln by S Q 04 ya /2z \ = 2 =‘Las Activity - 30 a : LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES — “igh y RN sea Tofind analytically im. p¢,) 1. White chart paper pe” 2. Colourpens Pre-activity Knowledge 3. Calculator 1. Concept of functions 2. Intervals, neighbourhood and left and right hand limits Procedure x2 2. In this case c= 2 and the function is not defined at x = 2. Q. Demonstration 1. Take some values of c less than c= 2 and some other values of c more than ¢ = 2. 2, ‘In both cases, the values to be taken have to be very close to c= 2, 3. Caletilate the corresponding values of fat each of the values ofc taken close to ¢ = 2 ma i ‘Write the values of f(x) in the following tables : o 1, Consider the function f given by f(x) = —4Actin BS 2 Lap by is @ 24 /iz]oo Activity — 34 PROBABILITY O Objective To.ein iB 4iTplb spars When adi is rolled once, twice and Bite. so QO Pre activity Knowledge Chie 1. Concept of throwing a die and sample space 2. Paper 2. Representation of total outcomes by tee diagram oe Q Procedure 4. Plastic dises, marked with 1, " 2,3, 4,5 or 6. 1. Throw a die once. The number on is top willbe 1, 2,3, 4, S0r6 Geomety bo 2. Make a suitable tre di —— 1,2,3,4, 5 or 6 as sh 'agram to represent its six branches with number jown in figure 34(a), Figure 34(@) 3. Write the sample space of these outcomes. Ifa die is thrown once, the sample space is S={1,2,3,4, 5, 6}. Number of elements in $ = 6 = 6! 4. Now, throw a die twice. It can fall in any of the 36 ways as shown in figure 34 (a) by the tree diagram, Write the sample space of these outcomes. If a die is thrown twice, the sample space is (LD, 4,2), 4,354,415), 1,6), 2D, @, 2, @, 3), 2,4), 2,5), 2,6) = G,1,G,2,B.3s 6,4). B.5)G, 6) 4, D,4,2,4,3), 4,4), 4, 5), 4,6) Sample space S51), 2) (5.3) (6,4) (5,5), (5,8) (6,106.2), (6.3) (6,4), (6,5), (6.6) 2 The number of elements in S = 36 = 0 iene eaten 20103, S—————————