HUMAN BEHAVIOR

AND VICTIMOLOGY
R A N D A L L LY N B . B L A S C O , R C R I M .
Freud’s Model of
Personality
Development
1. ORAL STAGE (0-18 months)

➢ This is the first psychosexual stage in which the

infant’s source of id gratification is the mouth.

➢ A child who is frustrated at this stage may develop

an adult personality that is characterized by
pessimism, envy and suspicion.

➢ The overindulged child may develop to be

optimistic, gullible, and full of admiration for
others.
2. ANAL STAGE (18 months-3 years)

➢ This represents the conflict between the id, which

derives pleasure from the expulsion of bodily
wastes, and the superego which represents external
pressure to control bodily functions.

➢ If the parents are too lenient in this conflict, it will

result in the formation of an anal expulsive
character of the child who is organized, reckless
and defiant.
➢ Conversely, a child may
opt to retain feces,
thereby spiting his
parents, and may develop
an anal retentive
character which is neat,
stingy and obstinate.
3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years)
➢ Genitals become the primary source of
pleasure. The child’s erotic pleasure focuses on
masturbation, that is, on self-manipulation of the
genitals. He develops a sexual attraction to the
parent of opposite sex; boys develop
unconscious desires for their mother and become
rivals with their father for her affection.
➢ The boys develop a fear that their father
will punish them for these feelings
(castration anxiety) so decide to identify with
him rather than fight him. As a result, the
boy develops masculine characteristics and
represses his sexual feelings towards his
mother.
➢ This is known as:
a) Oedipus Complex- this refers to an instance
where in boys build up a warm and loving
relationship with mothers.
b) Electra Complex- this refers to an occasion
where in girls experience an intense emotional
attachment for their fathers.
4. LATENCY STAGE (6-11 years)

➢ Sexual interest is relatively inactive in

this stage. Sexual energy is going through
the process of sublimation and is being
converted into interest in schoolwork,
riding bicycles, playing house and sports.
5. GENITAL STAGE (11 years)

➢ This refers to the start of puberty and genital

stage; there is renewed interest in obtaining
sexual pleasure through the genitals.
Masturbation often becomes frequent and leads
to orgasm for the first time. Sexual and
romantic interests in others also become a
central motive.
Factors Altering
Behavior and
Coping
Mechanisms
Segment 1. EMOTION

➢ Emotion refers to feelings affective response as

a result of physiological arousal, thoughts and
beliefs, subjective evaluation and bodily
expression.

➢ It is a state characterized by facial expressions,

gestures, postures and subjective feelings.
➢ Emotion is associated with mood, temperament,
personality, and disposition.

➢ The English word “emotion” is derived from the

French word émouvoir. This is based on the
Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-) means
“out” and movere means “move”. The related
term “motivation” is also derived from movere.
THEORIES OF
EMOTION
 1. JAMES-LANGE THEORY
(William James and Carl Lange)

❖ James-Lange theory states that emotion results

from physiological states triggered by stimuli in
the environment: emotion occurs after
physiological reactions.

❖ This theory and its derivatives states that a

changed situation leads to a changed bodily state.
As James says “the perception of bodily changes
as they occur is the emotion”.
 2. CANNON-BARD THEORY
(Walter Cannon and Philip Bard)

❖ This suggests that people feel emotions first

and then act upon them.

❖ This is a theory that emotion and

physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
These actions include changes in muscular
tension, perspiration, etc.
❖ The Cannon-Bard Theory is based on the
premise that one reacts to a specific stimulus
and experiences the corresponding emotion
simultaneously. Cannon and Bard posited that
one is able to react to a stimulus only after
experiencing the related emotion and
experience.
 MODEL FOR CANNON-BARD THEORY

STIMULUS (Bear) Emotion (Fear) Reaction (Run Away)

3. TWO-FACTOR THEORY

❖ This theory was provided by

Stanley Schachter and Jerome
E. Singer, in which they posited that
emotion is the cognitive interpretation
of a physiological response.
Segment 3. CONFLICT

❖ Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs

when a person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory alternatives.

❖ It is a negative emotional state caused by an

inability to choose between two or more
incompatible goals or impulse.
❖ Conflict is the state in
which two or more
motives cannot be
satisfied because they
interfere with one
another.
TYPES OF CONFLICT

1. Psychological Conflict- It is also known as

internal conflict. Psychological conflict could be
going on inside the person and no one would
know (instinct may be at odds with values
). Freud would say unconscious battling
superego and further claimed that our
personalities are always in conflict.
2. Social Conflict- the different kinds of social
conflict are:
a) Interpersonal conflict
b) Two individuals me against you
c) Inter-group Struggles
d) Individual Opposing a Group
e) Intra-group Conflict
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – this conflict
can be described as having features of
approach and avoidance: approach-approach;
avoidance-avoidance; approach-avoidance;
multiple-approach-avoidance.

Approach speaks to things that we want while

avoidance refers to things that we don’t want.
KINDS OF APPROACH-AVOIDANCE

a) Approach-Approach Conflict

In Approach-Approach Conflict, the

individual must choose between two
positive goals of approximately equal value.
In this, two pleasing things are wanted but
only one option should be chosen.
b) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Avoidance-avoidance conflict involves more obvious

sources of stress. The individual must choose between two or
more negative outcomes.

c) Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Approach-Avoidance conflict exists when there is an

attractive and unattractive part to both sides. It arises when
obtaining a positive goal necessitates a negative outcome as
well.
d) Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

This refers to conflict with complex

combinations of approach and avoidance
conflict. It requires individual to choose
between alternatives that contain both
positive and negative consequences.
FUNCTIONAL VS. DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICT

a) Dysfunctional Conflict- there is dysfunctional

conflict if conflict disrupts, hinders job
performance, and upsets personal psychological
functioning.

b) Functional Conflict- there is functional

conflict if conflict is responsive and innovative
aiding in creativity and viability.
THANK YOU!